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Abstract Background Quorum sensing (QS) is the ability of microorganisms to assess local clonal density by measuring the extracellular concentration of signal molecules that they produce and excrete. QS is also the only known way of bacterial communication that supports the coordination of within-clone cooperative actions requiring a certain threshold density of cooperating cells. Cooperation aided by QS communication is sensitive to cheating in two different ways: laggards may benefit from not investing in cooperation but enjoying the benefit provided by their cooperating neighbors, whereas Liars explicitly promise cooperation but fail to do so, thereby convincing potential cooperating neighbors to help them, for almost free. Given this double vulnerability to cheats, it is not trivial why QS-supported cooperation is so widespread among prokaryotes. Results We investigated the evolutionary dynamics of QS in populations of cooperators for whom the QS signal is an inevitable side effect of producing the public good itself (cue-based QS). Using spatially explicit agent-based lattice simulations of QS-aided threshold cooperation (whereby cooperation is effective only above a critical cumulative level of contributions) and three different (analytical and numerical) approximations of the lattice model, we explored the dynamics of QS-aided threshold cooperation under a feasible range of parameter values. We demonstrate three major advantages of cue-driven cooperation. First, laggards cannot wipe out cooperation under a wide range of reasonable environmental conditions, in spite of an unconstrained possibility to mutate to cheating; in fact, cooperators may even exclude laggards at high cooperation thresholds. Second, lying almost never pays off, if the signal is an inevitable byproduct (i.e., the cue) of cooperation; even very cheap fake signals are selected against. And thirdly, QS is most useful if local cooperator densities are the least predictable, i.e., if their lattice-wise mean is close to the cooperation threshold with a substantial variance. Conclusions Comparing the results of the four different modeling approaches indicates that cue-driven threshold cooperation may be a viable evolutionary strategy for microbes that cannot keep track of past behavior of their potential cooperating partners, in spatially viscous and in well-mixed environments alike. Our model can be seen as a version of the famous greenbeard effect, where greenbeards coexist with defectors in a evolutionarily stable polymorphism. Such polymorphism is maintained by the condition-dependent trade-offs of signal production which are characteristic of cue-based QS.

Gestational exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is a valid rodent model of human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). VPA treatment is known to bring about specific behavioral deficits of sociability, matching similar alterations in human autism. Previous quantitative morphometric studies from our laboratory showed a marked reduction and defasciculation of the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic pathway of VPA treated mice, along with a decrease in tissue dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but not in the caudatoputamen (CPu). In the present study, the correlative distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) putative axon terminals, presynaptic to the target neurons containing calretinin (CR) or calbindin (CB), was assessed using double fluorescent immunocytochemistry and confocal laser microscopy in two dopamine recipient forebrain regions, NAc and olfactory tubercle (OT) of neonatal mice (mothers injected with VPA on ED13.5, pups investigated on PD7). Representative image stacks were volumetrically analyzed for spatial proximity and abundance of presynaptic (TH+) and postsynaptic (CR+, CB+) structures with the help of an Imaris (Bitplane) software. In VPA mice, TH/CR juxtapositions were reduced in the NAc, whereas the TH/CB juxtapositions were impoverished in OT. Volume ratios of CR+ and CB+ elements remained unchanged in NAc, whereas that of CB+ was markedly reduced in OT; here the abundance of TH+ axons was also diminished. CR and CB were found to partially colocalize with TH in the VTA and SN. In VPA exposed mice, the abundance of CR+ (but not CB+) perikarya increased both in VTA and SN, however, this upregulation was not mirrored by an increase of the number of CR+/TH+ double labeled cells. The observed reduction of total CB (but not of CB+ perikarya) in the OT of VPA exposed animals signifies a diminished probability of synaptic contacts with afferent TH+ axons, presumably by reducing the available synaptic surface. Altered dopaminergic input to ventrobasal forebrain targets during late embryonic development will likely perturb the development and consolidation of neural and synaptic architecture, resulting in lasting changes of the neuronal patterning (detected here as reduced synaptic input to dopaminoceptive interneurons) in ventrobasal forebrain regions specifically involved in motivation and reward.

