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Trawka Paulina, Szmelcer Beniamin, Zaborna Daria, Kontowicz Marlena, Goljat Martyna, Porada Mateusz, Kwiatkowska Klaudia, Falkowski Marcin, Nawrocka Agnieszka, Sarnowska Joanna, Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia. Sexual dysfunction in elderly men and women. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(7):656-668. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3353677 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7190 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.07.2019. Revised: 05.07.2019. Accepted: 28.07.2019. Sexual dysfunction in elderly men and women Paulina Trawka1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, Daria Zaborna1, Marlena Kontowicz1, Martyna Goljat1, Mateusz Porada1, Klaudia Kwiatkowska1, Marcin Falkowski1, Agnieszka Nawrocka1, Joanna Sarnowska1, Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz Abstract: Background: The aging process of the body is inexorable and affects all areas of geriatric patient's life, including the quality of his sex life. In this case, however, also psychological and environmental problems must be taken into account in the case of diagnostics. The sexuality of elderly patients has been neglected by the medical community for many years, and even recognized by some doctors as unnecessary or bad. Currently, there is a slow change in this position, also due to the patients themselves who are looking for help in specific situations. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: Sexuality, Geriatrics, Dysfunctions Results: Statistics on the sexuality of the elderly give a clear picture of how great a problem this sphere of life is. The main risk factors for sexual dysfunction of the above-mentioned patients include, among others, abnormal lifestyle and urinary tract infections. In the patients' lifestyle the most important aetiological factors are incorrect diet or lack of physical activity. Men of all ages are exposed to problems, however, in the epidemiology of this dysfunction, a drastic jump after the age of 50 is noticed. It is connected with the weakening of the function of the nervous system and microcirculation in the urinary tract and the reduction of the number of hormones responsible for the functioning of sexual organs. In women, this menopause is the period that most destructively affects the quality of sexual life. Here, as in the case of men, a reduced amount of hormones has a negative effect, among others, by a reduced sexual desire or the presence of pain during intercourse. In the treatment of the above-mentioned disorders, mainly pharmacology has the largest field of action. In the treatment of sexual dysfunction, we mainly use 2 compounds and these are sildenafil and tadalafil. Conclusions: Human sexuality, especially in the case of older people, can not be a neglected subject, and dysfunctions and problems of patients treated like any other. The need to integrate interdisciplinary mode in dealing with this type of problems is more necessary. All this is connected with the fact that there is a definite deficit in publications and research on this subject, which creates a wide range of possibilities for the medical community. Key words: Sexuality, Geriatrics, Dysfunctions

Zaborna Daria, Szmelcer Beniamin, Krakowska Natalia, Fortuna Aleksandra, Wszelaki Patrycja, Florczak Aleksander, WilczyńskiMichał, Gajos Małgorzata, Skierkowska Natalia, Porada Mateusz, Wąsicki Mariusz, Modrzejewski Mateusz, Kędziora‑Kornatowska Kornelia. Review of the methodology of lower limb prosthesis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):392-403. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3229314 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6942 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/914383 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.05.2019. Revised: 20.05.2019. Accepted: 26.05.2019. Review of the methodology of lower limb prosthesis Daria Zaborna1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, Natalia Krakowska1, Aleksandra Fortuna1, Patrycja Wszelaki1, Aleksander Florczak1, Michał Wilczyński1, Małgorzata Gajos1, Natalia Skierkowska1, Mateusz Porada1, Mariusz Wąsicki1, Mateusz Modrzejewski1, Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Abstract: Background: The replacement of inefficient or lost organs, especially in the case of lower ends, is associated with a huge experience for the patient, especially in emotional terms. However, with the development of medicine and technology, they allow patients, with properly conducted rehabilitation, to achieve satisfaction with the obtained effects of the treatment. The variety of forms of lower limb prosthesis depends primarily on the location of the prosthesis. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: Prosthesis, Lower limb, Amputation Results: The lower limb prosthesis is built from a funnel that matches the stump, the mechanism of the knee joint, shin and the foot. Pours that are used at the lower extremities include: a quadrangular funnel, an ICS longitudinal oval or a CAD-CAM, a full-contact hip funnel, a residual femoral funnel or vacuum syphilis used in people with neoplastic amputations. In the case of knee joints, the distinction is made based on the number of axes around which the movement takes place. So we distinguish uniaxial and multi-axis joints. As important as the other parts is the construction of the prosthetic foot, because it is responsible for supporting the limb stabilizers through passive control of the ankle bending. Conclusions: With the new generation of lower limbs prostheses, the patient can lead an active professional life, as well as practice various sports disciplines. However, this does not change the fact that there is still a great need for research, and holistic cooperation to increase the efficiency and satisfaction of life of amputees in the lower limbs. Key words: Prosthesis, Lower limb, Amputation

Krakowska Natalia, Szmelcer Beniamin, Zaborna Daria, Fortuna Aleksandra, Wszelaki Patrycja, Florczak Aleksander, Wilczyński Michał, Ciepłuch Justyna, Skierkowska Natalia, Porada Mateusz, Wąsicki Mariusz, Modrzejewski Mateusz, KędzioraKornatowska Kornelia. Rehabilitation of patients with paraplegia - a review of the diversity of forms. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):534-546. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3235989 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6974 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/914916 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.03.2019. Revised: 15.03.2019. Accepted: 31.05.2019. Rehabilitation of patients with paraplegia - a review of the diversity of forms Natalia Krakowska1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, Daria Zaborna1, AleksandraFortuna1, Patrycja Wszelaki1, Aleksander Florczak1, MichałWilczyński1, Justyna Ciepłuch1, Natalia Skierkowska1, MateuszPorada1, Mariusz Wąsicki1, Mateusz Modrzejewski1, KorneliaKędziora-Kornatowska1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Abstract: Background: Damage to the spinal cord most often occurs as a result of spine injury, often causing the disability. In every patient with paraplegia, complications may occur in the form of: sensory disorders, bedsores, contractures, urinary and stool incontinence, paresis or limb paralysis, as well as sexual problems. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: Rehabilitation, Paraplegia, Neurology Results: Losing the function of locomotion and self-care in everyday activities is a great psychological burden, both for the sick person and his family. Rehabilitation proceeding should include physical, psychological and social aspects. For paraplegics, the introduction of early and appropriately targeted treatment may reduce the risk of onerous complications and allow for maximum self-empowerment in basic activities. For a person with disability, it is a chance to achieve self-acceptance and return to a dignified life in society. Conclusions: Problems of patients with paraplegia, despite the fact that they were described in many books and articles, should still be considered in studies that would use the latest news from the world of science. Patients struggling with this problem still expect further measures to improve their quality of life. Key words: Rehabilitation, Paraplegia, Neurology

Wszelaki Patrycja, Wilczyński Michał, Szmelcer Beniamin, Florczak Aleksander, Fortuna Aleksandra, Zaborna Daria, Krakowska Natalia, Trzebiatowska Agata, Ciepłuch Justyna, Skierkowska Natalia, Porada Mateusz, Wąsicki Mariusz, Modrzejewski Mateusz, KędzioraKornatowska Kornelia. Dysfunctions of the immune system associated with age. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(6):11-19. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3236019 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6975 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/914923 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.03.2019. Revised: 15.03.2019. Accepted: 31.05.2019. Dysfunctions of the immune system associated with age Patrycja Wszelaki1, Michał Wilczyński1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, AleksanderFlorczak1, Aleksandra Fortuna1, Daria Zaborna1, NataliaKrakowska1, Agata Trzebiatowska1, Justyna Ciepłuch1, NataliaSkierkowska1, Mateusz Porada1, Mariusz Wąsicki1, MateuszModrzejewski1 Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Abstract Background: The human immune system consists of innate and adaptive responses. Innate immune response is the first line of the body's defense, while the adaptive response eliminates pathogens in later stages of infection. Cooperation between innate and adaptive