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A probiotic product of kefir is widely consumed by human beings. The purpose of this research was to investigate the eff ects of kefir on blood parameters and intestinal flora in rats. A total of 24 female rats were used in this study. During 35 days of experimental period, rats were fed with a commercial diet and water was provided ad libitum. Kefir was given at the levels of 10 mL/kg, 20 mL/kg and 30 mL/kg with oral gavage to the first, second and third treatment groups, respectively. Kefir was not given to the control group. The number of yeast was found to be 1.65x107 and the number of lactobacilli was found to be 4x108 in kefir. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from all rats. Blood plasma parameters and were investigated. The intestinal microfl ora was investigated by classical colony counting method. No diff erences were observed among the groups in total protein, albumin, uric acids, SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus in blood plasma. The plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the second and third groups were lower than control group (P

Antiseptic and disinfectants are used very frequently in all health institutions, including hospital and veterinary application areas, in the home environment and food production industry, to prevent infections and contaminations. At present, the quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate is one of the divalent cations most commonly used chemicals such as antiseptics and disinfectants. However, the widespread use of biocides has brought about the emergence of bacteria resistant to antiseptics/disinfectants. It is known that bacteria develop resistance mechanisms against antibiotics as well as disinfectants. Epidemiological data on antiseptic susceptibility and distribution of resistance genes are very important for nosocomial infections. Some species, including the species belong to genus Staphylococcus, cause foodborne poisoning and various clinical infections such as skin and soft tissue and surgical site infections, endocarditis, mastitis, pneumonia and bacteremia in humans and animals. Staphylococcus strains can contain plasmid-derived qacA/B and qacC genes that provide resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). In this study, the presence of antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B and qacC) in 90 Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from chicken carcass, bovine tank milk, various cheeses and bovine clinical mastitis samples were determined by simplex polymerase chain reaction. QacA/B was found in %18.8 and qacC in %2.2 of the studied isolates. Of antiseptic resistance genes, qacA/B was detected in cheese and bovine clinical mastitis samples, and qacC in chicken carcass.

Staphylococcus strains are frequently associated with clinical and subclinical bovine intra-mammary infection. The virulence factors of staphylococcus have not been widely studied in Algeria. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of slime production, VanA gene and antiseptic resistance genes in staphylococci strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Algeria. The study examined 35 Staphylococci strains obtained from the inflammatory secretion of mammary glands of cows with mastitis. Slime production was determined by detecting the icaA and icaD genes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and Congo red agar (CRA) method. The presence of qacAB and qac C antiseptic resistance genes and the VanA resistance gene in these isolates was investigated by PCR. The results of the current study revealed that of the 35 Staphylococci isolates, 42.85% (15/35) and 17.14% (6/35) of the isolates harboured the slime production gene by analysing icaA and icaD genes, respectively and 71.42% (25/35) by the CRA method. However, VanA and antiseptic resistance genes (qacAB and qac C) were not detected in any of the isolates. Therefore, the majority of Staphylococcus strains were capable of producing slime, and the CRA detection rate was higher than the PCR method for the biofilm-producing capacity of Staphylococcus strains. Thus, the presence of the ica genes in Staphylococcus strains confirms its role as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis., Sojevi stafilokoka često su povezani s kliničkim i supkliničkim intramamarnim infekcijama goveda. Faktori virulencije stafilokoka nisu dobro istraženi u Alžiru. Cilj ove studije bio je odrediti učestalost proizvodnje sluzi, VanA gena i gena za rezistenciju na antiseptike u sojevima stafilokoka izoliranih iz goveđeg mastitisa u Alžiru. Istraživanja su obuhvatila 35 soja stafilokoka dobivenih iz upalnog sekreta mliječnih žlijezda krava s mastitisom. Proizvodnja sluzi ustvrđena je metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) istraživanjem ıcaA i ıcaD gena, odnosno metodom s Kongo crvenim agarom (CRA). Prisutnost qacAB i qac C gena za rezistenciju na antiseptike i VanA gena za rezistenciju u tim izolatima ispitana je pomoću PCR. Rezultati ove studije otkrili su da je od 35 izolata stafilokoka, 42,85 % (15/35) i 17,4 % (6/35) sadržavalo gen za proizvodnju sluzi putem analize ıcaA i ıcaD gena, odnosno 71,42 % (25/35) CRA metodom. Međutim, VanA i geni za rezistenciju na antiseptike (qacAB i qac C) nisu detektirani niti u jednom izolatu. Stoga se iz podataka može zaključiti da je većina sojeva stafilokoka bila sposobna proizvoditi sluz, a detekcija CRA metodom je bila više od PCR metode za kapacitet proizvodnje biofilma sojeva stafilokoka. Stoga, prisutnost ica u sojevima stafilokoka potvrđuje njegovu ulogu kao faktora virulentnosti u patogenezi goveđeg mastitisa.

