Search

• Photovoltaic cell material liberation was quantified for toluene and d-limonene. • Similar delamination was observed for toluene and d-limonene. • D-limonene can recover 4.5 times more photovoltaic material than toluene. • Recovery and purity were modelled for a process comparing toluene and d-limonene. • No discernable effects were observed for the tested deep eutectic solvents. This work investigates the use of toluene, d-limonene and three deep eutectic solvents (based on choline chloride, urea and zinc chloride) for the delamination process of recovered and de-glassed end-of-life solar panels. The organic solvents that have been previously investigated for delamination such as toluene and trichloroethylene are generally hazardous and fossil fuel derived. To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of separation of alternative solvents to toluene, solar panel laminates recovered from end-of-life solar modules were exposed to the respective solvent at 30 °C, 90 °C and (for deep eutectic solvents) 160 °C for 30 – 60 min at each temperature. After chemical treatment the recovered photovoltaic material and encapsulant was sieved into the size fractions > 1.0 mm, 1.0 – 0.5 mm and < 0.5 mm before being oxidised at 550 °C to quantify the remaining encapsulant in each fraction by mass change. It was found that d-limonene has a similar degree of separation as toluene. Moreover, d-limonene showed an improved recovery of up to 4.5 times more photovoltaic cell material below the 1.0 mm size fraction making it a more effective alternative. No discernible effects were observed for either of the three deep eutectic solvent combinations tested. The experimental data obtained was used to model and compare a separation process based on toluene and d-limonene, with maximal solar photovoltaic cell recoveries of 10 % for toluene delamination and 39 % for d-limonene delamination in size fractions < 1.0 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we describe the analysis of the capacitive performance of activated carbon materials derived from the biowaste of lemon. Lemon peel discarded by restaurants after juice extraction is carbonized at 400 0C followed by chemical activation using ZnCl2. The porosity of carbon materials is tailored by varying activation conditions, such as the mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2, duration of heating, and temperature. The Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of carbon materials prepared at different activating conditions range from 1380 to 2120 m2g−1 and 0.38 to 0.69 cm3 g−1 respectively. The derived carbon materials are amorphous indicated by the broad peaks in the XRD pattern as well as disordered structure of the carbon materials is revealed by the Raman spectroscopic analysis. The systematic analysis of capacitive performance of activated carbons by employing electrochemical techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/Discharge (GCD) cycles, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (KOH) media indicates that optimum condition for activation of lemon peel is 600 °C for 60 min with 1:1 mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2. The superior performance of (ALP-600) is attributed to its high surface area and well-connected hierarchical porous structure. The tiny hump at ~ 0.2 V in CV might be due to the pseudocapacitive nature of oxygen functional groups indicated by FTIR. ALP-600 exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 180 Fg−1 and retains 99.7% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles in the acidic electrolyte. The maximum capacitance achieved with ALP-600 symmetric cell in CR2032 coin cell configuration is 0.90F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous rechargeable Zn batteries offer a promising technological route as a safe and low‐cost energy storage system for grid energy storage. However, major challenges of Zn dendrites and parasitic side reactions upon cycling in aqueous environments remain unsolved. Here, a design of a bifunctional electrode interface consisting of heterostructured zinc hydroxide chloride (ZHC) and Cu, as well as their synergy in promoting high‐efficiency and low‐polarization Zn deposition is reported. Hydrophilic/zincophobic ZHC promotes the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ prior to Zn nucleation, meanwhile adjacent Cu acts as a zincophilic site for subsequent nucleation and deposition. Consequently, the reduction polarization of Zn2+ at the bifunctional layer (ZHC‐Cu) features ten times lower nucleation overpotential of 3 mV than bare Zn. Meanwhile, the water‐induced hydrogen evolution side reactions on Zn are significantly hindered by the bifunctionality of the electrode interface. Accordingly, the ZHC‐Cu@Zn symmetric cells exhibit a superior cycling stability for over 3500 cycles at 10 mA cm−2/3 mAh cm−2. The ZHC‐Cu@Zn full‐cell with MnO2 cathode can stably operate for low C‐rate cycling with a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% over 600 cycles. This work provides an effective approach to rational design of heterostructured bifunctional electrode interfaces to obtain high‐efficiency and low‐polarization Zn anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general cobalt-catalyzed α-alkylation of nitriles with alcohols is reported. Utilizing this straightforward borrowing hydrogen methodology, a series of substituted and functionalized nitriles can be easily coupled with benzylic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic alcohols to prepare diverse functionalized nitriles in good to excellent yields (>70 examples). Key for this synthesis is the use of specific cobalt-nanoparticles supported on N-doped carbon, which were conveniently prepared by pyrolysis of a templated material generated in situ by mixing cobalt chloride, zinc chloride, D -glucosamine hydrochloride, and colloidal silica, and subsequent removal of the silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we successfully prepared Te4+-doped zero-dimensional (0D) cesium zinc chloride (Cs 2 ZnCl 4) crystals using solvothermal method. The structural and luminescence properties of Cs 2 ZnCl 4 : Te4+ crystals have been investigation in detail by means of spectral experiments and density functional theory calculations. The Cs 2 ZnCl 4 : Te4+ crystal exhibits broadband yellow emission at 580 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 33.7% and a large full width at half maximum about 117 nm, of which emission is attributed to self-trapped excitons resulting from lattice vibration of the distorted structure. At low temperature, the PL intensity of Cs 2 ZnCl 4 : Te4+ crystals increase unusually, which is mainly related to the triplet state emission mechanism. In addition, PL lifetime is strongly temperature-dependent, and we calculated the maximum relative sensitivity is 0.93 %K−1 at 105–120 K and the maximum absolute sensitivity is 29 ns K−1 at 130 K. These findings not only provide important clues to the optical properties of 0D metal halides, but also highlight its significant potential in non-contact optical thermometry technology. [Display omitted] • Te4+ doped Cs 2 ZnCl 4 crystals are successfully synthesized by solvothermal method. • At low temperatures, Cs 2 ZnCl 4 : Te4+ crystals exhibit unusual luminescent behavior. • The maximum values of relative and absolute sensitivity are obtained as 0.93 % K−1 and 29 ns K−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as catalysts presents indisputable advantages, for example, their simplicity of preparation, high biodegradability, and recyclability, as well as zero toxicity and their effectiveness as environmentally friendly reaction media. However, aspects related to their reactivity and catalytic activity are still unclear. In this work, we explore the versatility of ChCl/ZnCl2 DES in the formation of C-C bonds through the Michael-type addition of pyrrole to maleimide, where ChCl/ZnCl2 DES leads to catalysis and chelation of the substrates, thus describing a recommended method for the construction of C-C bonds with high atomic economy. We describe experimental and theoretical aspects that explain the ability of ChCl/ZnCl2 DES in the presence of water to act as a catalyst in the formation of C-C bonds between pyrrole and maleimide. The potential energy surface showed that the ChCl and the zinc-zincate species 2ZnCl2·3H2O, formed by the interaction between zinc chloride and water, decrease the relative free Gibbs energy values for all the species involved in the reaction mechanism (TSs, intermediates, product), favoring the kinetics and thermodynamics of the Michael addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study looked at how different concentrations of curcumin (Curc), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) and Curc loaded on ZnO‐NPs (Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs) in cryopreservation dilution affected the quality of ram sperm after thawing. Methods: ZnO‐NPs were synthesised using Berberis