The study investigates the determination of selected fire properties of spruce wood, specifically the charring rate, using a modified testing method described and registered at the Industrial Property Office of the Slovak Republic PUV 50121-2020, utility model no. 9373. The samples were exposed to a square ceramic infrared heater, FTE-750W, with a power output of 750 W, using which we determined the heat flux as a function of voltage (V). Spruce wood specimens with dimensions of 75 mm × 75 mm × 50 mm (l × w × h) were subjected to thermal exposure under heat fluxes of 10, 15, 20, and 25 kW∙m−2. The charring rate was evaluated using two distinct approaches: the first method measured the thickness of the char layer formed after a duration of 1800 s, while the second method was based on reaching a temperature threshold of 300 °C. The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between the thermal load and the charring rate. The charring rates obtained using the first method ranged from 0.2397 to 0.6933 mm∙min−1, whereas those derived from the second method varied from 0 to 1.0344 mm∙min−1. This suggests that the 300 °C temperature criterion may not be a reliable parameter for calculating the charring rate. The precision of the results was corroborated through numerical simulations.

The emergence of multicellularity is one of the major transitions in evolution that happened multiple times independently. During aggregative multicellularity, genetically potentially unrelated lineages cooperate to form transient multicellular groups. Unlike clonal multicellularity, aggregative multicellular organisms do not rely on kin selection instead other mechanisms maintain cooperation against cheater phenotypes that benefit from cooperators but do not contribute to groups. Spatiality with limited diffusion can facilitate group selection, as interactions among individuals are restricted to local neighbourhoods only. Selection for larger size (e.g. avoiding predation) may facilitate the emergence of aggregation, though it is unknown, whether and how much role such selection played during the evolution of aggregative multicellularity. We have investigated the effect of spatiality and the necessity of predation on the stability of aggregative multicellularity via individual-based modelling on the ecological timescale. We have examined whether aggregation facilitates the survival of cooperators in a temporally heterogeneous environment against cheaters, where only a subset of the population is allowed to periodically colonize a new, resource-rich habitat. Cooperators constitutively produce adhesive molecules to promote aggregation and propagule-formation while cheaters spare this expense to grow faster but cannot aggregate on their own, hence depending on cooperators for long-term survival. We have compared different population-level reproduction modes with and without individual selection (predation) to evaluate the different hypotheses. In a temporally homogeneous environment without propagule-based colonization, cheaters always win. Predation can benefit cooperators, but it is not enough to maintain the necessary cooperator amount in successive dispersals, either randomly or by fragmentation. Aggregation-based propagation however can ensure the adequate ratio of cooperators-to-cheaters in the propagule and is sufficient to do so even without predation. Spatiality combined with temporal heterogeneity helps cooperators via group selection, thus facilitating aggregative multicellularity. External stress selecting for larger size (e.g. predation) may facilitate aggregation, however, according to our results, it is neither necessary nor sufficient for aggregative multicellularity to be maintained when there is effective group-selection.

Benchmarking is an essential tool for scientific and technological progress. This article reviews the benchmarks for 3D point cloud segmentation and classification. Based on the analysis of the articles and the knowledge gathered, it can be concluded that there has been an increase in the number of benchmarks, allowing to compare research results against specific performance metrics independently. However, benchmarks vary regarding the number of classes, spatial size, nomenclature, and class division. In this article, we introduce a new annotated 3D dataset - CENAGIS-ALS Benchmark. We propose a benchmark of highly dense lidar point clouds acquired by Leica CityMapper-2 for the Centre of Warsaw, Poland. The area covers 2 km2, and the data has a density of 275 pts/m2. The dataset consists of a number of classes that are distinguishable for this type of data. In addition to the basic classes, more specialized classes, important from the perspective of urban space, are also distinguished. Moreover, the division of classes consists of three levels of detail from coarse (e.g., a building) to refined elements (e.g., roofs, chimneys, and other rooftop objects). This benchmark can contribute to geospatial societies, considering the large spatial size of the study area with unified data quality and the higher number of classes with the hierarchical division compared to other benchmarking data.