Avian chlamydiosis, is a highly contagious, systemic disease occuring in domestic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of the disease, is a gram-negative bacterium in the Chlamydiaceae family that can only live within the cell. The agent can be transmitted directly to humans by contact with infected animals or feces of infected animals. It can also be transmitted by inhalation of fecal dust. Since the disease has a zoonotic character, it is also important in terms of public health. By using the monoclonal antibodies against cell wall proteins (OMP) of C.psittaci, six (A-F) and two (WC and M56) serotypes were determined in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate and genotype the presence of C.psittaci ompA gene in domestic pigeon feces grown in family management style in ten different districts in Ankara in winter and summer seasons. Within the scope of the study, 100 pigeon stool samples were collected from birdhouses in 10 different districts of Ankara (Beypazari, Haymana, Kizilcahamam, Cubuk, Pursaklar, Bala, Cankaya, Polatli, Golbasi and city center) in two different seasons. DNA extraction from fecal samples was performed by classical methods. The presence of the agent in the extracted DNA samples was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the ompA gene. Two-way sequence analysis of the ompA gene was performed with the primers used in the study from the target DNA products amplified by PCR. The results of sequence analysis were compared with the international database and serotyping/genotyping was performed. In the study, C.psittaci ompA gene was detected in 6 (6%) samples of 100 pigeon stool samples. Among these positive samples, two were from Bala (one sample from winter, one sample from summer), two were from Haymana (one sample from winter, one sample from summer) and two were from Golbasi (one sample from winter, one sample from summer); where the same agent was isolated in the same aviaries in different seasons. In this study, no difference was found between the presence of C.psittaci in pigeon droppings and season. In addition when the sequence analysis of the isolated samples were compared with the World database; all isolates were found to be 100% genotype B and 99% genotype E. In this study, the sequence analysis of the ompA gene of C.psittaci from domestic pigeon feces was determined for the first time in Turkey. Although the presence of C.psittaci in domestic pigeons is low, it is a zoonotic bacterium and is important for the public health.

Objective The antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci rose worldwide. In total, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from food and clinical samples were collected from two provinces in Algeria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance-associated genes were detected. Results Fifty-one strains were isolated from food samples and differentiated into 33 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative staphylococci. Forty-five staphylococci were collected from hospital and community-acquired infection cases. All S. aureus isolated from food were resistant to penicillin and 45.5% were resistant to tetracycline. The resistance rates of 45 clinical Staphylococcus isolates were 86.7%, 48.9%, 37.8% and 20.0% to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and kanamycin, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA from food and clinical isolates. One S. aureus originated from food was confirmed as vancomycin-resistant. Multidrug-resistance was observed among 25.5% and 53.3% of food and clinical staphylococci, respectively. The tetM/K, blaZ, aacA-aphD, ermC and mecA genes were detected in food and clinical isolates. ermA gene was not found. This study provided insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from food and clinical samples in Algeria. Further investigations and surveillance programmes are mandatory.