vulgaris leaf aqueous extract. Then, Curc was loaded on the ZnO‐NPs that had been synthesised. We used analytical methods to look at the composition, morphology and size of green synthesised ZnO‐NPs and Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs, including UV‐Vis, zeta potential, EDX, DLS, FE‐SEM and FT‐IR. Using a Tris‐base extender containing various concentrations of Curc, ZnCl2, ZnO‐NPs and Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs (0, 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL), semen samples from four rams were combined. Sperm motility, viability, DNA and plasma membrane integrity, total abnormalities and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation were all evaluated in treatment groups after thawing. Results: The results showed that adding 1 µg/mL of ZnO‐NPs and Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs significantly reduced the level of MDA and total abnormalities (p < 0.05). Additionally, following the freeze‐thawing procedure, the presence of 1 µg/mL of Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs in the diluent of ram sperm significantly increased the percentage of sperm viability and motility in comparison to the control and other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, as compared to the control group and other treatments, treatments containing 1 µg/mL of Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs significantly improved membrane and DNA integrity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that following freeze‐thawing, the Curc‐co‐ZnO‐NPs (1 µg/mL) enhanced sperm parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% epoxide (ENR-50) was compounded with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and subjected to torque response analysis using a moving die rheometer. It was found that different ZnCl2 concentrations (3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 millimoles (mmol)) mixed in ENR-50 exhibited positive torque responses, prompting further molecular characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated distinct absorption peaks at wavenumbers of 442 and 809 cm-1, which signify the presence of -O-Zn-O-coordination linkages. The curing characteristics of ENR and ZnCl2 compounds showed that increasing ZnCl2 content resulted in higher minimum and maximum torque values, but also led to a decrease in scorch time and cure rate index (CRI). Moreover, higher ZnCl2 concentrations enhanced the strength properties (tensile strength, moduli, stiffness, toughness, and hardness), crosslink densities, dynamic shear moduli, initial modulus during relaxation experiments, and thermal resistance, as evidenced by temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. However, an increase in ZnCl2 content led to a reduction in elongation at break due to the higher crosslink density within the coordination networks in the ENR matrix, which resulted in the movement constraint of the rubber vulcanizate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of chiral organic ligands as linkers and metal ion nodes with specific coordination geometry is an effective strategy for creating homochiral structures with potential ferroelectric properties. Natural Cinchona alkaloids, e.g., quinine and cinchonine, as compounds with a polar quinuclidine fragment and aromatic quinoline ring, are suitable candidates for the construction of molecular ferroelectrics. In this work, the compounds [CnZnCl3]·MeOH and [CnZnBr3]·MeOH, which crystallize in the ferroelectric polar space group P21, were prepared by reacting the cinchoninium cation (Cn) with zinc(II) chloride or zinc(II) bromide. The structure of [CnZnBr3]·MeOH was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and was isostructural with the previously reported chloride analog [CnZnCl3]·MeOH. The compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and their thermal stability was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and temperature-modulated powder X-ray diffraction experiments. The intermolecular interactions of the different cinchoninium halogenometalate complexes were evaluated and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taste buds' innervation is necessary to sustain their cell turnover, differentiated taste buds and nerve fibers in circumvallate papilla (CVP) disappear following glossopharyngeal nerve transection. Normally, taste buds recover to baseline number in about 70 days. Bone marrow stem cell (BM-MSC) derived exosomes or their combination with Zinc chloride are used to assess their potential to speed up the regeneration process of CVP following bilateral deafferentation. Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups; Group I: subjected to sham operation followed by IP injection of saline. The other experimental groups (II, III and IV) were subjected to surgical bilateral transection of glossopharyngeal nerve. Group II received single IP injection of saline. Group III received single IV injection of BM-MSC-derived exosomes (100 µg). Group IV received single IV injection of BM-MSC-derived exosomes and single IP injection of zinc chloride (5 mg/kg). After 28 days, CVP was dissected and prepared for histological and histomorphometric analysis, RT-PCR for cytokeratin 8 gene expression, ELISA to assess protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, redox state analysis of malondialdehyde and glutathione content, followed by statistical analysis. Results: Histopathologically, group II exhibited great tissue damage with marked reduction in taste buds and signs of degeneration in the remaining ones. Group III was close to control group with marked improvement in taste buds' number and structure. Group IV showed inferior results when compared to group III, with many immature taste buds and signs of degeneration. Statistical results showed that groups I and III have significantly higher values than groups II and IV regarding taste buds' number, cytokeratin 8, and reduced glutathione. However, malondialdehyde demonstrated high significant values in group IV compared to groups I and III. Regarding brain-derived neurotrophic factor, group III had significantly higher values than group II. Conclusion: BM-MSC-derived exosomes have superior regenerative potentials in acceleration of CVP and nerve healing following bilateral transection of glossopharyngeal nerve in contrary to its combination with zinc chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon (AC) synthesis and application have been extensively studied. However, reports on its deployment in smoke particle filters are limited. The present study synthesised AC from two agricultural wastes, namely coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS). The AC was incorporated into a custom-made smoke muffler to filter smoke from paddy straw combustion. Phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and zinc chloride were employed to produce the AC via a physicochemical method. CS and PKS were subjected to microwave radiation, a one-to-one (1:1) activation ratio, 30 min of impregnation time, and 4 min of radiation. Background studies were conducted on the starting materials, including lignocellulosic content and proximal and ultimate evaluations. The AC samples procured were characterised with Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analyses. The zinc chloride-activated CS (MZCS) produced the optimal AC under minimal conditions, documenting a 391.26 m2 g -1 BET surface area. Based on FESEM results, the MZCS distributed smoke particles evenly, demonstrating smoke adsorbent abilities. The results also indicated a favourable physical interaction between the surface and smoke particles. Conclusively, the MZCS possesses potential as a smoke filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2,4,5‐Tetrazines serve as versatile two‐carbon synthons, essential for synthesizing a variety of (hetero)aromatic compounds. Their specific reactivity with certain dienophiles, without interfering with biochemical processes, makes them ideal for bioorthogonal ligation. Despite their broad utility, current synthetic methods are costly and raise safety concerns, particularly during scale‐up. This study introduces safer and more cost‐effective synthetic strategies utilizing zinc chloride or boron trifluoride diethyl etherate as catalysts. These alternatives significantly reduce costs and enhance safety, potentially expanding the applicability of tetrazine synthesis across broader research domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by excessive proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), in which inflammatory signaling caused by activation of the NF-κB pathway plays an important role. A20 is an important negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, and zinc promotes the expression of A20 and exerts a protective effect against various diseases (e.g. COVID19) by inhibiting the inflammatory signaling. The role of A20 and intracellular zinc signaling in PH has been explored, but the extracellular zinc signaling is not well understood, and whether zinc has protective effects on PH is still elusive. