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Physical abilities modelling has a profound connection with long-term athlete development and talent identification. There is not enough data to support evidence about age-related changes in volleyball players’ isometric strength. This study aimed to define the age-related model of volleyball players multidimensional muscles’ contractile characteristics. The participants were divided according to gender (male n = 112, female n = 371) and according to age into four groups: under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17), under 19 (U19), and under 21 (U21) years old. Participants performed three isometric strength tests: handgrip, lumbar extensors, and ankle extensors. Maximal force and rate of force development results from all three tests were transformed into a single Score value as a representation of contractile potentials using principal component analysis. The main findings were that Score values of both genders showed significant differences between age groups (male: F = 53.17, p < 0.001 Female: F = 41.61, p < 0.001). Trends of those yearly changes were slightly more balanced for female subjects (3.9%) compared to male subjects (6.3%). These findings could help in strength training adjustments when working with volleyball players of a certain age, and enable coaches to detect ones that stand out positively, considering them as strong in regard to their age.

BACKGROUND: Researchers of the game of volleyball often study the diff erences that separate the winning and losing teams. Namely, the volleyball game runs in two complexes (K1 – game after rceive of serve: serve – receipt of serve – setting the attack – attack ; K2 – game after own serve: serve – block – defence – counter attack), in addition the players have to rotate in accordance with the rules of the game of volleyball. Playing situations in six rotations do not equally correlate to K1 and K2 in their tactical aspect, nor are they of the same diffi culty. OBJECTIVES: The study examined whether there are statistically signifi cant diff erences in the phases of a volleyball game between the winners and losers for each of the six volleyball rotations separately. Diff erences in individual rotations between winning and losing teams were examined. For rotations with statistically signifi cant diff erences between the teams, the phases that determine those diff erences the most were also researched. METHODS: The study was carried out at the European youth volleyball championships for women. Twenty games were analysed, a fi ve level scale was used to evaluate the successfulness of the game for 98 under 18 years old women players. Six phases of the volleyball game were analysed: serve, receipt of serve, attack in K1, attack in K2, block and defence (attack receipt). A criterion variable was represented with each individual rotation. Simple descriptive statistical parameters were calculated together with six canonical discriminant analyses, one for each of the volleyball rotations. RESULTS: The results of canonical discriminatory analysis revealed that four out of six volleyball rotations were statistically signifi cant at the level of p < 0.05 (rotation 1 = 0.02 ; rotation 2 = 0.00 ; rotation 3 = 0.00 ; rotation 6 = 0.04). It is interesting to notice that diff erent game phases show the largest projection of discriminatory function exactly in the rotations with statistically signifi cant diff erences. They were: receipt of serve and attack in K1 and K2 for rotation 1, receipt of serve, block and defence for rotation 2, serve and defence for rotation 3, attack in K1 for rotation 6. CONCLUSIONS: These results point to the specifi c characteristics of individual rotations in this age period, which have to be considered in the organisation of the training process. The results undoubtedly indicate that in the process of the synchronisation of team play, each of the six rotations require specifi c attention both in the technicaland tactical sense.

Using computer software DATAVOLLEY, the data from 20 games of A1 Italian volleyball league were collected. On the basis of five situation parameters of the game, differences between the won and the lost sets have been defined for the purpose of developing an efficiency model of performing of volleyball actions. Such a theoretical – numerical model will help coaches in planning and programming team training activities, but also for the objective evaluation of their team’ s situation efficiency.