Multiresistant and especially Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious public health problem that requires their immediate identification and antibiotic resistance characteristics. In order to determine antibiotic resistance S. aureus poultry and bovine origin, 8840 samples were collected from slaughterhouses in the northern region of Algeria between years 2009 and 2014. 8375 samples were from an avian origin (1875 from laying hens and 6500 from broiler chickens) and the rest was from bovine origin. Bacteriological isolation and identification were made by classical culture method and antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by disc diffusion test. The prevalence of S. aureus was 42% in laying hens, 12% in broilers, and 55% in bovine samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 57%, 50%, and 31% in laying hens, broiler chickens, and bovine, respectively. While MRSA strains isolated from poultry showed cross-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulphonamides, and cyclins, those isolated from bovine also revealed similar multiresistance except for sulphonamide. This high percentage of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in S. aureus poultry and bovine origin may have importance for human health and curing of human infections.

The purpose of this study was the determination of antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B and qacC) from staphylococcal mastitis in cattle in various regions of Turkey. In total, 283 isolates (Burdur: 36, Hatay: 47 and Van: 200) were studied, and the antiseptic resistance genes were detected using simplex PCR. The distribution of the qacA/B and qacC genes, mediating resistance against quaternary ammonium compounds, was found to vary among the different isolates. The qacA/B genes were found in three of the Burdur isolates, six of the Hatay isolates and seven of the Van isolates. The qacC gene was found in two of the Burdur isolates, none of the Hatay isolates and two of the Van isolates. The presence of these genes and transmission among Staphylococcus spp. strains may pose risks in the control of mastitis, as well as to public health.