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), we studied the alteration of trace elements during the progression of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH and found that serum zinc concentration was decreased with the onset of PH accompanied by abnormalities of other three elements, including copper, chromium, and magnesium. Zinc chloride injection with the dosage of 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally partially corrected this abnormality and inhibited the progression of PH. Zinc supplementation induced the expression of A20 in lung tissue and reduce the inflammatory responses. In vitro , zinc supplementation time-dependently upregulated the expression of A20 in PASMCs, therefore correcting the excessive proliferation and migration of cells caused by hypoxia. Using genetically encoded-FRET based zinc probe, we found that these effects of zinc ions are not achieved by entering cells, but most likely by activating cell surface zinc receptor (ZnR/GPR39). These results provide the first evidence of the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in the treatment of PH. [Display omitted] • MCT-induced PH can be accompanied by abnormal metabolism of zinc, cobalt, copper and magnesium. • Zinc exerts a protective effect on MCT-induced PH rats by up-regulating A20 expression. • Zinc regulates the expression of A20 through the cell surface receptor GPR39. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become fundamental across various sectors, with growing demands in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications. For the antibodies capture step, precipitation stands out as an alternative or precursor method to chromatographic techniques. However, research on unconventional precipitants, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ZnCl2, for diluted non-therapeutic mAbs is still scarce. This study evaluates the potential and challenges of combining PEG 6000 kDA and ZnCl2 as precipitants to capture anti-human IgG1 mAbs from highly diluted cell culture supernatants. We established mAbs solubility curves, identified optimal conditions for batch precipitation, fine-tuned the resolubilization step and conducted a viscosity analysis for the precipitates. We achieved 100% yield and 59% purity for the redissolution step, after using a 12% PEG 6000/3 mmol L−1 ZnCl2 precipitation condition with a 1:1 dilution ratio at pH 6.0 for resolubilization. Nevertheless, results also indicate that the resolubilization step potentially leads to mAb fragmentation and that protein aggregates might impact mAb viscosity and flow behavior. In conclusion, the combination of these agents is promising for mAbs capture, however, pre-concentration techniques are advised for severely diluted systems and caution toward ZnCl2 is recommended, especially concerning the pH of the system and ZnCl2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) stable isotope analysis of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) can provide important constraints on the sources and cycling of N2O in aquatic environments. The isotopic composition of aqueous N2O, both in field (natural abundance) or experimental (15N‐labeling) samples, however, may be altered by abiotic reactions involving nitrite (NO2−) or hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and microbial activity during sample storage, if samples are not adequately preserved. Here we tested five different preservatives, mercuric chloride (HgCl2), copper sulfate (CuSO4), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) mixed with sulfamic acid (SFA), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), for fixing natural water samples from an estuary and a lake with different NO2− concentrations over a range of different storage times for N2O analyses. ZnCl2 and CuSO4 decreased the pH, and led to abiotic N2O production from 15NO2−, shifting the N2O isotopic composition significantly. Removal of NO2− with a mixture of SFA and HCl did not always prevent the alteration of the original N and O isotope composition of N2O, confirming the requirement for complete NO2− removal, and underscoring the biasing effects of NO2− at very low pH, even at trace levels. At low NO2− background, HgCl2 preservation led to robust and accurate results. However, in light of its toxicity and bioaccumulation potential in food webs, this fixative should be avoided. The addition of NaOH reduced abiotic side reactions involving NO2−, and yielded the most reliable and reproducible results for N2O concentration and isotope ratio measurements across tested settings and storage times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the first research on the synthesis of nano‐ZIF‐90 from zinc chloride. More specifically, the paper also introduces the results of large‐scale pure nano‐ZIF‐90 synthesis with a high specific surface, uniform cubic crystals, and good thermal strength. ZIF‐90 is synthesized from zinc chloride‐containing medium capillaries, which have both a weak acid center and a strong base center. The post‐synthetic ZIF‐90 was also evaluated for heat storage based on its ability to adsorb water, methanol, and ethanol. XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption and desorption methods, TG mass thermal analysis, and NH3‐TPD/CO2‐TPD were used to study the ZIF‐90 crystallization process with modifications of precursors, solvents, additives, and reaction conditions. From this, a large‐scale synthesis of nano‐ZIF‐90 from high‐efficiency zinc chloride has been derived. DSC measurements are used to evaluate the enthalpy adsorption of water, methanol, and ethanol on ZIF‐90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the formation of zinc selenide (ZnSe) from zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and trioctylphosphine selenide (TOP=Se) in oleylamine, a chemistry originally proposed to grow ZnSe shells around InP core quantum dots. By monitoring the formation of ZnSe in reactions with and without InP seeds by quantitative absorbance and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we observe that the ZnSe formation rate is independent of the presence of InP cores. Similar to the seeded growth of CdSe and CdS, this observation supports a ZnSe growth mechanism through the inclusion of reactive ZnSe monomers that form homogeneously in the solution. Furthermore, by combining NMR and mass spectrometry, we identified the dominant reaction products of the ZnSe formation reaction as oleylammonium chloride and amino-substitutions of TOP, i.e., iminophosphoranes (TOP=NR), aminophosphonium chloride salts [TOP(NHR)Cl], and bis(amino)phosphoranes [TOP(NHR)2]. Based on the acquired results, we outline a reaction scheme that involves the complexation of TOP=Se by ZnCl2, followed by the nucleophilic addition of oleylamine onto the Lewis acid activated P–Se bond, thereby eliminating ZnSe monomers and forming amino-substitutions of TOP. Our work highlights the central role of oleylamine, acting as both the nucleophile and Brønsted base, in the transformation of metal halides and alkylphosphine chalcogenides into metal chalcogenides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Here, we describe the analysis of the capacitive performance of activated carbon materials derived from the biowaste of lemon. Lemon peel discarded by restaurants after juice extraction is carbonized at 400 0C followed by chemical activation using ZnCl2. The porosity of carbon materials is tailored by varying activation conditions, such as the mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2, duration of heating, and temperature. The Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of carbon materials prepared at different activating conditions range from 1380 to 2120 m2g−1 and 0.38 to 0.69 cm3 g−1 respectively. The derived carbon materials are amorphous indicated by the broad peaks in the XRD pattern as well as disordered structure of the carbon materials is revealed by the Raman spectroscopic analysis. The systematic analysis of capacitive performance of activated carbons by employing electrochemical techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/Discharge (GCD) cycles, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (KOH) media indicates that optimum condition for activation of lemon peel is 600 °C for 60 min with 1:1 mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2. The superior performance of (ALP-600) is attributed to its high surface area and well-connected hierarchical porous structure. The tiny hump at ~ 0.2 V in CV might be due to the pseudocapacitive nature of oxygen functional groups indicated by FTIR. ALP-600 exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 180 Fg−1 and retains 99.7% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles in the acidic electrolyte. The maximum capacitance achieved with ALP-600 symmetric cell in CR2032 coin cell configuration is 0.90F.