Abstract Engine oil forms a complex system with a number of features. These features consist of hydrocarbons, various natural, or synthetic polymers. The irradiation of polymers becomes an integral part of modern industry. The lubrication, charge, thermal and cleaning requirements, which engine oils are expected to meet, are often chemically contradictory and manufacturers have to decide to compromise. Electron accelerators are widely used to enhance polymer properties. By applying radiation technology, it is possible to increase the desirable properties of polymers while leaving other properties at their original value. The paper focuses on combustion engine oil modified by e-beam. The assessed engine oil has a hydrocarbon base, which, from the chemical point of view, is processed as a polymer during the irradiation process. In this paper we have compared selected properties of the conventional and the irradiated engine oil during two exchange intervals. We have examined appropriate dose, dose rate, irradiation volume and a container on a single accelerated electrons energy. The examined oil properties were of a physical and physico-chemical nature, and included mainly kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, the total base number, soot content, oxidation, sulfation, significant chemical elements and wear particles. Every oil attribute is compared with its original value. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the application of e-beam is an adequate method used to enhance engine oil properties to achieve cleaner engine running, and extend engine oil lifetime.

One of the most important terrains of the European search for new ways in politics between the two world wars was the debate on the reorganization and tasks of the state and, within it, of the economy and society. This topic dominated academic discourse in the 1920s and 1930s. The thinkers who sought answers—economists, philosophers, historians, sociologists, and ecclesiastics—could build on the work of early predecessors, reaching back as far as Thomas Aquinas’s “organic view of society,” later embodied in the economic and political theory of Jesuit solidarism. The common feature of the theories that emerged in the interwar period was that they approached the construction of the state not from the point of view of the individual, but from that of social groups. Vid Mihelics, a prominent exponent of these ideas in Hungary, devoted his journalistic, scientific, and political activities to the Hungarian Catholic revival. His interests focused on social issues and related teachings of the Church. His writings sought solutions through the ideas of Christian humanism, which for him was “the inalienable essence of true Europeanism.” His writings can help us better understand how interconnected Hungarian intellectual life was with European trends in the interwar period. zachar.peter.krisztian@uni-nke.hu

Abstract Syntrophic cooperation among prokaryotes is ubiquitous and diverse. It relies on unilateral or mutual aid that may be both catalytic and metabolic in nature. Hypotheses of eukaryotic origins claim that mitochondrial endosymbiosis emerged from mutually beneficial syntrophy of archaeal and bacterial partners. However, there are no other examples of prokaryotic syntrophy leading to endosymbiosis. One potential reason is that when externalized products become public goods, they incite social conflict due to selfish mutants that may undermine any mutualistic interactions. To rigorously evaluate these arguments, here we construct a general mathematical framework of the ecology and evolution of different types of syntrophic partnerships. We do so both in a general microbial and in a eukaryogenetic context. Studying the case where partners cross-feed on each other’s self-inhibiting waste, we show that cooperative partnerships will eventually dominate over selfish mutants. By contrast, systems where producers actively secrete enzymes that cross-facilitate their partners’ resource consumption are not robust against cheaters over evolutionary time. We conclude that cross-facilitation is unlikely to provide an adequate syntrophic origin for endosymbiosis, but that cross-feeding mutualisms may indeed have played that role.

Abstract Background Signal reliability poses a central problem for explaining the evolution of communication. According to Zahavi’s Handicap Principle, signals are honest only if they are costly at the evolutionary equilibrium; otherwise, deception becomes common and communication breaks down. Theoretical signalling games have proved to be useful for understanding the logic of signalling interactions. Theoretical evaluations of the Handicap Principle are difficult, however, because finding the equilibrium cost function in such signalling games is notoriously complicated. Here, we provide a general solution to this problem and show how cost functions can be calculated for any arbitrary, pairwise asymmetric signalling game at the evolutionary equilibrium. Results Our model clarifies the relationship between signalling costs at equilibrium and the conditions for reliable signalling. It shows that these two terms are independent in both additive and multiplicative models, and that the cost of signalling at honest equilibrium has no effect on the stability of communication. Moreover, it demonstrates that honest signals at the equilibrium can have any cost value, even negative, being beneficial for the signaller independently of the receiver’s response at equilibrium and without requiring further constraints. Our results are general and we show how they apply to seminal signalling models, including Grafen’s model of sexual selection and Godfray’s model of parent-offspring communication. Conclusions Our results refute the claim that signals must be costly at the evolutionary equilibrium to be reliable, as predicted by the Handicap Principle and so-called ‘costly signalling’ theory. Thus, our results raise serious concerns about the handicap paradigm. We argue that the evolution of reliable signalling is better understood within a Darwinian life-history framework, and that the conditions for honest signalling are more clearly stated and understood by evaluating their trade-offs rather than their costs per se. We discuss potential shortcomings of equilibrium models and we provide testable predictions to help advance the field and establish a better explanation for honest signals. Last but not least, our results highlight why signals are expected to be efficient rather than wasteful.

