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Background: The spread of mosquito-transmitted diseases such as dengue is a major public health issue worldwide. The Aedes aegypti mosquito, a primary vector for dengue, thrives in urban environments and breeds mainly in artificial or natural water containers. While the relationship between urban landscapes and potential breeding sites remains poorly understood, such a knowledge could help mitigate the risks associated with these diseases. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between urban landscape characteristics and potential breeding site abundance and type in cities of French Guiana (South America), and to evaluate the potential of such variables to be used in predictive models. Methods: We use Multifactorial Analysis to explore the relationship between urban landscape characteristics derived from very high resolution satellite imagery, and potential breeding sites recorded from in-situ surveys. We then applied Random Forest models with different sets of urban variables to predict the number of potential breeding sites where entomological data are not available. Results: Landscape analyses applied to satellite images showed that urban types can be clearly identified using texture indices. The Multiple Factor Analysis helped identify variables related to the distribution of potential breeding sites, such as buildings class area, landscape shape index, building number, and the first component of texture indices. Models predicting the number of potential breeding sites using the entire dataset provided an R² of 0.90, possibly influenced by overfitting, but allowing the prediction over all the study sites. Predictions of potential breeding sites varied highly depending on their type, with better results on breeding sites types commonly found in urban landscapes, such as containers of less than 200 L, large volumes and barrels. The study also outlined the limitation offered by the entomological data, whose sampling was not specifically designed for this stu

Dans de nombreuses agglomérations du Sud, l'étalement urbain se poursuit au détriment des terres agricoles. Cependant, peu de travaux qualifient et quantifient les recompositions paysagères qu'engendrent la croissance urbaine sur les espaces bâtis et les espaces agricoles. L'agglomération d'Antananarivo, capitale de Madagascar, est encore fortement agricole, mais connait une urbanisation de plus en plus forte. Dans ce contexte, cet article vise à qualifier, quantifier et spatialiser les dynamiques d'urbanisation et les recompositions agricoles à l'échelle de cette agglomération. Il porte une attention particulière aux dynamiques en cours au sein des plaines agricoles, espace de progression de l'urbanisation et espace clé dans la gestion des inondations. Basé sur une méthode mixte, couplant des données quantitatives et qualitatives, l'article confirme l'accélération de l'urbanisation au détriment des terres cultivées, notamment dans les plaines. Il fait également apparaître la diversité des transitions d'usages du sol et les recompositions agricoles associées à la croissance urbaine. Il analyse ensuite, à l'échelle des plaines, les facteurs qui jouent sur l'urbanisation ou la plasticité de l'activité agricole. Il met en exergue que la clé pour peser sur la régulation effective des dynamiques d'urbanisation – au-delà de l'élaboration de règles et plans d'urbanisme – est de jouer sur les infrastructures hydro-agricoles, les conditions de production agricoles, la localisation des voies d'accès et le contrôle des remblais. Ces différents résultats permettent d'alimenter les débats publics sur l'aménagement du territoire et la place que l'agriculture peut jouer dans la résilience de la ville.

BACKGROUND: An understanding of the preferences of different stakeholders in the plantain value chain in rural and urban segments in Cameroon is important for the selection and adoption of new plantain cultivars. Boiled plantain is one of the most commonly consumed food products from this crop in Cameroon. Gendered food mapping and consumer testing with two plantain landraces (Batard and Big Ebanga) and a plantain-like hybrid (CARBAP K74) was carried out in rural and urban areas in the West and Littoral regions of Cameroon. RESULTS: Plantain users in these two regions were categorized into producers, traders, processors, and consumers. Preferences indicated that raw plantain should bear long and large fruits, with heavy bunches, and an orange pulp color, whereas boiled plantain should present with a yellow color and a soft and mealy pulp, with a good plantain aroma. Batard and Big Ebanga were liked moderately by consumers, whereas CARBAP K74 was liked slightly. CARBAP K74 was on par with Batard and Big Ebanga for some attributes, except for color and sweetness. CONCLUSION: More emphasis should be given to attributes such as color, firmness, and taste for the development of new plantain clones to be adopted by end users consuming boiled green plantain.