Temeljni namen magistrskega dela je bil izdelava norm za vrednotenje telesne in gibalne pripravljenosti slovenskih odbojkarjev in odbojkaric, starih 14 in 15 let. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali prihaja pri izbranih meritvah telesnih razsežnosti in gibalnih sposobnosti do razlik med igralci, ki so bili kasneje iz regijskih reprezentanc izbrani v državne reprezentance in tistimi, ki niso bili. V vzorec je bilo vključenih 356 odbojkarjev in 363 odbojkaric, ki so se v letih od 2015 do vključno 2019 udeležili Turnirja regijskih reprezentanc. Vzorec spremenljivk so predstavljale 3 merske naloge za oceno telesnih razsežnosti in 10 merskih nalog za oceno gibalnih sposobnosti. Za urejanje in obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili Excel in IBM SPSS Statistics. Norme za vrednotenje rezultatov meritev smo izrazili s centili, za ugotavljanje razlik glede na kasnejše članstvo v državni reprezentanci pa smo uporabili t-test za neodvisne vzorce. Izdelane norme lahko uporabimo kot model za vrednotenje posameznikovega potenciala v tej starostni kategoriji. Trenerju in igralcu omogočajo vpogled v to, kje v Sloveniji se posameznik nahaja glede na najboljše 14- oziroma 15-letnike. V povprečnih vrednostih dosegajo igralci in igralke, ki so bili iz regijskih reprezentanc kasneje izbrani v državne reprezentance pri večini merskih nalog boljše rezultate kot igralci, ki v državne reprezentance niso bili izbrani. Rezultati so pokazali, da pri 14-letnih dečkih med skupinama regijskih in državnih reprezentantov ne prihaja do statistično značilnih razlik, medtem ko smo pri 15-letnikih ugotovili statistično značilne razlike pri dveh testih: doskočna višina z zaletom in doskočna višina v bloku. Pri 14-letnih deklicah prihaja med skupinama do statistično značilnih razlik pri sedmih merskih testih (telesna višina, dosežna višina, doskočna višina z zaletom, doskočna višina v bloku, predklon na klopci, met 2 kg težke medicinke soročno sede in skok iz polčepa), pri 15-letnicah pa pri šestih (telesna višina, dosežna višina, doskočna višina z zaletom, doskočna višina v bloku, skok iz polčepa in FitLight z neznano kombinacijo). Povsod, kjer je med skupinama prihajalo do statistično značilnih razlik, so državni reprezentanti in reprezentantke dosegali višje oziroma boljše rezultate kot regijski reprezentanti in reprezentantke (z izjemo rezultatov testa skoka iz polčepa pri 15-letnicah). The main purpose of the master's thesis was to create norms for the evaluation of physical and motor conditions of Slovenian volleyball players aged 14 and 15 years. The goal was to find out whether there are differences in measurements of body dimensions and motor skills among players who were later selected from regional to the national teams and those who were not. The sample included a total of 356 male and 363 female volleyball players who participated in the Tournament of regional teams in the years from 2015 to 2019. The sample of variables represented three measurements for the assessment of body dimensions and ten measurement tasks for the assessment of motor skills. The data was organized and analyzed using Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics. Norms for evaluating the results were expressed with percentiles, and t-test for independent samples was used to identify differences with respect to later membership in the national team. Norms can be used as a model for the evaluation of the individual’s potential in specific age category. Norms offer a comparison between an individual and the best 14- and 15-year-olds in Slovenia. On average, the players who were later selected from the regional to the national teams achieved better results in most measurement tasks than the players who were not. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the groups of regional and national teams in 14-year-old male players, while the differences were found in two tests among 15-year-olds: spike reach and block reach. In 14-year-old female players there were statistically significant differences between the groups in seven measurement tests: body height, standing reach, spike reach, block reach, bend on the bench, throw of a 2 kg heavy medicine ball with both hands in a seated position and squat jump. In 15-year-old female players there were statistically significant differences between groups in six measurement tests: body height, standing reach, spike reach, block reach, squat jump and FitLight with an unknown combination. Wherever there were statistically significant differences between the groups, the members of a national teams achieved better results than members of a regional teams (except for a 15-year-old female players when testing a squat jump).