Abstract A magnetic pomegranate peels activated carbon (MG-PPAC) nanocomposite (23.46–26.75 nm) was prepared as an effective adsorbent for Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye removal from wastewater. The effects of impregnation ratio and activation temperatures (600–900 °C) on the specific surface area and pore morphology were studied. BET, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD and VSM are considered the synthesized composite MG-PPAC. The prepared magnetic composite at 700 °C activation temperature and impregnation ratio 1/2 (peels/ZnCl2) exhibited 513.34 m2/g surface area, 0.4025 cm3/g volume of the total pores, and 3.1364 nm mean diameter of the pores. The magnetization saturation, remanence and coercivity of the MG-PPA composite were 14.116 emu/g, 0.50685 emu/g, and 19.705 G, respectively. Also, the composite MG-PPAC was in a super-paramagnetic state at room temperature and could be gathered within 5 S (less than 5 S) with an external magnetic field. The impact of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate (AO7 dye), and time of contact have been studied to optimize the removal process. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to investigate MG-PPAC adsorption behavior for AO7 dye. Applicability of the Langmuir isotherm model demonstrates a monolayer adsorption AO7 dye removal process, and the maximum monolayer capacity (Q m ) attained from linear solvation of LIM is 322.58 mg/g. Furthermore, the highest removal was 99.53% at pH 2.25. Also, the adsorption process was tested using like pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion, and Elovich models. The pseudo-second-order model is well-fitted to the operational data of AO7 dye removal.

Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a commonly used antibiotic in medicine, aquaculture, and animal husbandry. However, its misuse has resulted in its release into soil and water environments, posing a gradual threat to the environment and human health. In this study, cotton pulp, poplar sawdust, and corn stover were chosen as raw materials. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was used as a modifier to prepare modified porous carbon through pyrolysis at different carbonization temperatures (400 and 800°C). The objective was to investigate the adsorption effect and mechanism of modified porous carbon on SDZ in aqueous environments, as well as the effect of different biomass fractions of the carbon source on the adsorption effect. The physical and chemical properties of the modified porous carbon were characterized by various means of characterization, and the results showed that the high temperature and modification effects made the adsorbent material possess a larger specific surface area and richer pore structure, higher aromaticity, higher degree of graphitization, etc., which would be beneficial for the adsorption of SDZ. Among them, CCPZ800 showed the highest saturation adsorption of SDZ, Q max = 425.45 mg/g. The adsorption experiments were carried out by changing the initial conditions and fitted with kinetic and isothermal adsorption to further explain the adsorption mechanism of modified porous carbon on SDZ in conjunction with the adsorption of SDZ by hydrothermal carbon materials. The results showed that the adsorption of modified porous carbon on SDZ conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic and Freundlich isothermal adsorption models. Adsorption mechanism of SDZ on modified porous carbon followed a multimolecular layer adsorption, with chemical adsorption being the dominant process. Both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption occurred simultaneously, with the main adsorption mechanism being π–π conjugation. In addition, compositional distribution of biomass from different carbon sources results in variations in pyrolysis mode and pyrolysis products, which in turn affect adsorption. By analyzing the effect of variability in the composition of biomass on the adsorption effect of SDZ, it can be concluded that higher cellulose content in the carbon source leads to a better adsorption effect of SDZ. The study showcases the effectiveness of ZnCl2-modified porous carbon in removing SDZ from water, offering insights into the selection of raw materials for this adsorbent preparation.

Ag–Zn batteries have the advantages of being a high‐safety and stable discharge platform but still face challenges such as high cost, electrolyte hydrolysis, and zinc dendrites. In this study, a low‐cost roughness graphite paper (GP) enables more uniform loaded Ag particles to construct Ag/rough graphite paper (Ag/RGP) cathode with high wettability of low‐concentration ZnCl2 electrolyte, achieving both capacity and reversibility enhancement. Both a few additions of citric acid (CA) to the low‐concentration ZnCl2 electrolyte can also inhibit the hydrolysis of Zn2+ and increase the nucleation overpotential due to suitable acidity and complexation ability, resulting in more even Zn deposited behavior on low‐cost Zn foil anode. Meanwhile, the ZnCl2‐CA electrolyte can also promote redox reaction and thus improve the capacity of the Ag/RGP cathode. As a result, the assembled large‐size Ag–Zn battery (50 cm2) with low‐cost Ag/RGP and low‐concentration ZnCl2‐CA obtains a capacity of 0.76 mAh cm−2 at a current density of 0.4 mA cm−2, with a cycle life of ≈100% capacity retention over 50 cycles, also easily powering a LED array and displaying high practicability. This work provides a feasible and practical route to fabricate large‐size and low‐cost Ag–Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes hold promise for addressing key challenges in rechargeable zinc batteries (ZBs) utilizing aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving simultaneous high ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and a high cation transference number while effectively suppressing Zn dendrites remains challenging. Herein, we design a novel polymer‐in‐salt solid electrolyte (PISSE) composed of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and niobium pentoxide with oxygen vacancies (Nb2O5‐x) with high ionic conductivity. PAN polymer matrix provides the electrolyte good mechanical properties and solubility of Zn salt. The high concentration of ZnCl2 effectively decouples the Zn2+ from polymer chain segments and provides more ionic conduction amorphous region. Moreover, incorporating Nb2O5‐x filler accelerates Zn2+ desolvation by anchoring (ZnxCly)2x–y clusters and enhances the system's mechanical properties, achieving a superior Zn2+ transference number (~0.93) and interfacial stability. Consequently, the optimized PISSE demonstrates exceptional stability during prolonged cycling periods, wide temperature range operation (−40 °C to 60 °C), remarkable flexibility, and compatibility with diverse electrode materials. This study provides valuable insights into the design of solid‐state electrolytes based on ZBs and elucidates their multifunctional prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and antibacterial properties of conventional hydrogels while simplifying their preparation steps for better application in wearable, flexible sensors and biomimetic electronic skins. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels were doped with an ionic liquid based on zinc chloride to synthesize improved hydrogels using the freeze‐thawing method. It is found that the addition of ionic liquid based on zinc chloride to the hydrogel resulted in a significant increase in electrical conductivity. However, an excessive amount of these liquids led to a reduction in their mechanical properties. The results reveal that the balance between conductivity and mechanical properties can be achieved by controlling the concentration of the ionic liquid based on zinc chloride. The higher the ionic liquid concentration based on zinc chloride in the composite hydrogels, the better the conductivity performance. The addition of an ionic liquid based on zinc chloride resulted in a significant improvement in the conductivity performance of the hydrogels. Furthermore, excellent mechanical properties are maintained even at a mass ratio of 1 : 10 between ionic liquids based on zinc chloride and PVA hydrogels, and composite hydrogels exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular matrix (ECM) with excellent biocompatibility is an ideal biomaterial for tissue repair. However, naturally derived ECM is inefficient in preventing wound infections caused by bacterial invasion. Therefore, developing ECM materials with antibacterial activity is crucial for tissue regeneration. In this work, ZnO–TA nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using tannic acid (TA) and zinc chloride, with an average size of 26.3 nm as investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared to pure ZnO NPs, ZnO–TA NPs have improved dispersibility and lower cytotoxicity. Then, ECM composites were prepared by modifying acellular fish swim bladders (AFSBs) with different concentrations of ZnO–TA NPs and pure ZnO NPs, respectively. Results show that the ZnO–TA NPs are distributed more uniformly in the AFSBs with a longer release behavior. According to the in vitro antibacterial and biocompatibility experiments, ZnO–TA NP-modified AFSBs can maintain sufficient antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis after 14 and 21 days, respectively, demonstrating a longer-lasting antibacterial activity along with a lower biotoxicity compared with pure ZnO NP-modified AFSBs. These findings suggest that the introduction of biosynthesized ZnO NPs is a promising strategy to improve the antibacterial activity of AFSBs for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to comparatively investigate the morphological and optical characteristics of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a function of the preparation conditions. A series of ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by facile precipitation method at constant temperature, by varying the zinc sources (zinc acetate, zinc nitrate and zinc chloride) or the precipitant nature (hexamethylenetetramine, urea). The structural, morphological and optical attributes of the prepared ZnO samples were assessed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis and photoluminescence analyses. The morphology of the achieved samples varies from spiky sticks to hexagons or foils with irregular shapes, observing that urea favour the development of two- or three-dimensional ZnO nanostructures, while hexamethylenetetramine predominantly triggered the formation of highly organized one-dimensional structures. The XRD patterns of all ZnO samples matches zincite crystalline hexagonal phase and the evaluation of crystallite size revealed higher values for the samples prepared in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA). The optical band gap of ZnO NPs, as estimated from the UV–Vis absorption spectra, varied slightly from 3.13 to 3.21 eV, while fluorescence investigation proves that samples prepared with urea precipitant have a lower rate of charge recombination. Tests on the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye under UV light irradiation demonstrated that the dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers play a significant role in the photocatalytic performance of ZnO samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birefringent crystals have essential applications in optical communication areas. Low‐dimensional structures with inherited structural anisotropy are potential systems for investigating birefringent materials with large birefringence. In this work, the zero‐dimensional (0D) [(p‐C5H5NO)2ZnCl2] (1) and [p‐C5H6NO]2[ZnCl4] (2) were obtained by introducing the π‐conjugated p‐C5H5NO (4HP) into the three‐dimensional (3D) ZnCl2. Remarkably, 1 exhibits a giant birefringence of 0.482@546 nm, which is the largest among Zn‐based ultraviolet (UV) compounds and 160 times that of ZnCl2. According to structural and theoretical calculation analyses, the large optical polarizability, high spatial density, ideal distribution of the [(4HP)2ZnCl2]0 cluster, and the low dimension of 1 result in the dramatically increased birefringence compared to ZnCl2. This work will provide a valid route for accelerating the design and synthesis of compounds with excellent birefringence in low‐dimensional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AZ91 magnesium alloy was subjected to a complex treatment involving age hardening (supersaturation and artificial aging) and simultaneous surface layer modification. The specimens were supersaturated in contact with a mixture containing varying concentrations of zinc chloride, followed by cooling either in air or water. After supersaturation, the specimens were subjected to artificial aging and then air-cooled. This process resulted in the formation of a surface layer made of zinc-rich phases. The thickness and microstructure of the surface layer were influenced by the process parameters, namely, the zinc chloride content in the mixture and the cooling rate during supersaturation. The treated specimens exhibited favorable tensile strength and greater elongation compared to the as-cast AZ91 alloy, with values comparable to those of the alloy subjected to standard T6 tempering. No cracking of the layer was observed under moderate deformation, though greater deformation resulted in the formation of cracks, primarily in the areas containing the Mg5Al2Zn2 intermetallic phase. The produced layer demonstrated strong metallurgical bonding to the AZ91 substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin, as a natural polymer, was considered to be an ideal functional biomaterial because of its good biocompatibility, abundant storage, and green sustainability. However, the dissolution problems caused by the strong intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds seriously hindered the development of chitin-based functional materials. A green and feasible ZnCl22 hydrated molten salt solvent was designed and developed to address the dissolution problem and prepare the chitin-based hydrogels. The results indicated that the zinc chloride molten salt solvent (ZnCl2·5H2O ) was characterized by excellent dissolution properties with a high level of solubility (4% mass ratio of chitin to solvent) within 6.0 h at 50 ℃. More importantly, the chitin-based hydrogel could be simply prepared by ethanol regeneration to form functional chitin hydrogels. Meanwhile, based on the existing metal ions, the chitin hydrogel demonstrated good flexibility, ionic conductivity, and freezing resistance, which would show potential apply in flexible wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main pathway of the reaction of benzal and benzyl halides with phosphorus(iv) acid esters followed the dehalophosphonyl/phosphinyl(oxylation) course and led to the corresponding carbonyl-containing compounds or benzyl esters. A new reaction between α-chloro ethers and O-alkyl diethylphosphinates was discovered. The reactions of benzyl halides with esters of phosphorus(iv) and orthocarboxylic acids were catalyzed by anhydrous zinc chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organic solvent‐free method based on limited dosing options (biocatalyst and zinc chloride) for the quick and mild recovery of chlorophyll (Chl) from spinach has been proposed. This tailored, custom‐made protocol has been designed to produce stable green natural colorants. The kinetics of pigment extraction turned out to be a very useful tool to identify the proper conditions, in terms of biocatalyst dose (0.10–50 U/g), extraction time (1–48h), and ZnCl2 amount (50–300ppm), both for enhancing the recovery yield and preserving the green color. Considering the extraction kinetics, the recovery yield, and the colorimetric data, the suitable conditions to produce stable green and food‐grade colorants are 0.10 U/g of enzyme, 3h, and 150ppm of ZnCl2 at 25°C. The extraction yield of Chl (4863µg/U) was about 51% greater than control, with a higher extraction rate constant (5.43 × 10−4 g/(µg min)). Considering the impact of ZnCl2 amount on Chl, its protective action resulted to be more noticeable toward Chl a: at 150ppm, an increased amount of about 2.5 and 1.5 times was found for Chl a and Chl b, respectively, in comparison to the reference (0ppm ZnCl2). Practical Application: This research demonstrates how a suitable kinetic approach helps to provide a tailored protocol, customized for the vegetable matrix, to produce stable green natural colorants from spinach. Lowering enzyme dosage and ZnCl2 amount during the extraction of chlorophyll at low temperature is crucial for its potential