Background: Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is bio-fortified with vitamin A precursors through breeding and is thus ideal for combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD). One of the potential mechanisms to promote the consumption of OFSP is to enhance its availability through processing into products with a longer shelf life and more desirable to consumers. However, very few farmers and agro-processors practice value addition due to market uncertainties; there is little information on market availability for OFSP products. This study examined consumers' preference for OFSP puree chapati in rural and urban areas of Kenya, using the contingent valuation method. Data was collected from a random sample of 411 sweetpotato consumers and a double-bounded logit model was applied to analyze consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for OFSP puree chapati. Results: Consumers were willing to pay a price of Kshs 19 (USD0.14) and 35 (USD0.26) for OFSP puree chapati in Homa Bay and Nairobi counties, respectively. The presence of children under five years in a household, consumers' awareness of OFSP products and benefits of consuming OFSP, and level of education had a positive and significant influence on WTP for OFSP puree chapati in both regions. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that consumers exhibited a positive preference for OFSP puree chapati. In order to increase the consumption of OFSP and its value-added products, it is important to promote consumer awareness of OFSP puree chapati and other such nutritious products through cooking demonstrations and other nudging approaches using attractive illustrations and social media platforms that engage mothers and care-givers of children under five years old as well as the youth.

The concept of commons is part of the long history of the Moroccan peasantry. Traditionally, many natural resources, such as water for irrigation, collective lands and common pastures or the forests were governed by community principles derived from customary rules, like in the 'agdal' system for example. However, these collective systems have been greatly weakened over the years. Firstly, these organisations, inherited from the traditional hierarchical system of local politics, had produced sometimes unjust and inefficient systems of resource distribution to the advantage of the most powerful. Secondly, rural communities were gradually stripped of their prerogatives to the benefit of the State, which was already ensuring through local power a levy on these same resources. Then, with liberalisation, it is the private sector that has benefited from transformations in public policies supporting the market logic and productivist-oriented modes of organisation. In this context of declining traditional natural commons, new forms of commons such as Protected Geographical Indications or Participatory Guarantee Systems are appearing through collective action, knowledge and know-how as a resource, especially in the field of food quality. Nevertheless, in a country such as Morocco, where public policies place little value on issues of ownership, involvement, and more generally on local collective initiatives, we question the role of the Moroccan government in supporting these new initiatives. While recognition of the commons is not an end in itself, it is essential to rethink the role of the State, particularly to guarantee the rights of ownership and use of resources shared by certain communities and to avoid the excesses that led to the crisis of the traditional commons.

Objective: To explore communities' perspectives on the factors in the social food environment that influence dietary behaviours in African cities. Design: A qualitative study using participatory photography (Photovoice). Participants took and discussed photographs representing factors in the social food environment that influence their dietary behaviours. Follow-up in-depth interviews allowed participants to tell the 'stories' of their photographs. Thematic analysis was conducted, using data-driven and theory-driven (based on the socio-ecological model) approaches. Setting : Three low-income areas of Nairobi (n 48) in Kenya and Accra (n 62) and Ho (n 32) in Ghana. Participants : Adolescents and adults, male and female aged ≥13 years. Results : The 'people' who were most commonly reported as influencers of dietary behaviours within the social food environment included family members, friends, health workers and food vendors. They mainly influenced food purchase, preparation and consumption, through (1) considerations for family members' food preferences, (2) considerations for family members' health and nutrition needs, (3) social support by family and friends, (4) provision of nutritional advice and modelling food behaviour by parents and health professionals, (5) food vendors' services and social qualities. Conclusions: The family presents an opportunity for promoting healthy dietary behaviours among family members. Peer groups could be harnessed to promote healthy dietary behaviours among adolescents and youth. Empowering food vendors to provide healthier and safer food options could enhance healthier food sourcing, purchasing and consumption in African low-income urban communities.

The study assessed infant and young child feeding practices and associated factors among 6–23-month-old children in order to inform ongoing and future programs and projects in Bobo-Dioulasso area, in Burkina Faso. Information on child feeding practices and determinants in urban areas is limited in Burkina Faso. Data of 301children, collected in 2013, were considered in this secondary analysis. Questionnaires were used to collect data on respondents' socio-demographic and economic situation. In addition to the information on child care practices, food consumption data were also collected using a 24h dietary recall questionnaire. Indicators of minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) were constructed and proportion of children meeting these indicators calculated. Binary logistic regression was used to see the association between the outcome variables and explanatory variables, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet. Data cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS version 25. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) were computed to measure the strength of association. Almost 3 out of 4 mothers (72.5%) were housewives and 62.4% of them were illiterate. Among the 301 children, 40.2% were aged 18-23 months. About half of the children (45.2%) were born to mothers from high income households. The proportion of children 6–23 months who met the MDD and MMF for breastfed and non-breastfed children was 18.3% and 28.9%, respectively. Less than one fifth of breastfed children (16.1%) received MAD. Girls were more likely to meet the MDD (p=0.02) and MAD (p=0.04) than boys. The proportion of children 6- 23 months meeting the three complementary feeding practice indicators in Bobo- Dioulasso in Burkina Faso were far below the WHO-recommended standard of 90% coverage. The MDD and MAD were positively