Kanatlı klamidiyozisi evcil ve yabani kanatlılarda görülebilen, oldukça bulaşıcı ve sistemik bir hastalıktır. Hastalık etkeni Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydiaceae familyasında, gram-negatif ve sadece hücre içerisinde yaşayabilen bir bakteridir. Etken insanlara, enfekte hayvanla temas ve dışkı aracılığıyla bulaşabileceği gibi etkeni içeren dışkı tozlarının solunmasıyla da bulaşabilir. Hastalık zoonoz bir karakter taşıdığı için halk sağlığı yönüyle de önemlidir. C.psittaci etkeninin hücre duvarı proteinlerine (OMP) karşı monoklonal antikorların kullanımıyla kanatlılarda altı (A-F), memelilerde iki (WC ve M56) serotip belirlenmiştir. Serotiplerde konak özgüllüğü vardır. Moleküler genotiplendirmede hücre duvarı proteinlerini kodlayan “major outer membrane protein/MOMP” ompA geni kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Ankara’da on farklı ilçede bulunan aile işletmeciliği tarzında yetiştirilen, evcil güvercin dışkılarında C.psittaci ompA geni varlığının kış ve yaz mevsimlerinde araştırılması ve ompA geninin dizi analizi ile genotiplendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Ankara ilinde 10 farklı ilçede (Beypazarı, Haymana, Kızılcahamam, Çubuk, Pursaklar, Bala, Çankaya, Polatlı, Gölbaşı ve Merkez) bulunan kuşhanelerden iki farklı mevsimde 100 güvercin dışkı örneği toplanmıştır. Toplanan dışkı örneklerinden DNA eldesi klasik yöntemlerle yapılmıştır. Dışkıdan elde edilen DNA örneklerinde etkenin varlığı ompA geninin polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) analizi ile araştırılmıştır. PCR ile çoğaltılan hedef DNA ürünlerinden çalışmada kullanılan primerler ile ompA geninin çift yönlü dizi analizi yapılmıştır. Dizi analizi sonuçları uluslararası veri tabanı ile karşılaştırılarak serotiplendirme/ genotiplendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 100 güvercin dışkı örneğinden altı örnekte C.psittaci ompA geni tespit edilmiştir. Bu pozitif örneklerin ikisi Bala (bir kış ve bir yaz dönemi numunesi), ikisi Haymana (bir kış, bir yaz dönemi numunesi), ikisi Gölbaşı (bir kış, bir yaz dönemi numunesi) ilçelerinden olmak üzere aynı kuşhanelerden farklı mevsimlerde izole edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile güvercin dışkılarında C.psittaci’nin varlığı ile mevsim arasında bir fark belirlenmemiştir. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada pozitif örneklerde ompA geni dizi analiz sonuçlarının Dünya veri bankası ile karşılaştırıldığında bütün izolatların %100 oranında genotip B, %99 oranında da genotip E ile uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Türkiye’de, ompA geninin dizi analizi ile evcil güvercin kökenli C.psittaci genotipi ilk kez bu çalışmada belirlenmiştir. C.psittaci’nin zoonoz bir bakteri olması ve evcil güvercinlerde düşük oranda da olsa bulunması halk sağlığı açısından önemlidir., Avian chlamydiosis, is a highly contagious, systemic disease occuring in domestic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of the disease, is a gram-negative bacterium in the Chlamydiaceaefamily that can only live within the cell. The agent can be transmitted directly to humans by contact with infected animals or feces of infected animals. It can also be transmitted by inhalation of fecal dust. Since the disease has a zoonotic character, it is also important in terms of public health. By using the monoclonal antibodies against cell wall proteins (OMP) of C.psittaci, six (A-F) and two (WC and M56) serotypes were determined in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate and genotype the presence of C.psittaci ompA gene in domestic pigeon feces grown in family management style in ten different districts in Ankara in winter and summer seasons. Within the scope of the study, 100 pigeon stool samples were collected from birdhouses in 10 different districts of Ankara (Beypazari, Haymana, Kizilcahamam, Cubuk, Pursaklar, Bala, Cankaya, Polatli, Golbasi and city center) in two different seasons. DNA extraction from fecal samples was performed by classical methods. The presence of the agent in the extracted DNA samples was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the ompA gene. Two-way sequence analysis of the ompA gene was performed with the primers used in the study from the target DNA products amplified by PCR. The results of sequence analysis were compared with the international database and serotyping/genotyping was performed. In the study, C.psittaci ompA gene was detected in 6 (6%) samples of 100 pigeon stool samples. Among these positive samples, two were from Bala (one sample from winter, one sample from summer), two were from Haymana (one sample from winter, one sample from summer) and two were from Golbasi (one sample from winter, one sample from summer); where the same agent was isolated in the same aviaries in different seasons. In this study, no difference was found between the presence of C.psittaci in pigeon droppings and season. In addition when the sequence analysis of the isolated samples were compared with the World database; all isolates were found to be 100% genotype B and 99% genotype E. In this study, the sequence analysis of the ompA gene of C.psittaci from domestic pigeon feces was determined for the first time in Turkey. Although the presence of C.psittaci in domestic pigeons is low, it is a zoonotic bacterium and is important for the public health.

Çalışma, subklinik mastitisli ineklerde süt ve süt hücrelerinde Vitamin C düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Süt örneklerinde somatik hücre sayımı yapıldı ve örnekler kontrol (1-87 x 1000 hücre), mastitli 1. grup (154-380 x 1000 hücre), 2. grup (418-812 x 1000 hücre), 3. grup (914-1928 x 1000 hücre) ve 4. grup (2614-8050 x 1000 hücre) olacak şekilde gruplandırıldı (n=12). Süt hücrelerinde ve süt serumunda (yağı ve hücreleri alınmış) Vitamin C düzeyleri belirlendi ve Vitamin C ve süt somatik hücre sayısı arasındaki korelasyonlar hesaplandı. Ayrıca alınan süt numunelerinden mikrobiyolojik ekim yapılarak, etken izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu yapıldı. Subklinik mastitisli sütlerde (1, 2, 3, ve 4. gruplar) µg/106 hücredeki Vitamin C düzeyleri kontrol grubundan düşük olarak bulunurken (p0,05) göre düşük olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca süt serumu Vitamin C düzeyleri ile süt somatik hücreleri arasında negatif bir korelasyon saptandı (r=-0,420, p, In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of Vit C in milk and milk cells of subclinical mastitic cows. Somatic cell count was determined in the quarter milk samples of all animals and the groups were scored control (1-87 x 1000 cells), mastitic 1st group (154-380 x 1000 cells), 2nd group (418-812 x 1000 cells), 3rd group (914-1928 x 1000 cells) and 5th group (2614-8050 x 1000 cells) (n=12). Milk serum and milk cell Vitamin C levels were determined and the correlation between Vitamin C levels and somatic cell count were evaluated. Also microbiological diagnosis was conducted. In subclinical mastitic milks, Vitamin C levels (µg/106 cell) were lower compared to control group (p0,05). There was a negative correlation between milk serum Vitamin C levels and somatic cell count (r=-0,420, p