use as a colorant in food industry, providing high economic values through saving time and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of simple carbohydrates and their derivatives are used for the clinical treatment of various diseases. Epoxide derivatives, which can be obtained by the intramolecular elimination of water from two vicinal hydroxyl groups, are stable, but sufficiently reactive compounds very often used as intermediaries in various syntheses. Synthesis of epoxide derivative, methyl 3,4-anhydro--6-bromo-2-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-6-deoxy-α-D-allopyranoside from α-D-glucose was achieved in high yields in the minimal number of synthetic steps. Anhydrous glucose was used as a starting material which was transformed into methyl α-D-glucopyranoside using dry, gaseous hydrogen chloride. Thus obtained derivative was treated with benzaldehyde in the presence of zinc chloride as Lewis acid giving methyl (R)-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside. The obtained compound was treated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in dichloromethane in the presence of barium carbonate giving methyl 4-O-benzoyl-6--bromo-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside. In the next step, the obtained compound was treated with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSCl) in pyridine, and methyl 4-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-2-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside was further mesylated, and the obtained methyl 4-O-benzoyl-6--bromo-2-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-6-deoxy-3-O-mesyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was treated at the end with KOH to give methyl 3,4-anhydro-6-bromo-2-O-tert--butyldimethylsilyl-6-deoxy-α-D-allopyranoside (yield 78 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Zinc is a vital nutrient required by all living organisms; however, its impact varies based on Zn concentration and chemical form. This study examined the effect of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the life history performance and hemolymph metabolism of the common moth, Spodoptera litura, which is known to damage many crops. We found that, while low levels of ZnCl2 benefit the reproduction of Spodoptera litura, higher levels of ZnCl2 prolong the preadult developmental period and decrease the preadult survival rate. Additionally, dietary ZnSO4 exerts a devastating effect on the survival of S. litura larvae, even at the lowest concentration. This helps us better understand the effect of the chemical forms and concentrations of zinc on the biological processes and toxicological impacts on insects. Zinc is an essential micronutrient crucial in various biological processes of an organism. However, the effects of zinc vary depending on its chemical form. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the life history performances and hemolymph metabolism of Spodoptera litura exposed to different concentrations of dietary zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), utilizing two-sex life tables and untargeted metabolomics. The preadult survival rate of S. litura significantly decreased, while the preadult developmental period of S. litura was prolonged as the dietary ZnCl2 concentration increased. However, the fecundity of S. litura at 50 mg/kg dietary ZnCl2 was significantly increased. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) in S. litura in the control group (CK, no exogenous ZnCl2 or ZnSO4 added) and with 50 mg/kg dietary ZnCl2 were significantly higher than those at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg. Dietary ZnSO4 exerts a devastating effect on the survival of S. litura. Even at the lowest concentration of 50 mg/kg dietary ZnSO4, only 1% of S. litura could complete the entire life cycle. Furthermore, as the dietary ZnSO4 concentration increased, the developmental stage achievable by the S. litura larvae declined. High-throughput untargeted metabolomics demonstrated that both 100 mg/kg dietary ZnCl2 and ZnSO4 decreased the hemolymph vitamins levels and increased the vitamin C content, thereby helping S. litura larvae to counteract the stress induced by ZnCl2 and ZnSO4. Simultaneously, dietary ZnCl2 obstructed the chitin synthesis pathway in the hemolymph of S. litura, thus extending the developmental period of S. litura larvae. These results indicate that low concentrations of Zn2+ positively impact populations of S. litura, but the effectiveness and toxicity of Zn depend on its chemical form and concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing the efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis is a crucial milestone to enable its use as a platform for the production of renewable chemicals. Consequently, exploring alternative techniques for cellulose dissolution and subsequent depolymerization and hydrolysis remains a pivotal area of research. This study delves into the performance of diverse solid acid catalysts (ion-exchange resins, metal oxides, and zeolites) for cellulose depolymerization when combined with a concentrated solution of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the reaction medium and extractant. The influence of this molten salt hydrate on cellulose dissolution and the stability of the tested catalysts was thoroughly investigated. Optimal mild operating conditions (90 °C and 2 h) that facilitate enhanced conversion and selective glucose production were identified. The highest glucose yields (exceeding 40%) were obtained with Amberlyst-15 and HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 23), effectively mitigating product degradation and equaling or surpassing the traditional homogeneous system using H2SO4. Furthermore, insights into the deactivation mechanisms affecting the best catalysts are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a facile method to extract the carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with high yield from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at room temperature (RT) is put forward that uses a solvent system of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and citric acid (CA) aqueous solution. The rod-like carboxylated CNCs were achieved with a maximum yield of 72.3% and a maximum carboxyl group content of 0.75 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the crystal transformation from cellulose I to II was detected with variation of solvent composition. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the iridescent phenomenon was observed in extremely thin films which were prepared from carboxylated CNC suspension with a concentration of only 0.08–0.15 wt% via evaporation-induced self-assembly. The possible formation mechanism is considered to be related to the synergistic effects of film confinement and drying stresses. Furthermore, the interaction between Petri dish substrate and the film played a role. As the first example of isolation of carboxylated CNCs with high yield at RT using ZnCl2/CA aqueous solution, this work provides a facile and practical strategy for the preparation of functional cellulose nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic‐carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), a metal‐free two‐dimensional layered semiconductor material, holds great potential for energy conversion, environmental remediation, and sensing. However, the limited solubility of g‐C3N4 in conventional solvents hinders its widespread application. Improving the dissolution of g‐C3N4 in the liquid phase is highly desired but challenging. Herein, we report an innovative approach to dissolve g‐C3N4 using ZnCl2 molten salt hydrates. The solubility of g‐C3N4 in the solution reaches up to 200 mg mL−1. Density functional theory (DFT) results suggest that ZnCl+H2O is the key species that leads to charge redistribution on g‐C3N4 surface and promotes the dissolution of carbon nitride in the solution. Furthermore, through dilution, the dissolved carbon nitride can be effectively recovered while maintaining its intrinsic chemical structure. The resultant regenerated C3N4 (r‐C3N4) exhibits nanobelt morphology and demonstrates a substantially improved photocatalytic activity in H2O2 production. The rate of H2O2 production over the r‐C3N4 reaches 20,228 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 