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The discovery of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was an important finding in Australian science, involving a self-educated field naturalist and a small team of plant pathologists who had to work in relative academic isolation and with inadequate glasshouse facilities. After its discovery in Melbourne in 1915, TSWV rapidly spread throughout Australia and by 1929, it posed an existential threat to the tomato industry. To address this problem, a joint project between the Waite Agricultural Research Institute and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated in 1926. This collaboration, led by University of Adelaide plant pathologist Geoffrey Samuel, was initially turbulent but ultimately highly productive. Within an eight-year period, significant advances were made in understanding the aetiology of the disease, particularly by establishing that it was caused by a thrips-transmitted virus. Aspects of the epidemiology and control of the virus were also elucidated such as investigating alternative hosts of the virus. This research was made possible through substantial improvements in mechanical inoculation techniques. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most economically important viruses in the world. Before it became a global problem, it devastated tomato crops in Australia. This paper describes how TSWV was identified and biologically characterised by Australian scientists at a time when few techniques existed to detect the virus. It is a remarkable story of human endeavour by a small team of people working in academic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is a corpus-based discourse analysis of the metaphorical framing of Covid-19 in American political discourse. Drawing on data from a corpus of the White House briefings and statements, the study investigates the corpus profile of war and virus and illustrates how the Coronavirus is primarily represented as an enemy to go to war with, rather than a public health crisis to control and mitigate. The study further situates the militaristic framing of Covid-19 within the theoretical framework of moral panic and examines the discursive features that ultimately bridge the metaphorical representation of the pandemic and the construction of moral panic. The study points to nuanced discourse strategies used in the White House press briefings that reconstruct the enemy and regroup the Coronavirus with other so-called enemies of the United States, such as the Communists, as well as the Islamic radicals and the Latin gangs and cartels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a well-known virus that causes liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. For several decades, numerous studies have been conducted to unravel the life cycle and molecular mechanisms of this virus with the aim of developing strategies to combat diseases caused by its infection. In this review, we summarize HCV assembly to budding, focusing on one of the structural proteins, the core, a viral capsid that binds both the viral genome and host membrane, along with the core-interacting host partners. The HCV core matures in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), localizes at the lipid droplet (LD), and shuttles between the LD and ER to form viral particles. This process is controlled by many host factors known to binds core proteins, such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1), Rab18, μ subunit of the clathrin adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2M1), nuclear pore complex protein 98 (Nup98), Cortactin, group IVA phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4A) etc. Virion budding is thought to involve contributions from endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), similar to other envelope viruses. We delved into potential perspectives to enhance our understanding of the HCV mechanism by drawing insights from existing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Myocarditis, or inflammation of the cardiac muscle, is estimated to cause up to 1.5 million cases annually, with viral infection being the most common disease culprit. Past studies have shown that Parvovirus B19 is routinely detected in endomyocardial biopsies. This virus has been linked to acute heart inflammation, which can cause cardiac muscle damage. However, because Parvovirus B19 can be found in the heart tissues in the absence of disease symptoms, it is unclear if the long-term presence of the virus contributes to, or initiates, heart disease. Here, we utilized a PCR-based detection assay to assess the presence of the B19V genome and its mRNA intermediates in human heart tissues. The analysis was carried out in three heart layers derived from one individual: epicardium, endocardium and myocardium. We showed the Parvovirus B19 genome presence variability in different heart layers. Similarly, viral transcriptional activity, assessed by the mRNA presence, was detected only in a few of the analyzed samples. Our results suggest that localized sites of Parvovirus B19 infection may exist within individual heart layers, which may have implication for the cardiac muscle inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study a simple mathematical model to analyze the emergence and control of radicalization phenomena, motivated by the recent far-right extremist events in Brazil, occurred in 8 January 2023. For this purpose, we considered a compartmental SIS-like model that takes into account only the right electors, for simplicity. The model considers radical and moderated right electors, and the transitions between the two compartments are ruled by probabilities, taking into account pairwise social interactions and the important influence of social media through the dissemination of fake news. The role of the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court on the control of such violent activities is also considered in a simple way. The analytical and numerical results show that the influence of social media is essential for the spreading and prevalence of radicalism in the population. In the presence of such social media, we show that radicalism can be controlled, but not extincted, by an external influence, that models the acting of the Federal Supreme Court over the violent activities of radicals. If the social media effect is absent, the radicalism can disappear of the population, and this phenomenon is associated with an active-absorbing nonequilibrium phase transition, like the one that occurs in the standard SIS model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses using FTK Imager software for live forensic investigations in order to track and analyze Remote Access Trojan assaults. In addition to helping organizations safeguard their assets and data against harmful cyberattacks, our research aims to improve computer system security. The knowledge of the presence of the Remote Access Trojan virus, notwithstanding its removal, is the advantage of this research. Installation of Kali Linux, forensic analysis using FTK Imager, and the development and usage of viruses are all part of this study methodology. The process included installing Kali Linux as a platform for the creation and execution of viruses, identifying and analyzing the presence of viruses using FTK Imager, and identifying and analyzing Remote Access Trojan attacks using disk and memory forensic analysis techniques. The research findings indicate that as soon as the target opens the generated virus, the executor gains complete access to the target machine. This allows the executor to follow the target around and record everything it does. As a forensic investigation tool, FTK Imager must be installed on the target in order to detect the virus that the executor developed. The target will thus find it simpler to use memory forensics or disk forensics to look for files created by the executor. describes how to use FTK Imager software to observe and analyze Remote Access Trojan assaults for use in real-world forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed for a