L'une des ambitions de cet article est de montrer combien l'alimentation constitue un objet heuristique pour saisir les manières dont la pandémie de Covid-19 a pu affecter le lien social. Parmi les premières mesures prises pour freiner l'épidémie, on note la règlementation des activités alimentaires et la limitation des situations commensales à la sphère domestique. À partir d'une enquête qualitative longitudinale, menée entre le premier et le troisième confinement en France métropolitaine, nous avons pu mettre en évidence les dynamiques de reconfiguration des sociabilités alimentaires. Elle donne à voir la manière dont le lien social a été retissé autrement par les individus, qui se sont approprié les restrictions, mais également comment il s'est rompu ou étiolé sous l'effet d'un isolement forcé, seul ou même à plusieurs.

Of American origin, a wide diversity of Xylella fastidiosa strains belonging to different subspecies have been reported in Europe since 2013 and its discovery in Italian olive groves. Strains from the subspecies multiplex (ST6 and ST7) were first identified in France in 2015 in urban and natural areas. To trace back the most probable scenario of introduction in France, the molecular evolution rate of this subspecies was estimated at 3.2165 × 10-7 substitutions per site per year, based on heterochronous genome sequences collected worldwide. This rate allowed the dating of the divergence between French and American strains in 1987 for ST6 and in 1971 for ST7. The development of a new VNTR-13 scheme allowed tracing the spread of the bacterium in France, hypothesizing an American origin. Our results suggest that both sequence types were initially introduced and spread in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA); then they were introduced in Corsica in two waves from the PACA bridgehead populations.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, unprecedented population growth, concomitant with limited industrialisation and job creation, have changed the configurations of rural-urban linkages in recent decades. Indeed, as primate cities do not act as strong engines of growth, territorial dynamics are rapidly being reshaped by renewed flows of people, goods, services and information within and between economic sectors, and between rural and urban areas. Rural densification and the fast expansion of small and medium-sized cities is one manifestation of these changes. As a result of silo thinking about rural and urban in most national strategies, plus the widespread informal economy and limited available statistics in the region, these new rural-urban linkages and their contribution to socioeconomic dynamics remain underexplored. Contributing to fill this gap, the aim of this paper is to present and test a method to assess rural-urban linkages and their possible role in territorial development in southern countries. We use a holistic approach and adopt an original posture, taking rural areas as the point of reference. Our method sets proxy indicators for specific information that is missing on rural-urban linkages. These indicators are then used to build a typology of territories according to potential rural-urban linkages, using a multivariate analysis and clustering. When applied to the case of Zimbabwe, the results reveal three types of districts, which differ in terms of the nature, intensity, direction and potential of rural-urban linkages for territorial development. We discuss the method's suitability in a diagnostic phase and how it could feed strategic thinking to mainstream rural-urban linkages in territorial development actions.

La filière riz dans la plaine de la Ruzizi à l'est de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) occupe une place importante au regard des habitudes alimentaires des populations de la région et des revenus des paysans. Cet article est issu d'une enquête auprès d'acteurs de la filière et illustre (i) l'organisation de la filière, en précisant le rôle des intermédiaires commerciaux ; (ii) les caractéristiques transactionnelles (modes de coordination) ; et (iii) les facteurs de mise à profit par les producteurs, des informations sur le prix et sur la qualité. Les transactions dans cette filière s'organisent autour de trois circuits, avec toutefois une large domination du circuit de la brasserie Bralima qui capte près de 80% de la production rizicole locale. C'est un débouché sûr pour les producteurs, mais son poids laisse peu de place au développement de la filière de riz de table qui souffre de la concurrence du riz importé.