Mini in mala odbojka sta igri, kjer so pravila prilagojena otrokom do 12. leta. S temi pravili jim omogočimo čim hitrejše učenje odbojke glede na njihove lastnosti, sposobnosti in znanja v določeni starostni skupini. Od »velike« odbojke se mala in mini odbojka razlikujeta v velikosti in teži žoge, višini mreže, velikosti igrišča, številu igralcev in pravilih. Na osnovi video posnetkov finalnih tekem v kategoriji deklic mini odbojke in finalnih tekem v kategoriji deklic male odbojke v sezoni 2017/2018 smo ugotavljali nekatere značilnosti igre (dolžino trajanja tekme, dolžino trajanja niza, dolžino aktivne in pasivne faze igre). Analizirali smo vse tehnične prvine (servis, sprejem servisa, podajo, napad, blok in obrambo). S pomočjo rezultatov deleža točk in napak smo izdelali točkovni model za mini odbojko in malo odbojko. Dobljena točkovna modela smo primerjali med seboj ter ugotavljali razlike v odbojkarskih prvinah med posameznima kategorijama. Ugotovili smo, da so tekme male odbojke v povprečju daljše od tekem mini odbojke. V obeh kategorijah je pasivna faza daljša od aktivne faze. Igralke pri mini odbojki največ točk dosežejo z zgornjim/spodnjim odbojem, pri mali odbojki pa z udarcem, medtem ko v obeh kategorijah v napadu največkrat uporabijo zgornji odboj. V obeh kategorijah največ točk ekipe dosežejo z napadom, potem točkami nasprotnika, sledijo še točke bloka in servisa. Pri mini odbojki več točk dosežejo s servisom kot z blokom. Pri mali odbojki je ravno obratno. Magistrsko delo je lahko pripomoček trenerjem pri načrtovanju procesa treniranja. Podatke svojih ekip bodo lahko primerjali z rezultati, dobljenimi v naši raziskavi, ter tako načrtovali treninge v smeri, da bi se čim bolj približali točkovnemu modelu mini in male odbojke, ki sta bila izdelana s tem magistrskim delom. Mini and small volleyball are games where the rules are adapted to children up to 12 years of age. With these rules, we enable them the quickest way possible to learn volleyball, according to their characteristics, abilities and knowledge in specific age groups. Small and mini volleyball differ from normal volleyball in the size and weight of the ball, height of the net, size of the court, number of players and rules. We reseached the characteristics of the game (lenght of the game, lenght of a set, lenght of pasive and active game) on the basis of videotapes of final games of small and mini volleyball in girls category in the season 2017/2018. We analysed all the technical aspects of the game (serve, reception of a serve, pass, attack, block, defense). Based on the percentage of points and mistakes, we created a point model for mini and small volleyball. We compared the point models and researched the differences in volleyball elements between those two categories. We have found that the games of small volleyball are on average longer than the games in mini volleyball. In both categories the passive phase of the game is longer than the active phase. In mini volleyball the players got more points with upper/ lower pass, while in small volleyball they got most points with an attack. Meanwhile in both categories the teams got most points with attack, then with the opponents points, followed by the points of block and serve. In mini volleyball more points were achieved with a serve than with a block. In small volleyball the results are opposite. The master thesis can be a tool for the coaches in the training process. They can compare the data of their teams with the results of our reasearch and later plan the traning in the direction closest to the ponit model made in this master thesis.