Abstract Proteolytic activation of the renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is increased by aldosterone. The aldosterone-sensitive protease remains unidentified. In humans, elevated circulating aldosterone is associated with increased urinary extracellular vesicle (uEVs) excretion of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). We hypothesized that MASP-2 is a physiologically relevant ENaC-activating protease. It was confirmed that MASP2 mRNA is abundantly present in liver but not in human and mouse kidneys. Aldosterone-stimulation of murine cortical colleting duct (mCCD) cells did not induce MASP-2 mRNA. In human kidney collecting duct, MASP-2 protein was detected in AQP2-negative/ATP6VB1-positive intercalated cells suggestive of MASP2 protein uptake. Plasma concentration of full-length MASP-2 and the short splice variant MAp19 were not changed in a cross-over intervention study in healthy humans with low (70 mmol/day) versus high (250 mmol/day) Na+ intake despite changes in aldosterone. The ratio of MAp19/MASP-2 in plasma was significantly increased with a high Na+ diet and the ratio correlated with changes in aldosterone and fractional Na+ excretion. MASP-2 was not detected in crude urine or in uEVs. MASP2 activated an amiloride-sensitive current when co-expressed with ENaC in Xenopus oocytes, but not when added to the bath solution. In monolayers of collecting duct M1 cells, MASP2 expression did not increase amiloride-sensitive current and in HEK293 cells, MASP-2 did not affect γENaC cleavage. MASP-2 is neither expressed nor co-localized and co-regulated with ENaC in the human kidney or in urine after low Na+ intake. MASP-2 does not mediate physiological ENaC cleavage in low salt/high aldosterone settings.

Gestational exposure of mice to valproic acid (VPA) is one currently used experimental model for the investigation of typical failure symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the present study we hypothesized that the reduction of dopaminergic source neurons of the VTA, followed by perturbed growth of the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway (MT), should also modify pattern formation in the dopaminoceptive target regions (particularly its mesoaccumbens/mesolimbic portion). Here, we investigated VPA-evoked cellular morphological (apoptosis-frequency detected by Caspase-3, abundance of Ca-binding proteins, CaBP), as well as synaptic proteomic (western blotting) changes, in selected dopaminoceptive subpallial, as compared to pallial, regions of mice, born to mothers treated with 500 mg/kg VPA on day 13.5 of pregnancy. We observed a surge of apoptosis on VPA treatment in nearly all investigated subpallial and pallial regions; with a non-significant trend of similar increase the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at P7, the age at which the MT pathway reduction has been reported (also supplemented by current findings). Of the CaBPs, calretinin (CR) expression was decreased in pallial regions, most prominently in retrosplenial cortex, but not in the subpallium of P7 mice. Calbindin-D 28K (CB) was selectively reduced in the caudate-putamen (CPu) of VPA exposed animals at P7 but no longer at P60, pointing to a potency of repairment. The VPA-associated overall increase in apoptosis at P7 did not correlate with the abundance and distribution of CaBPs, except in CPu, in which the marked drop of CB was negatively correlated with increased apoptosis. Abundance of parvalbumin (PV) at P60 showed no significant response to VPA treatment in any of the observed regions we did not find colocalization of apoptotic (Casp3+) cells with CaBP-immunoreactive neurons. The proteomic findings suggest reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the crude synaptosome fraction of NAc, but not in the CPu, without simultaneous decrease of the synaptic protein, synaptophysin, indicating selective impairment of dopaminergic synapses. The morpho-functional changes found in forebrain regions of VPA-exposed mice may signify dendritic and synaptic reorganization in dopaminergic target regions, with potential translational value to similar impairments in the pathogenesis of human ASD.