Rabies is endemic in Cambodia. For exposed humans, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is very effective in preventing this otherwise fatal disease. The Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC) in Phnom Penh was the primary distributor of PEP in Cambodia until 2018. Since then, and to increase distribution of PEP, two new centers have been opened by IPC in the provinces of Battambang and Kampong Cham. Data on bitten patients, who sometimes bring the head of the biting animal for rabies analyses, have been recorded by IPC since 2000. However, human cases are not routinely recorded in Cambodia, making it difficult to establish a human burden of disease and generate a risk map of dog bites to inform the selection of future PEP center locations in high-risk areas. Our aim was to assess the impact of accessibility to rabies centers on the yearly rate of PEP patients in the population and generate a risk map to identify the locations where new centers would be the most beneficial to the Cambodian population. To accomplish this, we used spatio-temporal Bayesian regression models with the number of PEP patients as the outcome. The primary exposure variable considered was travel time to the nearest IPC center. Secondary exposure variables consisted of travel time to a provincial capital and urban proportion of the population. Between 2000 and 2016, a total of 293,955 PEP patient records were identified. Our results showed a significant negative association between travel time to IPC and the rate of PEP patients: an increase in one hour travel time from the living location to IPC PEP centers leads to a reduction in PEP rate of 70% to 80%. Five provinces were identified as the most efficient locations for future centers to maximize PEP accessibility: Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Takeo, Kampot and Svay Rieng. Adding a PEP center in every provincial capital would increase the proportion of Cambodians living within 60 minutes of a PEP center from 26.6% to 64.9%, and living within 120 minut

Tick-borne diseases have a complex epidemiology that depends on different ecological communities, associating several species of vertebrate hosts, vectors and pathogens. While most studies in Europe are focused on Ixodes ricinus, other Ixodes species may also be involved in the transmission or maintenance of pathogens. This is the case of Ixodes frontalis, a poorly known species associated with different bird species such as blackbirds, thrushes and robins, with a wide distribution covering most European countries. In a previous study, high densities of questing I. frontalis larvae were found during autumn-winter at a site close to Nantes (western France) where a long-term survey focused on I. ricinus was conducted. These I. frontalis were mostly observed under bamboo bushes. In the present study, we investigated the presence of I. frontalis under bamboo bushes at various locations. With that aim in mind, a systematic search for questing I. frontalis was undertaken by the flagging method in public urban parks and private gardens presenting bamboo bushes (32 sites). This survey was carried out during autumn-winter to maximize the probability of finding the most abundant stage, i.e. larvae. We searched for I. frontalis first in the area of Nantes (10 sites), then in other regions of France (21 sites) and at one site in northern Italy. A single visit to each site revealed the presence of I. frontalis at 29 out of 32 sites: larvae were always present, nymphs were frequent (59 % of the positive sites), while adults were found at only 14 % of the sites. Questing stages of this understudied species are thus easy to find, by dragging or flagging under bamboo bushes in autumn or winter. We make the assumption that bamboo offers a favourable place for birds to roost overnight outside their breeding period (i.e. spring), sheltered from both predators and wind. This would explain higher densities of I. frontalis under bamboo, relative to other biotopes. As I. frontalis is known