Multiresistant and especially Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious public health problem that requires their immediate identification and antibiotic resistance characteristics. In order to determine antibiotic resistance S. aureus poultry and bovine origin, 8840 samples were collected from slaughterhouses in the northern region of Algeria between years 2009 and 2014. 8375 samples were from an avian origin (1875 from laying hens and 6500 from broiler chickens) and the rest was from bovine origin. Bacteriological isolation and identification were made by classical culture method and antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by disc diffusion test. The prevalence of S. aureus was 42% in laying hens, 12% in broilers, and 55% in bovine samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 57%, 50%, and 31% in laying hens, broiler chickens, and bovine, respectively. While MRSA strains isolated from poultry showed cross-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulphonamides, and cyclins, those isolated from bovine also revealed similar multiresistance except for sulphonamide. This high percentage of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in S. aureus poultry and bovine origin may have importance for human health and curing of human infections.

Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) is one of the most important infectious agents causing abortion in ruminants. The bacterium is obligately intracellular, cannot grow on agar, but it needs cell culture or embryo - nated eggs for growth. Therefore, culture-independent detection methods such as the polymerase chain reaction are increasingly important and needed. The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction assay with an internal control for detection of C. abortus in clinical samples . Using newly-designed two primer sets specific for C. abortus, the polymerase chain reaction assay was first tested with positive and negative control DNA and its sensitivity and specificity were determined. A new polymerase chain reaction protocol was developed by combining the new primer pair sets with bovine (12SM-FW and 12SBT-REV2) and ruminant host-specific primer sets (12S-FW and 12S-REV). In conclusion, the developed polymerase chain reaction assays can potentially be used for direct detection of Chlamydophila abortus in bovine and ruminant samples.

This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) by biochemical tests in poultry carcasses. It is also intend to detect the distribution of genes for classical staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and for gene femA, specific for S.aureus species, using multiplex PCR. A total of 385 samples of neck skins from fresh poultry carcasses were collected during the period 2012-2013 from 16 different slaughterhouses located in the region of Algiers, Algeria. The overall prevalence of S.aureus in freshly slaughtered poultry carcasses was 41.56%, with an individual prevalence of 40.63% and 45.71% for chicken and turkey respectively. From the 95 strains of S.aureus identified by biochemical tests, 82 (86.32%) isolates were femA positive using multiplex PCR. The investigation has also revealed the presence of both enterotoxins B and D, with a predominance of seb (13.33%) followed by sed (1.67%), in the chicken carcasses while in turkey only sed was detected (4.55%) It has been found that strains of S.aureus of poultry origin can be enterotoxigenic with the predominance of genes encoding for enterotoxins seb in chicken and sed in turkey. As enterotoxins can be produced in adequate amounts to induce foodborne illnesses, these potential dangers must be considered in terms of a real risk to public health.