V odbojki predstavljajo telesne značilnosti in gibalne sposobnosti osnovo za kvalitetnega odbojkarja. Telesne značilnosti, kot so velika telesna in dosežna višina ter razvite gibalne sposobnosti kot so moč, hitrost in koordinacija so v odbojkarski igri zelo pomembne. Čim boljši razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti je cilj vsakega igralca in trenerja. V diplomskem delu smo primerjali nekatere generacije mladih odbojkarjev regijskih reprezentanc v kategoriji dečkov v izbranih morfoloških lastnostih in motoričnih sposobnostih v odbojki. Primerjali smo rezultate testov odbojkarjev, ki so bili izvedeni pred nastopom ekip na tekmah regijskih reprezentanc. Meritve so zajemale morfološke značilnosti in motorične sposobnosti. Posvetili smo se le testom, ki jih je izvajala večina generacij odbojkarjev regijskih reprezentanc. Vzorec merjencev zajema 554 odbojkarjev starih med 14 in 15 let, ki so sodelovali na tekmovanju regijskih reprezentanc od leta 2004 do leta 2017. S pomočjo programa Excel in statističnega programa IBM SPSS Statistics smo podatke odbojkarjev uredili in analizirali. Med seboj smo primerjali rezultate med izbranimi generacijami in regijami. Pri morfoloških značilnostih merjenih odbojkarjev smo ugotovili trende izboljševanja rezultatov skozi izbrane generacije, s primerjavo testov motoričnih sposobnosti izbranih generacij odbojkarjev pa smo opazili trende izboljševanja rezultatov pri testih, na rezultat katerih v največji meri vpliva telesna višina in eksplozivna moč nog. Največji napredek pri rezultatih morfoloških značilnosti odbojkarjev je bil opažen v Ljubljani z okolico. Koroška regija je pri testih motoričnih sposobnosti v izbranih generacijah največkrat dosegla najvišji rezultat, primorska regija pa je prikazala trend nazadovanja pri rezultatih motoričnih testov v primerjavi z ostalimi regijami. In volleyball, physical characteristics and motor skills represent a foundation for a good volleyball player. Morphological properties like height and reach and developed motor skills like strength, speed and coordination are vital in volleyball. Development of motor skills is the goal of every player as well as the trainer. We compared some generations of young volleyball players who competed in the regional tournament in chosen morphological properties and motor skills in volleyball. We compared the results of tests that were carried out before the start of regional tournament matches. Measurments contained morphological properties and motor skills. We only analysed and compared the reasults whitch were measured in most of the chosen generations of volleyball players in the regional tournaments. The sample includes 554 volleyball players aged between 14 and 15, who participated in the regional tournaments from year 2004 to 2017. The data was organized and analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics. We compared results of the chosen generations and regions. In the morphological characteristics of measured volleyball players, we determined trends of improving results through selected generations. By comparing motor skills tests of selected volleyball generations, we determined trends of improving in tests of which the results are mostly affected by body height and explosive power. The greatest progress in results of the morphological characteristics of volleyball players was observed in Ljubljana and its surroundings. Koroška region achieved most of the highest results in the tests of motor skills in selected generations, while primorska region showed a downward trend in results of motor tests compared to other regions.

V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili dvoransko in sedečo odbojko. Na podlagi številne knjižne in elektronske literature smo se dokopali do veliko novega znanja, izkušenj in spoznali svet drugačnih, pa vendar tako enakih ljudi. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili razvoj obeh zvrsti odbojke, uradna pravila, povzeli poškodbe športnikov invalidov, zapisali pomen športa za športnike invalide in primerjali vlogo trenerja v obeh panogah. Nekaj besed smo namenili tudi tekmovanjem za ljudi z gibalnimi motnjami. Primerjali smo nekatere parametre sedeče in dvoranske odbojke in ugotovili, da se panogi v posameznih parametrih vedarle razlikujeta. Razlike je potrebno iskati predvsem v sedečem položaju in po drugi strani v povsem stoječem položaju, ki dopušča tek, poskoke in skoke. V empiričnem delu smo analizirali osem ženskih odbojkarskih ekip, ki so dosegle najvišje uvrstitve na Olimpijskih in Paraolimpijskih igrah v Pekingu leta 2008. Izbrali smo tekme polfinala in finala na omenjenih tekmovanjih in izdelali točkovni model za posamezno ekipo glede na rezultate, dosežene v končnici tekmovanj Olimpijskih oz. Paraolimpijskih iger. Pridobljeni rezultati in sama izdelava točkovnega modela sta nam omogočila medsebojno primerjavo uspešnosti igranja ekip v dvoranski in sedeči odbojki. Na osnovi statističnih