To find alternatives for the transformation of dynamics that violate social interaction in urban territories destined for mobility, implies an analysis of the conditions of the space and the practices that are presented in it. This article gives an account of the process to structuring a training proposal from physical education, in order to generate behaviors that promote the prevention of road violence in urban territories, in Bogotá, Colombia, from a vision generated from the participatory immersion as a bike-user in the Bósate la Bici collective. For this, ethnographic guidelines that allowed a descriptive-interpretative analysis of the phenomenon were adopted, applying a triangulation in which the studied reality was considered from the knowledge of the investigated bike-user community, from the accumulated theory, with respect to the categories of analysis, and from the researcher's position, mediated by the project management. It is concluded that road violence, from the perspective of the bike-user, is based on inequity, on the disposition of urban territories with marked priority of automotive means and on the cultural reproduction of practices that negatively impact traffic., Encontrar alternativas para la transformación de dinámicas que vulneran la interacción social en los territorios urbanos destinados a la movilidad, implica un análisis de las condiciones del espacio y de las prácticas que en este se llevan a cabo. El presente artículo da cuenta del proceso para estructurar una propuesta formativa a partir de la educación física, con el fin de generar conductas que promuevan la prevención de la violencia vial en los territorios urbanos, en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, desde una visión generada a partir de la inmersión participativa como biciusuario en el colectivo Bósate la Bici. Para esto, se adoptaron lineamientos etnográficos que permitieron un análisis descriptivo–interpretativo del fenómeno. Se aplicó una triangulación en la que se consideró la realidad estudiada partiendo de los saberes de la comunidad biciusuaria indagada, de la teoría acumulada, respecto de las categorías de análisis, y de la posición del investigador, mediada por la dirección del proyecto. Se concluyó que la violencia vial, desde la perspectiva del biciusuario, se fundamenta en la inequidad, en la disposición de los territorios urbanos con marcada prelación de los medios automotores y en la reproducción cultural de prácticas que impactan negativamente el tránsito., Trouver des alternatives pour la transformation des dynamiques qui violent l'interaction sociale dans les territoires urbains destinés à la mobilité, implique une analyse des conditions de l'espace et des pratiques qui y sont présentées. Cet article rend compte du processus pour structuration d'une proposition de formation à partir de l'éducation physique, afin de générer des comportements qui favorisent la prévention de la violence routière dans les territoires urbains, dans la ville de Bogotá, en Colombie, à partir d'une vision générée par l’immersion participative en tant que vélo-utilisateur dans le groupe Bósate la Bici. Pour cela, des lignes directrices ethnographiques ont été adoptées qui ont permis une analyse descriptive-interprétative du phénomène, en appliquant une triangulation dans laquelle a été considère la réalité étudiée à partir des connaissances de la communauté vélo-utilisateur enquêtée, de la théorie accumulée, concernant les catégories d'analyse, et de la position du chercheur, médiatisée par la direction du projet. Il est conclu que la violence routière, du perspective du vélo-utilisateur, est basée sur l'inégalité, la disposition des territoires urbains à priorité marquée par les moyens automobiles et la reproduction culturelle des pratiques impactant négativement la circulation., Encontrar alternativas para a transformação de dinâmicas que violam a interação social nos territórios urbanos destinados à mobilidade, implica uma análise das condições do espaço e das práticas que nele se apresentam. O presente artigo, relata o processo para estruturação de uma proposta formativa desde a educação física, a fim de gerar comportamentos que promovam a prevenção da violência viária nos territórios urbanos, na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia, a partir de uma visão gerada pela imersão participativa como biciusuário no coletivo Bósate la Bici. Para isso, foram adotadas diretrizes etnográficas que permitiram uma análise descritivo-interpretativo do fenômeno, aplicando uma triangulação em que foi considerada a realidade estudada desde os saberes da comunidade biciusuária indagada, desde a teoria acumulada, referente às categorias de análise, e desde a posição do pesquisador, mediada pela direção do projeto. Conclui-se que a violência viária, desde a perspectiva de biciusuário, baseia-se na desigualdade, na disposição de territórios urbanos com prioridade marcada por meios automotivos e na reprodução cultural de práticas que impactam negativamente o trânsito.