In the present paper we describe Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in the Saanen × Kilis crossbred goats with abscesses located in retropharyngeal ( n = 29), mandibular ( n = 49), parotid ( n = 26), superficial cervical ( n = 40), subiliac ( n = 23) and popliteal ( n = 11) lymph nodes. The most prominent site of the abscesses was in the anterior half of the body affecting 80.89% of the goats. Histopathological examination of the lymph nodes showed pyogranulomatous inflammation. The goats were randomly assigned to either kanamycin treatment group or a placebo. The efficacy of kanamycin was assessed clinically and on the basis of a lesion score derived from the examination of the affected lymph nodes. Clinical evaluations and lesion scoring were done by the same veterinary investigator. Both owners and the veterinary investigator were blinded to the allocation to the groups. Throughout the study kanamycin treatment significantly decreased ( P

Summary In this study, we investigated the shedding of Chlamydophila psittaci in faecal samples from cage birds using PCR testing. A total of 47 faeces samples were collected from four different aviaries. Main symptoms determined after clinical investigation and owner histories of the birds showed that the birds had respiratory system problems changing from mild to severe. They also showed conjunctivitis, diarrhoea or no symptoms at all. DNA extractions from faeces were performed with the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. Following PCR with Cp. psittaci specific primers, 43 (91.5%) samples were determined to harbour-specific DNA. Only one bird from each aviary was found to be negative by PCR. As all the samples from birds showing clinical signs were PCR positive, these signs could be correlated to psittacosis in these birds. Cp. psittaci shedding in faeces was detected in all the aviaries. After restriction analysis of PCR amplicons with AluI enzyme, all the isolates showed the same RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) patterns with the control Cp. psittaci DNA. PCR following QIAamp DNA stool mini kit extraction of faecal samples was found to be a rapid, specific, sensitive, reproducible test, which did not need additional nested PCR of samples.

In this study, efficacy of a commercial vaccine (One Shot Ultra 8; Pfizer Animal Health, USA) against experimental Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica infection in sheep was investigated. Antibody responses following vaccinations were detected by leukotoxin neutralization test (LNT) and ELISA tests, respectively. The trial was performed with 45 lambs, divided into three groups comprised of 15 lambs, each. One of the groups constituted the control group (group 1, designated as T1), while the other two (group 2, T2 and group 3, T3) were the trial groups. Lambs of group 2 were vaccinated only once with One Shot Ultra 8 vaccine and group 3 was vaccinated twice, with 2 weeks intervals. Three weeks after the second vaccination all of the lambs were challenged. Following the challenge, all of the lambs were necropsied and lung lesions were scored. Antibody titers following vaccinations were determined serologically. In the trial, lung lesion scores were comparatively examined and statistically important differences (P 0.05) between the two trial groups. After the evaluation of results obtained by serological tests, after LNT test, antibody titers of lambs in group 2 were determined to be between 1/20 and 1/40, while they differed between 1/20 and 1/80 in group 3. Serum antibody titers obtained after ELISA tests differed between 1/80 and 1/320 in group 2, while they differed between 1/160 and 1/320 in group 3. In conclusion, when the control group and the trial groups were compared, vaccinating the lambs with One Shot Ultra 8 lowered the lung lesions in the trial groups, but no significant differences were observed between the two trial groups concerning the lung lesions.