6.2 times higher than that of pristine g‐C3N4. This green and efficient dissolution route of g‐C3N4 offers an effective approach for its diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dogs are the most important definitive hosts of zoonotic taeniid helminths worldwide. Different Echinococcus and Taenia species of domestic and wild carnivores pose a potential risk to human population. High populations of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in urban areas of Iran and widespread contamination of the environment with dog feces is a potential source of infecting people living in the urban regions with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Our knowledge on the risk of CE transmission in the urban settings in the endemic regions is limited. The present study surveyed the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato and other taeniids by examining feces of free-roaming dogs in the urban areas in the city of Kerman, southeastern Iran. Methods: The city was divided into 100 consecutive blocks of which 25 blocks were randomly selected. Fecal samples of FRDs were counted, mapped and fresh samples were collected. Then Zinc chloride flotation, and sequential sieving was performed, and the samples were examined under an inverted microscope. Single individual taeniid eggs were isolated, partial nad1 gene was amplified and sequenced to identify species and genotypes. Results: In total 5607 fecal samples of dogs were mapped and 83 fresh samples were collected. Taeniid eggs were detected in nine fecal samples (10.8%) from seven out of the 25 city blocks (28.0%). Echinococcus eggs were found in four samples (4.8%) from three city blocks, two samples containing E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%), two samples containing E. canadensis G6/7 (2.4%). In addition, three samples contained eggs of Taenia hydatigena (3.6%), and one sample of Taenia serialis (1.2%). Conclusions: This study documented the potential risk of CE transmission to humans resulting from the feces of dogs roaming freely in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N, S co-doping three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from pinecone (NSZPC) was fabricated through preoxidation and subsequent calcination in the presence of zinc chloride and thiourea. Owing to the synergistic effect of the three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure and N, S co-doping, NSZPC exhibited excellent lithium-ion storage performance. Specifically, the reversible capacity of the target product (NSZPC, 827.6 mAh·g−1 at 1 A g−1) was significantly higher than that of carbon prepared through direct calcination of pinecone carbon and thiourea (NSPC, 133.7 mAh·g−1 at 1 A g−1) and that of carbon obtained by calcining pinecone carbon in ZnCl 2 molten salt (ZPC 375.8 mAh·g−1at 1 A g−1). Even at a high current density of 10 A g−1, NSZPC still delivered a high reversible capacity of 445.2 mAh·g−1, while NSPC and ZPC only exhibited 8.5 and 84.0 mAh·g−1, espectively. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor based on NSZPC in 6 M KOH electrolyte delivered an excellent specific capacitance of 468.0 F g−1 at 200 mA g−1. After ultra-long cycles of 10,000, the capacitance retention rate remained at 88.5%, indicating superior cycling stability. In addition, the symmetric supercapacitor (NSZPC//NSZPC) exhibited high energy and power densities of 25.3 W h·kg−1 and 9998 W kg−1, respectively. Thus, the present work provides an efficient and low-cost strategy to prepare pinecone-based porous carbon as potential electrodes for LIBs and SCs and offers a high-quality route for alleviating environmental pollution. [Display omitted] • Pinecone-derived porous carbon was fabricated through preoxidation and subsequent calcination in molten salt. • The synergistic effect of three-dimensional porous structure and N, S co-doping reinforced energy storage performance. • The electrode was suitable for application in Li-ion battery and supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass has steadily increased to offset the use of fuels from petroleum. To make biofuels cost-competitive, however, it is necessary to add value to the "ligno-" components (up to 30% by mass) of the biomass. The properties of lignin, in terms of molecular weight (MW), chemical functionality, and mineral impurities often vary from biomass source and biorefinery process, resulting in a challenging precursor for product development. Activated carbon (AC) is a feasible target for the lignin-rich byproduct streams because it can be made from nearly any biomass, and it has a market capacity large enough to use much of the lignin generated from the biorefineries. However, it is not known how the variability in the lignin affects the key properties of AC, because, until now, they could not be well controlled. In this work, various fractions of ultraclean (<0.6% ash) lignin are created with refined MW distributions using Aqueous Lignin Purification using Hot Agents (ALPHA) and used as precursors for AC. AC is synthesized via zinc chloride activation and characterized for pore structure and adsorption capacity. We show that AC surface area and the adsorption capacity increase when using lignin with increasing MW, and, furthermore, that reducing the mineral content of lignin can significantly enhance the AC properties. The surface area of the AC from the highest MW lignin can reach ~1830 m2/g (absorption capacity). Furthermore, single step activation carbonization using zinc chloride allows for minimal carbon burn off (<30%), capturing most of the lignin carbon compared to traditional burn off methods in biorefineries for heat generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel sulfur-doped carbon material has been synthesized via a facile and sustainable single-step pyrolysis method using lignin-sulfonate (LS), a by-product of the sulfite pulping process, as a novel carbon precursor and zinc chloride as a chemical activator. The sulfur doping process had a remarkable impact on the LS-sulfur carbon structure. Moreover, it was found that sulfur doping also had an important impact on sodium diclofenac removal from aqueous solutions due to the introduction of S-functionalities on the carbon material's surface. The doping process effectively increased the carbon specific surface area (SSA), i.e., 1758 m2 g−1 for the sulfur-doped and 753 m2 g−1 for the non-doped carbon. The sulfur-doped carbon exhibited more sulfur states/functionalities than the non-doped, highlighting the successful chemical modification of the material. As a result, the adsorptive performance of the sulfur-doped carbon was remarkably improved. Diclofenac adsorption experiments indicated that the kinetics was better described by the Avrami fractional order model, while the equilibrium studies indicated that the Liu model gave the best fit. The kinetics was much faster for the sulfur-doped carbon, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 301.6 mg g−1 for non-doped and 473.8 mg g−1 for the sulfur-doped carbon. The overall adsorption seems to be a contribution of multiple mechanisms, such as pore filling and electrostatic interaction. When tested to treat lab-made effluents, the samples presented excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on laser inspection photography and control variable method, the development formula of indandione was systematically studied, the formulations were optimised, the influence of adding glacial acetic acid and chlorine salt to the formula on the development effect of fingermarks was further studied. The results showed that the optimal formula was formula: 0.25 g indandione, 225 mL ethyl acetate, 225 mL petroleum ether, 25 mL ice acetic acid, 25 mL storage solution (0.2 g zinc chloride, 30 mL ethanol), and suitable for domestic climate environment, which had a good effect on the porous objects of fresh and within 20 d of the aged left fingermarks; fingermark fluorescence was significantly enhanced. The ex-perimental results provide a method to follow for optimizing the formulation of indandione fingerprint de-velopment, realizing the colorimetric and fluorescence dual-mode development of sweat latent fingermarks on porous objects. But attention should be paid to the characteristics of the porous object and the control of the amount of glacial