podatkov, pridobljenih na Olimpijskih in Paraolimpijskih igrah v Pekingu leta 2008, smo izdelali točkovni model, v katerem smo poskušali numerično, s točkami, označiti elemente, ki odločajo o uspešnosti dvoranske in sedeče odbojke. Uspešno izvedbo posameznega tehničnega elementa pri izbrani statistiki smo ocenili z eno točko. Zbir točk, ki jih je posamezna ekipa dosegla v odigrani tekmi, je predstavljen s točkovno rezultatsko vrednostjo. V sami statistiki, pridobljeni na omenjenih dveh tekmovanjih, smo lahko uporabili v ta namen natančne in realne rezultate. Preko točkovnega modela smo na ta način izmerili uspešnost igre, ki nam je omogočila primerjave kakovosti igranja ekip udeleženk. In this diploma paper we present indoor and sitting volleyball. Based on numerous printed and electronic literatures we have learned much, gained new experience and discovered a world of different yet the same people. The theoretical part of the paper presents the development of both volleyball categories and official rules. It summarizes injuries of athletes with disabilities, records the importance of sport for athletes and athletes with disabilities, and compares the role of coach in both branches. A few words are devoted to the competition for people with mobility impairments. Some parameters of sitting and indoor volleyball were also compared. The result is that the two categories do differ in certain parameters the main differences can be seen especially in a sitting position and on the other hand completely upright position, allowing running, leaping and jumping. The empirical part includes an analysis of eight women's volleyball teams, which achieved the highest rankings at the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Beijing in 2008. Semi-final and final matches in these competitions were chosen and a lumped model for each team was made, according to the results achieved in the playoffs at the Paralympic and Olympic games. The results and the lumped model enabled us to compare the performance of each team in indoor volleyball and sitting volleyball. Based on statistical data obtained at the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Beijing in 2008, a lumped model was made in which we tried to numerically label elements with points. These elements determine the performance of indoor volleyball and sitting volleyball. A successful implementation of each technical element of the selected statistics was estimated with one point. A collection of points that each team has made in the mach played, is presented with a point result value. In the statistics, obtained in these two competitions, we could use detailed and realistic results. Through the lumped model we could measure the performance of the game, which allowed us to compare the game quality of participating teams.

V diplomski nalogi z naslovom Primeri praktičnih vsebin v kategoriji mini odbojke bom v teoretičnem delu predstavila pomen osnovnih gibanj za odbojkarje v kategoriji mini odbojka in jih povezovala z učenjem odbojkarskih prvin in taktičnih elementov. Osredotočila se bom na opis naravnih oblik gibanja, ki so pomembne za odbojkarja v kategoriji mini odbojka. To so: hoja, tek, skoki, poskoki, metanje in lovljenje. Pri učenju odbojke v mlajših selekcijah se učenje posameznih elementov uči skozi igro, ki je glavno sredstvo učenja, zato bom opisala pomen elementarnih iger in jih tudi slikovno prikazala s posameznimi vajami z žogo in brez nje. Zbrala sem sklop praktičnih vaj primernih za učenje odbojke v omenjeni kategoriji. V praktičnem delu sem oblikovala vsebinski sklop učnih priprav, namenjenih učenju mini odbojke. Predstavila bom vaje in naloge, s katerimi lahko vplivamo na pravilno in boljšo izvedbo posameznega elementa učenja odbojke. Predpostavka za izdelavo priprav treningov je dobro znanje vseh prvin odbojke (zgornji, spodnji odboj, servis). In the thesis Models of Practical Training Contents for Mini-Volleyball the theoretical part introduces the meaning of basic movement for volleyball players in the category of mini-volleyball and connects that with the learning of volleyball's elemental and tactical elements. I will concentrate on the description of natural movement, which is important for mini-volleyball: walking, running, jumping, leaping, throwing and catching. When teaching volleyball in junior category the elements are presented through game, which is the main learning mean. Therefore, I will describe the meaning of elementary games and will present them also in pictures with specific exercises with or without a ball. I gathered a variety of practical exercises suitable for teaching volleyball in the discussed category. The practical part includes the content of learning models for mini-volleyball. I will introduce exercises and tasks that can influence on a correct and better execution of every volleyball element. The presumption is good knowledge of all volleyball elements (service, hitting techniques).