The objective of this study was to collect rectal swabs from the cattle in a slaughterhouse located in Hatay (Turkey) immediately after slaughter for the isolation and characterization of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in each month during a 1-year period. The rectal swab samples were analyzed for the isolation of E. coli O157 through pre-enrichment, immunomagnetic separation and selective plating on CT-SMAC agar. E. coli O157 was isolated from 77 (13.6%) of the samples. The presence of E. coli O157 changed during a 1-year period, in that the occurrence of E. coli O157 was the highest in July and November and lowest in February. A total of 66 isolates out of 77 were serotype O157:H7 and 11 were serotype O157:NM. PCR analysis of E. coli O157 virulence genes revealed that all O157:H7/NM were positive for rbf(O157), 74 positive for EhlyA, 72 positive for eaeA, 62 positive for vtx2, and 3 positive for both vtx1 and vtx2. It was presented by cytotoxicity tests that many of E. coli O157 isolates showed high cytotoxicity on Vero cells. All of the isolates containing EhlyA showed enterohaemolysin production.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the most important and common pathogens of bovine mastitis. Polymerase Chain Reaction is frequently proposed in the diagnosis of S. aureus directly from milk samples instead of classical culture. However, false-negative results may occur in the polymerase chain reaction analysis performed directly from clinical material. For the purpose of disclosing the false negative results, the use of internal amplification controls can be beneficial. Therefore, in this study a new polymerase chain reaction technique with host specific internal amplification control was developed by optimizing S. aureus-specific primers in combination with bovine specific primers. The effectiveness of the developed technique in this study was attempted in milk samples from bovine subclinical mastitis. This technique has the potential to detect S. aureus from bovine milk samples or dairy products.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, stafilokoklar içerisinde yeni tanımlanmış bir tür olup köpeklerden sıklıkla izole edilmektedir. Stafilokoklarda artan antimikrobiyal direnç ve S. pseudintermedius’un enfekte petlerden insanlara geçmesi, halk sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, köpek deri enfeksiyonlarından izole edilen S. pseudintermedius’ların ve metisilin direncinin prevalansının fenotipik ve genotipik metotlar ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 53 köpekten 41 stafilokok izole edildi. Stafilokok izolatlarının 33’ü (%80.4) pta geninin PCR-RFLP ile analiziyle S. pseudintermedius olarak belirlendi. Metisilin direnci kromogenik chromID MRSA agar, oxacillin disk difüzyon metodu ve mecA geninin belirlendiği PCR yöntemi ile bu izolatların 11’inde (%33.3) tespit edildi. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de metisilin dirençli S. pseudintermedius’ların durumunu gösteren ilk bilimsel rapordur., Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a recently described species of staphylococci that is frequently isolated from dogs. The increase in antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci and transfer of S. pseudintermedius from infected pets to humans threaten the public health worldwide. In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence of S. pseudintermedius from skin infections of dogs and to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistance in S. pseudintermedius isolates by phenotypic and genotypic methods. A total of 41 staphylococci were isolated from 53 dogs. Thirty three (80.4%) staphylococci were identified as S. pseudintermedius by PCR-RFLP analysis of pta gene. Methicillin resistance was also identified in 11 (33.3%) of these isolates by inoculation on chromogenic chromID MRSA agar, oxacillin disc diffusion method and the determination of mecA gene by PCR. This is the sole report in Turkey that described the situation of methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius.

Staphylococcus aureus ve S. intermedius’un köpeklerde deri enfeksiyonlarına neden olan en önemli türler olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, S. intermedius’un eksfoliatif toksinini kodlayan siet (S. intermedius eksfoliatif toksin) genini belirlemek için bir Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) tekniği geliştirilmesi ve piyodermalı köpeklerden izole edilen S. intermedius izolatlarında bu genin araştırılması amaçlandı. Piyodermalı köpeklerden izole edilen toplam 41 izolat (35 S. intermedius, 4 S. aureus, bir S. capitis subsp. ureolytica ve bir S. chromogenes) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Bu çalışmada, siet geninin 145 bp’lik ve S. intermedius’un agr (accessory gene regulator) geninin 182 bp’lik bölümünü spesifik olarak çoğaltan özgün primerler tasarlandı. agr geni diğer stafilokok türlerinde değil sadece S. intermedius izolatlarında tespit edildi. Bütün S. intermedius’larda siet geni saptandı. Diğer kontrol suşlarında ve siet negatif S. intermedius suşunda amplifikasyon görülmediği için siet PCR yöntemi spesifik bulundu. Köpeklerde deri lezyonu oluşturan stafilokokların ve bu stafilokokların virulens özelliklerinden siet geninin hızlı ve güvenilir olarak belirlenmesi, tedavi ve korunma anlamında hastalıkla daha etkili mücadele için klinik olarak önemli bilgiler sunacaktır., Staphylococcus aureus and S. intermedius are considered as the most significant species causing skin infections in dogs. The aim of this study was to develop a Polymerase Chain Reaction technique for the detection of siet (S. intermedius exfoliative toxin) gene encoding exfoliative toxin in S. intermedius and to investigate its presence in S. intermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma. A total of 41 isolates (35 S. intermedius, 4 S. aureus, one S. capitis subsp. ureolytica and one S. chromogenes) from dogs with pyoderma were included in the study. Original primers specifically amplifying 145 bp of siet gene and 182 bp of agr (accessory gene regulator) gene locus of S. intermedius were designed in the study. agr gene was detected in all S. intermedius isolates, but not in other isolates. siet gene was detected in all S. intermedius isolates. siet Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was found to be specific since no amplifications were observed with siet negative S. intermedius and other bacterial control strains. Rapid and reliable detection of staphylococci causing skin lesions in dogs and their virulence markers like siet gene will provide important data for clinical practice to manage the disease more effectively by means of treatment and prevention.