acetic acid and the type of chlorine salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three amidine-based ligands were used in the crystal design of a series of mononuclear Zn(II) complexes. Interaction of zinc chloride, ZnCl2, with N-2-pyridylimidoyl-2-pyridylamidine (Py2ImAm) resulted in complexes [Zn(Py2ImAm)2] (1) and [ZnCl2(Py2ImAm)] (2). In [Zn(Py2ImAm)2] (1, monoclinic, P21/c), the metal ion was coordinated with the bidentate pocket of the anionic form of Py2ImAm, while in [ZnCl2(Py2ImAm)] (2, monoclinic, P21/n), the tridentate coordination to a neutral Py2ImAm was completed by two chloride anions. This structural variation was achieved by a pH-controlling strategy using the weak base triethylamine (TEA). Otherwise, three ionic complexes were obtained with 2-amidinopyridine (PyAm) and Zinc(II), [ZnCl(PyAm)2]Cl (3, triclinic, P-1), [ZnCl(PyAm)2]2[ZnCl4]·C2H5OH (4, monoclinic, P21/n), and [ZnCl(PyAm)2]2Cl·CH3OH (5, triclinic, P-1). They comprised the same [ZnCl(PyAm)2]+ monocation with a butterfly-like shape provided by the bidentate chelate coordination of two PyAm neutral entities and a chloride ligand. In a similar butterfly shape, ionic complex [ZnCl(PmAm)2]2[ZnCl4] (6, monoclinic, C2/c) comprised the mononuclear [ZnCl(PmAm)2]+ cations with two bidentate chelate-coordinated 2-amidinopyrimidine (PmAm) as neutral ligands. The Zn(II) pentacoordinated arrangement in 3–6 was variable, from square pyramidal to trigonal bipyramidal. The reported compounds' synthetic protocols, crystal structures and photoluminescence properties are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic pomegranate peels activated carbon (MG-PPAC) nanocomposite (23.46–26.75 nm) was prepared as an effective adsorbent for Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye removal from wastewater. The effects of impregnation ratio and activation temperatures (600–900 °C) on the specific surface area and pore morphology were studied. BET, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD and VSM are considered the synthesized composite MG-PPAC. The prepared magnetic composite at 700 °C activation temperature and impregnation ratio 1/2 (peels/ZnCl2) exhibited 513.34 m2/g surface area, 0.4025 cm3/g volume of the total pores, and 3.1364 nm mean diameter of the pores. The magnetization saturation, remanence and coercivity of the MG-PPA composite were 14.116 emu/g, 0.50685 emu/g, and 19.705 G, respectively. Also, the composite MG-PPAC was in a super-paramagnetic state at room temperature and could be gathered within 5 S (less than 5 S) with an external magnetic field. The impact of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate (AO7 dye), and time of contact have been studied to optimize the removal process. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to investigate MG-PPAC adsorption behavior for AO7 dye. Applicability of the Langmuir isotherm model demonstrates a monolayer adsorption AO7 dye removal process, and the maximum monolayer capacity (Qm) attained from linear solvation of LIM is 322.58 mg/g. Furthermore, the highest removal was 99.53% at pH 2.25. Also, the adsorption process was tested using like pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion, and Elovich models. The pseudo-second-order model is well-fitted to the operational data of AO7 dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients toward evidence-based choices among the many available oral rinses. In this study, we explored how specific oral rinse formulations affect the viability and modulate critical virulence traits of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans.Materials and Methods: We assessed the effects of these oral rinses on the production of germ tube, production of phospholipase and hemolysin, as well as biofilm formation. Results: We found that oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) showed the greatest fungicidal activity with the lowest minimum fungicidal concentrations (0.38% and 0.78%, respectively). Oral rinses based on zinc chloride and sodium fluoride with Miswak bark extract (MIS) or essential oils (EO) had much lower fungicidal activity (8–16 times lower) compared to CHX and CPC. However, they had a significantly greater impact on the virulence traits of C. albicans. They reduced germ tube production by 86–89% (vs. 42% for CHX and 29% for CPC), completely inhibited phospholipase and hemolysin production, and together with the CPC-based oral rinse, exerted the greatest reductions in biofilm formation across all tested concentrations. This was in contrast to both the controls and CHX, which had a minimal effect on biofilm formation. Conclusion: By inhibiting the virulence factors, the oral rinse can have a crippling effect on C. albicans, weakening this opportunistic pathogen and hindering its potential to cause infection. Highlights of the Study: Oral rinses with cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine showed the most potent fungicidal activity. Zinc chloride and sodium fluoride-based rinses with Miswak bark extract or essential oils significantly affected the virulence traits of C. albicans. Chlorhexidine-based oral rinse had only a minimal effect on biofilm formation, in contrast to the other formulations which exerted high anti-biofilm activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toluene, a hydrocarbon frequently found in water due to human activities and accidents like oil spills, can pose health risks, such as nervous system irritation and liver lesions. This study aimed to develop cost-effective adsorption techniques using activated carbon from corn biomass to remove toluene from water. The activated carbon, synthesized with zinc chloride surface modification and carbonization, was tested in a continuous fluidized bed column. The adsorbents effectively removed toluene, with optimal conditions identified as a bed height of 10 cm, a temperature of 30 °C, and a flow rate of contaminated water at 15 L/h. Operational parameters, like flow rates (15-25 l/h), bed heights (6-10 cm), and temperature (30-40 °C), were varied to assess their impact on toluene adsorption efficiency. Increasing flow rate and temperature reduced toluene removal, while higher bed height improved removal efficiency. However, column adsorption showed lower efficacy due to limited access of adsorbates to surface sites caused by low retention times within the column. On the basis of the breakthrough curve of 0.2 mm AC particles, the maximum adsorption capacity for toluene was 0.15643 mg/g with a total removal efficiency of 44.894%. The analysis, using various kinetic models like Thomas and Adams-Bohart, correlated strongly with the Thomas model (R2 > 0.89), indicating Langmuir isotherm behavior and a second-order kinetic reaction. These findings demonstrate the potential of using the activated carbon from corn biomass in adsorption processes for removing toluene from contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are now enjoying an increased scientific interest due to their interesting properties and growing range of possible applications. Computational methods are at the forefront of deciphering their structure and dynamics. Type IV DESs, composed of metal chloride and a hydrogen bond donor, are among the less studied systems when it comes to their understanding at a molecular level. An important example of such systems is the zinc chloride–urea DES, already used in chemical synthesis, among others. In this paper, the ZnCl2(urea)2 crystal is studied from the point of view of its structure, infrared spectrum, and intermolecular interactions using periodic density functional theory and non-covalent interactions analysis. The two main structural motifs found in the crystal are a strongly hydrogen-bonded urea dimer assisted by chloride anions and a tetrahedral Zn(II) coordination complex. The crystal is composed of two interlocking parallel planes connected via the zinc cations. The infrared spectrum and bond lengths suggest a partially covalent character of the Zn−Cl bonds. The present analysis has far-reaching implications for the liquid ZnCl2–urea DES, explaining its fluidity, expected microstructure, and low conductivity, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Fiber Inspection / Zhongguo Xian-Jian is the property of China Fiber Inspection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)