This article proposes the analysis of the relationship between urbanization and food marketing in Sao Paulo (Brazil) using two case studies: the Municipal Market of Pinheiros and the wholesaler market. Both are located in strategic areas of the city and, therefore, are areas of interest to the real estate market and the private sector, which managed to intervene these spaces through urban instruments. The theoretical framework integrates globalization, the social production of space, the commodification of the city and food consumption. In this context, the research looks for the main impacts of the social production of the space of Sao Paulo on urban food supply. This article proposes that those impacts are manifested in new food marketing models, in the food consumption culture, in the inequality of access to food and to the city, and in an imbalance between country and city. Through a primarily qualitative methodology, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis and conclude that urbanization affects the commercialization of food by treating the city and food as merchandise., Este artículo propone el análisis de la relación entre la urbanización y la comercialización de alimentos en Sao Paulo (Brasil) utilizando dos casos de estudio: el Mercado Municipal de Pinheiros y el mayorista. Ambos están ubicados en áreas estratégicas de la ciudad y, por tanto, son áreas de interés para el mercado inmobiliario y el sector privado, que lograron intervenir estos espacios a través de instrumentos urbanísticos. El marco teórico abarca la globalización, la producción social del espacio, la mercantilización de la ciudad y el consumo alimentario. Bajo ese contexto, se indaga cuáles son los principales impactos de la producción social del espacio de Sao Paulo en el abastecimiento alimentario urbano. El artículo plantea que dichos impactos se manifiestan en nuevos modelos de comercialización de alimentos, en la cultura de consumo alimentario, en la inequidad de acceso a la alimentación y a la ciudad, y en un desequilibrio entre campo y ciudad. A través de una metodología prioritariamente cualitativa, se confirma la hipótesis y se concluye que la urbanización afecta la comercialización de alimentos al tratar la ciudad y los alimentos como mercancías., Cet article propose d’analyser la relation entre l’urbanisation et la commercialisation alimentaire dans Sao Paulo (Brésil) à partir de deux études de cas: le marché municipal de Pinheiros et le marché on gros. Tous deux sont situés dans des zones stratégiques de la ville et sont des zones d’intérêts pour le marché immobilier et le secteur privé, qui ont réussi à intervenir dans ces espaces par le biais d’instruments urbains. Le cadre théorique englobe la mondialisation, la production sociale de l'espace, la marchandisation de la ville et la consommation alimentaire. Dans ce contexte, on étudie quels sont les principaux impacts de la production sociale de l'espace de Sao Paulo sur l'approvisionnement alimentaire urbain. L'article soulève que les impacts se manifestent dans de nouveaux modèles de marketing alimentaire, dans la culture de la consommation alimentaire, dans l'inégalité d'accès à la nourriture et à la ville, et dans un déséquilibre entre la campagne et la ville. Grâce à une méthodologie essentiellement qualitative, il a été possible de confirmer l'hypothèse et de conclure que l'urbanisation affecte la commercialisation des biens alimentaires en traitant la ville et la nourriture comme des marchandises., Este artigo analisa a relação entre a urbanização e a comercialização de alimentos em São Paulo (Brasil) através de dois estudos de casos em São Paulo (Brasil): o Mercado Municipal de Pinheiros e o entreposto de alimentos. Ambos estão localizados em áreas estratégicas da cidade e, por tanto, são áreas de interesse para o mercado imobiliário e o sector privado, que conseguiram intervir nesses espaços através de a través de instrumentos urbanísticos. O marco teórico abarca a globalização, a produção social do espaço, a mercantilização da cidade e o consumo alimentar. A partir deste contexto, se indaga quais são os principais impactos da produção social do espaço de São Paulo no abastecimento alimentar urbano. Este artigo defende a hipótese de que tais impactos se manifestam em novos modelos de comercialização de alimentos, na cultura de consumo alimentar, na inequidade de acesso à alimentação e à cidade, e no desequilíbrio entre campo e cidade. Através da metodologia prioritariamente qualitativa, a hipótese foi confirmada e conclui-se que a urbanização afeta a comercialização de alimentos ao tratar a cidades e os alimentos como mercadorias.

This study developed, validated, and evaluated a framework of factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban African food environments, to inform research prioritisation and intervention development in Africa. A multi-component methodology, drawing on concept mapping, was employed to construct a framework of factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban Africa. The framework adapted a widely used socio-ecological model (developed in a high-income country context) and was developed using a mixed-methods research approach that comprised: i. Evidence synthesis consisting of a systematic review of 39 papers covering 14 African countries; ii. Qualitative interview data collected for adolescents and adults (n = 144) using photovoice in urban Ghana and Kenya; and iii. Consultation with interdisciplinary African experts (n = 71) from 27 countries, who contributed to at least one step of the framework (creation, validation/evaluation, finalisation). The final framework included 103 factors influencing dietary behaviours. Experts identified the factors influencing dietary behaviours across all the four levels of the food environment i.e. the individual, social, physical and macro levels. Nearly half (n = 48) were individual-level factors and just under a quarter (n = 26) were at the macro environmental level. Fewer factors associated with social (n = 15) and physical (14) environments were identified. At the macro level, the factors ranked as most important were food prices, cultural beliefs and seasonality. Factors ranked as important at the social level were household composition, family food habits and dietary practices. The type of food available in the neighbourhood and convenience were seen as important at the physical level, while individual food habits, food preferences and socioeconomic status were ranked highly at the individual level. About half of the factors (n = 54) overlap with those reported in an existing socio-ecological food environment framework develop

In urban and peri-urban areas in West Africa, the cabbage Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae) is protected using repeated high doses of synthetic insecticides. After a brief description of available IPM components, this paper presents a literature review focused on the botanical extracts that have been experimented with at the laboratory or in the field in West Africa against major cabbage pests. The literature reviewed mentions 19 plant species from 12 families used for cabbage protection in the subregion. The species most used are Azadirachta indica, Capsicum frutescens, Ocimum gratissimum and Ricinus communis. An overview of the world literature showed that a total of 13 plant species belonging to 8 families used to control cabbage pests are reported from the rest of Africa, and 140 plant species belonging to 43 families from the rest of the world. The most commonly used and tested plant species against insect pests in the three geographical areas considered is A. indica.