Social monogamy, typically characterized by the formation of a pair bond, increased territorial defense, and often biparental care, has independently evolved multiple times in animals. Despite the independent evolutionary origins of monogamous mating systems, several homologous brain regions and neuropeptides and their receptors have been shown to play a conserved role in regulating social affiliation and parental care, but little is known about the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying monogamy on a genomic scale. Here, we compare neural transcriptomes of reproductive males in monogamous and nonmonogamous species pairs of Peromyscus mice, Microtus voles, parid songbirds, dendrobatid frogs, and Xenotilapia species of cichlid fishes. We find that, while evolutionary divergence time between species or clades did not explain gene expression similarity, characteristics of the mating system correlated with neural gene expression patterns, and neural gene expression varied concordantly across vertebrates when species transition to monogamy. Our study provides evidence of a universal transcriptomic mechanism underlying the evolution of monogamy in vertebrates.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: Workplace non-sharps injuries are a common occurrence in a dental school setting. In dentistry, the importance of preventing non-sharps injuries is often overlooked due to emphasis on sharps-related injuries. The aim of this research was to analyse the incidences of non-sharps injuries over an 11-year period in a dental school to identify trends and the possible causative factors for these injuries. Methods: Injury reports lodged with the University of Queensland Workplace Health and Safety databases between 2009 and 2019 were categorised and analysed. Results: Of 1156 incidents reported, 35.7% (n = 413) were non-sharps injuries, and the most common type of non-sharps injury was general incidents (48.4%, n = 200). The most common body site for injury was the hands (19.4%, n = 80), and the most common location where an injury occurred was in clinical patient care (53.8%, n = 222). The personnel type most at risk of a non-sharps injury fluctuated between students and staff throughout the study period. Conclusions: All personnel, including students and staff, are at similar risk of experiencing a non-sharps injury within a dental school setting. The equipment and facilities of a dental clinic as well as the level of adherence to safe working procedures are contributing factors. Continuous quality improvement is essential for minimising these injuries.

Abstract In pre-clinical studies, human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have shown great promise as a treatment modality for healing of cutaneous wounds. The advantages of hASCs are that they are relatively easy to obtain in large numbers from basic liposuctions, they maintain their characteristics after long-term in vitro culture, and they possess low immunogenicity, which enables the use of hASCs from random donors. It has been hypothesized that hASCs exert their wound healing properties by reducing inflammation, inducing angiogenesis, and promoting fibroblast and keratinocyte growth. Due to the inherent variability associated with the donor-dependent nature of ASC-based products, it appears necessary that the quality of the different products is prospectively certified using a set of most relevant potency assays. In this review, we present an overview of the available methodologies to assess the Mode and the Mechanism of Action of hASCs, specifically in the wound healing scenario. In conclusion, we propose a panel of potential potency assays to include in the future production of ASC-based medicinal products.

At the time of continuous development of all technologies, deep machine learning (more precisely, convolutional neural networks), which is one of the branches of artificial intelligence (AI), has found wide application in many fields, including photogrammetry and remote sensing. One of the areas where a lot of research is conducted using these methods is the recognition of objects in aerial and satellite imagery. Through the application of deep learning algorithms and neural networks, it is possible to automate labour-intensive processes. However, while object detection in images using machine learning is popular for natural scenes and in recent years also for nadir aerial and satellite imagery, for aerial oblique imagery at the moment of this research there were relatively few publications on the subject. The challengeable task in object detection is the time-consuming generation of training datasets when access is limited or non-existent. This study proposed the methodology to automate this process with use of existing resources for transferring of references to new databases for training models for detect objects on aerial oblique images. The object detection was performed using the YOLOv3 neural network. Experiment results tested on two datasets have shown that the proposed method could realize the task of object detection in oblique aerial images.