immune response is important to effectively eliminate pathogens. An integral part of the aging of the human body is the aging of the immune system, which results in functional disorders directly affecting the deterioration of health. Abnormal functioning of the immune system is a predisposing factor to the occurrence of old-age diseases, as well as reduces the effectiveness of protective vaccination especially recommended to geriatric patients. Material and Methods: The current state of knowledge on age-related immune dysfunctions has been reviewed. The analysis concerned publications in English and Polish language published in the years 2003-2018, which were collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Particular attention was paid to publications presenting the results of research conducted on a group of geriatric people in order to analyze the facts from the research. The publications were searched on the basis of key phrases, among others: the immune system of the elderly, chronic inflammation, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Results: A review of current knowledge showed the seriousness of the problem of the aging of the immune system. In addition to reducing the efficiency of the immune system, special attention should be paid to chronic inflammation that predisposes to old-age diseases, as well as to reduce the effectiveness of immunization, which is a serious threat. Conclusion: Analyzing the sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly, particular attention was paid to the phenotype of aging cells, changes in the intestinal microflora of the elderly, the role of adipose tissue in the process of inflammation and changes in the levels of steroid hormones. Public awareness of the etiology of the problem is an excellent method of counteracting the negative effects of immunodeficiency. One of the recommendations is physical activity as part of the elimination of adipose tissue capable of securing an infinite number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Key words: immune system, older people, chronic inflammation, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, protective vaccination &nbsp

Florczak Aleksander, Szmelcer Beniamin, Krakowska Natalia, Fortuna Aleksandra, Wszelaki Patrycja, Zaborna Daria, WilczyńskiMichał, Ciepłuch Justyna, Skierkowska Natalia, Wąsicki Mariusz, Modrzejewski Mateusz, Kędziora‑KornatowskaKornelia. Assessing the risk of falls of older people using specialized diagnostic tests. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(8):397-405. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376972 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7326 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2019. Revised: 15.08.2019. Accepted: 26.08.2019. Assessing the risk of falls of older people using specialized diagnostic tests Aleksander Florczak1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, Natalia Krakowska1, Aleksandra Fortuna1, Patrycja Wszelaki1, Daria Zaborna1, Michał Wilczyński1, Justyna Ciepłuch1, NataliaSkierkowska1, Mariusz Wąsicki1, Mateusz Modrzejewski1, Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Abstract: Background: The phenomenon of population aging, resulting in an increase in the number of elderly people in need of medical assistance, necessitated the development of geriatric medicine. Its key assumption is to improve the quality of life of older people through early recognition, prevention and treatment of diseases of old age. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: geriatrics, aging process, falls Results: The fall belongs to a group of great geriatric problems contributing to the phenomenon of senile disability. The result of disturbances in the balance and problems associated with the weakening of the musculoskeletal system is a fall, which has very serious consequences for the health and functioning of an older person. The most important diagnostic tests related to falls of older people include: Timed Up & Go Test (TUG), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), The Step Test, Stop Walking When Talking (SWWT), Four Square Step Test (FSST) Conclusions: Falling older people is statistically one of the biggest problems of this age group, and at the same time causing a huge number of complications in the lives of geriatric patients, which is why their prevention is so important. There is a further need for research and discussion on the effectiveness of forms of diagnostic to prevent the falls of older people. Key words: geriatrics, aging process, falls