In this study, development of a multiplex-PCR (m-PCR) assay for identification of Salmonellosis and Psittacosis in caged birds was aimed. DNAs extracted from Salmonella spp. strains from the collection of our department and Salmonella spp. isolates from caged birds in addition to the extracted DNA samples belong to two different Chlamydophila psittaci clinical strains (strain 6BC and a strain isolated from a parakeet), constituted the material of the study. A m-PCR assay was developed which use iroBF and iroBR primers to specifically amplify 606 bp sequence of iroB gene of Salmonella spp. DNA in the same reaction mix and with the same conditions, CpsiA and CpsiB primers were used to amplify 300 bp sequence of pmp gene of C. psittaci. The specificity and the sensitivity of the assay were determined by using positive controls (Salmonella and Chlamydia DNA samples). We believe that the newly developed m-PCR assay is a fast, reliable and an economic assay, which has the potential for direct identification of Salmonella spp. and C. psittaci from the clinical samples, Bu çalışmada, Salmonellosis ve Psittacosis’in tanısında kullanılmak üzere bir multipleks-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (m-PZR) tekniği geliştirilmesi amaçlandı. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı suş koleksiyonunda yer alan Salmonella suşları, kafes kuşu orijinli Salmonella izolatları ve bunlardan izole edilen DNA örnekleri dışında yurt dışından sağlanan ve iki farklı Chlamydophila psittaci klinik suşundan izole edilmiş DNA örnekleri çalışma materyalini oluşturdu. Çalışmada, Salmonella türlerinde iroB genini kodlayan sekansın 606 bp’lik porsiyonunu spesifik olarak amplifiye eden iroBF ve iroBR primer çifti ile Chlamydophila psittaci’nin pmp genlerinin 300 bp’lik sekansını amplifiye eden CpsiA ve CpsiB primer çiftinin aynı reaksiyon karışımı ve şartlarında çalışacağı bir m-PZR tekniği geliştirildi. Pozitif kontrol Chlamydophila psittaci DNA’larının dışında, kendi laboratuvar izolatları ve suşlarından izole edilen DNA örnekleri kullanılarak tekniğin spesifite ve sensitivitesi de belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, klinik materyallerden direkt tanı potansiyeli de bulunan tekniğin kafes kuşlarında Salmonella spp. ve C. psittaci’nin tanısında hızlı, güvenilir ve ekonomik bir teknik olduğu düşünülmektedir

Summary: In this study, the isolation of C. sordellii from abomasum lesions of lambs and the confirmation of the isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was attempted. A total of 298 abomasal specimens (swabs) obtained from lambs of 4 to 8 months of age were investigated. Sampled swabs were inoculated onto blood agar plates and incubated anaerobically. Following the incubation grown colonies were identified according to their morphological and biochemical characteristics. C. sordellii was isolated from 17 of 298 specimens (5.7%). These bacteria were also confirmed to harbour C. sordellii DNA by PCR. In conclusion, the presence of C. sordellii in abomasum lesions was demonstrated in Turkey for the first time with this study.