Trees are a traditional component of urban spaces where they provide ecosystem services critical to urban wellbeing. In the Tropics, urban trees' seed origins have rarely been characterized. Yet, understanding the social dynamics linked to tree planting is critical given their influence on the distribution of associated genetic diversity. This study examines elements of these dynamics (seed exchange networks) in an emblematic indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa, the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), within the urban context of Yaoundé. We further evaluate the consequences of these social dynamics on the distribution of the genetic diversity of the species in the city. Urban trees were planted predominantly using seeds sourced from outside the city, resulting in a level of genetic diversity as high in Yaoundé as in a whole region of production of the species. Debating the different drivers that foster the genetic diversity in planted urban trees, the study argues that cities and urban dwellers can unconsciously act as effective guardians of indigenous tree genetic diversity.

To find alternatives for the transformation of dynamics that violate social interaction in urban territories destined for mobility, implies an analysis of the conditions of the space and the practices that are presented in it. This article gives an account of the process to structuring a training proposal from physical education, in order to generate behaviors that promote the prevention of road violence in urban territories, in Bogotá, Colombia, from a vision generated from the participatory immersion as a bike-user in the Bósate la Bici collective. For this, ethnographic guidelines that allowed a descriptive-interpretative analysis of the phenomenon were adopted, applying a triangulation in which the studied reality was considered from the knowledge of the investigated bike-user community, from the accumulated theory, with respect to the categories of analysis, and from the researcher's position, mediated by the project management. It is concluded that road violence, from the perspective of the bike-user, is based on inequity, on the disposition of urban territories with marked priority of automotive means and on the cultural reproduction of practices that negatively impact traffic., Trouver des alternatives pour la transformation des dynamiques qui violent l'interaction sociale dans les territoires urbains destinés à la mobilité, implique une analyse des conditions de l'espace et des pratiques qui y sont présentées. Cet article rend compte du processus pour structuration d'une proposition de formation à partir de l'éducation physique, afin de générer des comportements qui favorisent la prévention de la violence routière dans les territoires urbains, dans la ville de Bogotá, en Colombie, à partir d'une vision générée par l’immersion participative en tant que vélo-utilisateur dans le groupe Bósate la Bici. Pour cela, des lignes directrices ethnographiques ont été adoptées qui ont permis une analyse descriptive-interprétative du phénomène, en appliquant une triangulation dans laquelle a été considère la réalité étudiée à partir des connaissances de la communauté vélo-utilisateur enquêtée, de la théorie accumulée, concernant les catégories d'analyse, et de la position du chercheur, médiatisée par la direction du projet. Il est conclu que la violence routière, du perspective du vélo-utilisateur, est basée sur l'inégalité, la disposition des territoires urbains à priorité marquée par les moyens automobiles et la reproduction culturelle des pratiques impactant négativement la circulation., Encontrar alternativas para a transformação de dinâmicas que violam a interação social nos territórios urbanos destinados à mobilidade, implica uma análise das condições do espaço e das práticas que nele se apresentam. O presente artigo, relata o processo para estruturação de uma proposta formativa desde a educação física, a fim de gerar comportamentos que promovam a prevenção da violência viária nos territórios urbanos, na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia, a partir de uma visão gerada pela imersão participativa como biciusuário no coletivo Bósate la Bici. Para isso, foram adotadas diretrizes etnográficas que permitiram uma análise descritivo-interpretativo do fenômeno, aplicando uma triangulação em que foi considerada a realidade estudada desde os saberes da comunidade biciusuária indagada, desde a teoria acumulada, referente às categorias de análise, e desde a posição do pesquisador, mediada pela direção do projeto. Conclui-se que a violência viária, desde a perspectiva de biciusuário, baseia-se na desigualdade, na disposição de territórios urbanos com prioridade marcada por meios automotivos e na reprodução cultural de práticas que impactam negativamente o trânsito., Encontrar alternativas para la transformación de dinámicas que vulneran la interacción social en los territorios urbanos destinados a la movilidad, implica un análisis de las condiciones del espacio y de las prácticas que en este se llevan a cabo. El presente artículo da cuenta del proceso para estructurar una propuesta formativa a partir de la educación física, con el fin de generar conductas que promuevan la prevención de la violencia vial en los territorios urbanos, en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, desde una visión generada a partir de la inmersión participativa como biciusuario en el colectivo Bósate la Bici. Para esto, se adoptaron lineamientos etnográficos que permitieron un análisis descriptivo–interpretativo del fenómeno. Se aplicó una triangulación en la que se consideró la realidad estudiada partiendo de los saberes de la comunidad biciusuaria indagada, de la teoría acumulada, respecto de las categorías de análisis, y de la posición del investigador, mediada por la dirección del proyecto. Se concluyó que la violencia vial, desde la perspectiva del biciusuario, se fundamenta en la inequidad, en la disposición de los territorios urbanos con marcada prelación de los medios automotores y en la reproducción cultural de prácticas que impactan negativamente el tránsito.