Kontowicz Marlena, Husejko Jakub, Porada Mateusz, Karło Aneta, Bursiewicz Wiktor, Lange Hubert, Zwolinski Adrian, Nawrocka Agnieszka, Łabędź Magdalena, Romaniuk Maciej, Zaborna Daria, Prylińska Monika, Kędziora‑Kornatowska Kornelia. Sciatica - radiating pain affecting an increasing part of society. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(7):57-66. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3265482 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7094 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2019. Revised: 25.06.2019. Accepted: 02.07.2019. Sciatica - radiating pain affecting an increasing part of society Marlena Kontowicz1, Jakub Husejko1, Mateusz Porada1, Aneta Karło1, Wiktor Bursiewicz1, Hubert Lange1, Adrian Zwolinski1, Agnieszka Nawrocka1, Magdalena Łabędź1, Maciej Romaniuk1, Daria Zaborna1, Monika Prylińska1, KorneliaKędziora‑Kornatowska1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Introduction: Sciatica is a current and more common problem affecting normal functioning. Along with the development of civilization, the lifestyle has also changed, contributing to spend a large amount of time in a sitting position. Material and Methods: Review of literature data available in the Pubmed, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases. Results: Both in a standing and sitting position, the pressure exerted on the intervertebral discs increases leading to a hernia which, pressing on the roots of the L4-S1 nerves, lead to symptoms characterized by pain in the lumbar region, back of the buttock, thigh, calf, foot and paresthesia of these areas. Due to the progressive changes associated with aging, the frequency of sciatica increases with age. The basis for the diagnosis of sciatica is a carefully collected interview and examination of the patient, while imaging and neurophysiological tests can be helpful in determining the degree of compression on nerve structures. Treatment of sciatica is dependent on the cause and can be both conservative and surgical. Conclusions: Due to the increasing number of cases of sciatica, it seems necessary to expand the knowledge on the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of this disease. Keywords: sciatica; herniated disc; back pain; nerve compression; neuralgia; radiculopathy

Wilczyński Michał, Szmelcer Beniamin, Krakowska Natalia, Fortuna Aleksandra, Wszelaki Patrycja, Florczak Aleksander, Zaborna Daria, Ciepluch Justyna, Gajos Małgorzata, Skierkowska Natalia, Porada Mateusz, Wąsicki Mariusz, Modrzejewski Mateusz, Kędziora Kornatowska Kornelia.Complications associated with hospitalization after spinal cord injury. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):454-466. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3233457 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6956 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/914522 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.03.2019. Revised: 15.03.2019. Accepted: 28.05.2019. Complications associated with hospitalization after spinal cord injury Michał Wilczyński1, Beniamin Szmelcer1, Natalia Krakowska1, AleksandraFortuna1, Patrycja Wszelaki1, Aleksander Florczak1, DariaZaborna1, Justyna Ciepluch1 Małgorzata Gajos1, NataliaSkierkowska1, Mateusz Porada1, Mariusz Wąsicki1, MateuszModrzejewski1, Kornelia KędzioraKornatowska1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Abstract: Background: Spinal cord injuries are a traumatic phenomenon not only for the physical sphere, but equally affect the human psyche. The patient ceases to be independent in his actions, he must face a completely new situation for himself and the environment. Particularly difficult is the first period after injury, associated with hospitalization. That is why it is so important to prevent the most common complications of spinal injuries during this period. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: Spinal Cord, Injury, Trauma, Complications Results: The most common complications associated with the hospital stay of patients with spinal cord injury include: complications in the respiratory system (including pneumonia, atelectasis and respiratory failure), decubitus ulcers, periarticular neurogenic ossification, autonomic dysreflexia, spasticity or disorders in the functioning of the urinary tract. Decubitus ulcers due to their nature are a huge problem for hospitalized patients, in epidemiological studies it was estimated to occur at nearly 20 per cent. Spasticity is one of the most serious complications hindering the effective rehabilitation process of post-traumatic persons. In the case of disorders associated with the urinary system, it is important to classify dysfunctions based on the neurogenic evaluation of the sphincter muscles and detrusor. Conclusions: Due to the increasing number of spinal cord and spinal cord injuries and the serious nature of their complications, this topic should continue to be an area of very intensive scientific research, both theoretical and clinical. The given issues should be familiar not only to the medical community but also to the family and the patient's environment. Key words: Spinal Cord, Injury, Trauma, Complications &nbsp