Cet article propose d’analyser la relation entre l’urbanisation et la commercialisation alimentaire dans Sao Paulo (Brésil) à partir de deux études de cas: le marché municipal de Pinheiros et le marché on gros. Tous deux sont situés dans des zones stratégiques de la ville et sont des zones d’intérêts pour le marché immobilier et le secteur privé, qui ont réussi à intervenir dans ces espaces par le biais d’instruments urbains. Le cadre théorique englobe la mondialisation, la production sociale de l'espace, la marchandisation de la ville et la consommation alimentaire. Dans ce contexte, on étudie quels sont les principaux impacts de la production sociale de l'espace de Sao Paulo sur l'approvisionnement alimentaire urbain. L'article soulève que les impacts se manifestent dans de nouveaux modèles de marketing alimentaire, dans la culture de la consommation alimentaire, dans l'inégalité d'accès à la nourriture et à la ville, et dans un déséquilibre entre la campagne et la ville. Grâce à une méthodologie essentiellement qualitative, il a été possible de confirmer l'hypothèse et de conclure que l'urbanisation affecte la commercialisation des biens alimentaires en traitant la ville et la nourriture comme des marchandises., Este artigo analisa a relação entre a urbanização e a comercialização de alimentos em São Paulo (Brasil) através de dois estudos de casos em São Paulo (Brasil): o Mercado Municipal de Pinheiros e o entreposto de alimentos. Ambos estão localizados em áreas estratégicas da cidade e, por tanto, são áreas de interesse para o mercado imobiliário e o sector privado, que conseguiram intervir nesses espaços através de a través de instrumentos urbanísticos. O marco teórico abarca a globalização, a produção social do espaço, a mercantilização da cidade e o consumo alimentar. A partir deste contexto, se indaga quais são os principais impactos da produção social do espaço de São Paulo no abastecimento alimentar urbano. Este artigo defende a hipótese de que tais impactos se manifestam em novos modelos de comercialização de alimentos, na cultura de consumo alimentar, na inequidade de acesso à alimentação e à cidade, e no desequilíbrio entre campo e cidade. Através da metodologia prioritariamente qualitativa, a hipótese foi confirmada e conclui-se que a urbanização afeta a comercialização de alimentos ao tratar a cidades e os alimentos como mercadorias., Este artículo propone el análisis de la relación entre la urbanización y la comercialización de alimentos en Sao Paulo (Brasil) utilizando dos casos de estudio: el Mercado Municipal de Pinheiros y el mayorista. Ambos están ubicados en áreas estratégicas de la ciudad y, por tanto, son áreas de interés para el mercado inmobiliario y el sector privado, que lograron intervenir estos espacios a través de instrumentos urbanísticos. El marco teórico abarca la globalización, la producción social del espacio, la mercantilización de la ciudad y el consumo alimentario. Bajo ese contexto, se indaga cuáles son los principales impactos de la producción social del espacio de Sao Paulo en el abastecimiento alimentario urbano. El artículo plantea que dichos impactos se manifiestan en nuevos modelos de comercialización de alimentos, en la cultura de consumo alimentario, en la inequidad de acceso a la alimentación y a la ciudad, y en un desequilibrio entre campo y ciudad. A través de una metodología prioritariamente cualitativa, se confirma la hipótesis y se concluye que la urbanización afecta la comercialización de alimentos al tratar la ciudad y los alimentos como mercancías., This article proposes the analysis of the relationship between urbanization and food marketing in Sao Paulo (Brazil) using two case studies: the Municipal Market of Pinheiros and the wholesaler market. Both are located in strategic areas of the city and, therefore, are areas of interest to the real estate market and the private sector, which managed to intervene these spaces through urban instruments. The theoretical framework integrates globalization, the social production of space, the commodification of the city and food consumption. In this context, the research looks for the main impacts of the social production of the space of Sao Paulo on urban food supply. This article proposes that those impacts are manifested in new food marketing models, in the food consumption culture, in the inequality of access to food and to the city, and in an imbalance between country and city. Through a primarily qualitative methodology, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis and conclude that urbanization affects the commercialization of food by treating the city and food as merchandise.