year. While getting through with the organizing of an Olympic Games amid a global pandemic is seen as a success by many ('The Good'), it was overshadowed by the relentless virus as the Games closed with a muted spectacle in 2021 ('The Bad'). Pushing on with the Games after the postponement, at the height of the pandemic, has resulted in strong criticisms and caused damage to the organizers ('The Ugly'). This study seeks to assess the crisis communication strategies implemented by the organizers as they navigated the capricious condition of trudging on with a pandemic era sport spectacle. Through examining the organizers' crisis communications to the challenges that emerged and public reactions to the strategies, this study seeks to understand the outcome of the strategies on the organizational image and reputation. It also provides reflections on the management of the Games through the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, it is argued that the situational crisis communication theory offers a useful framework that can provide theoretical connections between crisis management in a sports mega-event and organizational response strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the federal response of the National Public Health Surveillance and Brazilian Health Regulatory Systems to the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil, from 2015 to 2018, focusing on the political-institutional contexts and the content of government measures developed during the period. The study was anchored in the historical institutionalist approach, comprising documentary analysis and interviews with key actors. The response was characterized by the initial prioritization of the health emergency on the federal government's political agenda, which was reduced over the period, influenced by the financial and political crises. There was a multiplicity of actors and instances focused on contingency, with a certain articulation between the two systems, based on their own pre-emergency experiences. Vector control had centrality, valuing intersectoral and community actions, induced mainly by the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health and additionally by the National Health Surveillance Agency. Significant allocation limitations of new financial resources and changes in the organizational response apparatus were observed, with effects on the continuity of post-emergency policies, including the development of medicines, vaccines and tests. The Zika Virus Public Health Emergency in Brazil was marked by limited institutionalization of learning and structuring strategies, reducing opportunities for the (re)organization of surveillance in the Unified Health System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, Brazil was the scene of an event that attracted global attention: the Zika virus epidemic. This pathogen arrived in the tropics, bringing with it something new to the Zika medical literature: the birth of children with changes in fetal development resulting from vertical transmission of the virus to fetuses. The phenomenon, which was classified as a health emergency, began to be widely studied and numerous studies were carried out with children born with changes associated with the Zika virus. This article analyzes a set of interviews conducted in 2022 with scientists who were directly involved in the response to this epidemic in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. As the research was mostly carried out with children, we reflect here on how this characteristic permeated the scientific work of the researchers involved. The main objective is to promote broader discussions about the act of carrying out research in terms of urgency, addressing questions about scientific relationships, especially between researchers and participants (Zika researchers and children diagnosed with the syndrome). A second objective is to think about how Child Anthropology can find fertile ground for dialogue with other areas that focus on children and childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 200 health journals have issued a joint statement calling on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognize that climate change and biodiversity loss are interconnected crises that must be addressed together. The statement emphasizes that the current approach of treating these issues separately is a dangerous mistake. The impacts of these crises on human health are significant and include disruptions to social and economic systems, shortages of land, shelter, food, and water, and the spread of infectious diseases. The health community must advocate for the restoration of biodiversity and the mitigation of climate change, and political leaders must recognize the threats to health and the potential benefits of addressing these crises. The statement concludes by urging the World Health Organization to declare the climate and nature crisis as a global health emergency. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pandemic has affected all segments of society as well as children. This virus, which spreads unexpectedly and rapidly, has caused both a lack of scientific knowledge and psychologically negative emotions such as stress and anxiety. Children's picture books are one of the educational tools that will help children get scientific answers to the questions that arise in their minds in such difficult times and will positively support their mental health. In this context, the aim of the research is to examine the content features of pandemic-themed children's picture books for early childhood. The study group of the research consists of 38 pandemic-themed children's picture books published digitally or in print. Researchers have created a book review form for this purpose. The research was carried out with the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, and the data obtained were analyzed by content analysis. The data were expressed with percentage and frequency analysis, and direct quotations were made from the examined documents. In the research, it was determined that the majority of the pandemic-themed books for the early childhood period were suitable for the developmental characteristics of children, and the books that were not suitable were mostly digitally published books. It is recommended that children's picture books published digitally go through more qualified and careful editorial processes. In order to support children's ability to cope with social crises, various institutions and organizations can support the publication of more qualified books on crisis periods that affect children deeply such as climate change, global warming, food crisis, flood, war, migration and earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus that has caused several outbreaks with high fatality rates in humans and animals, thus, requiring a "One Health" approach. No specific treatment or vaccine is available for NiV infection, making the development of effective antiviral agents against this virus a critical research priority. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to identify and develop antiviral agents targeting the various stages of NiV pathogenesis. This review comprehensively discusses current research on antiviral agents against NiV. The promising results obtained with several compounds, including repurposed drugs, nucleoside analogs, phytochemicals, and multi-target inhibitors, are also highlighted. Developing effective antiviral agents against NiV remains a major challenge; however, recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of NiV pathogenesis and identifying potential targets for antiviral agents have provided hope for the future. Further research is required to identify and optimize antiviral agents with broad-spectrum activity against NiV and other related viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "Terrorism and the Pandemic: Weaponizing of COVID-19" by Rohan Gunaratna and Katalin Pethő-Kiss. The book explores the implications of the COVID-19 crisis for the security environment, particularly in relation to violent extremism. It examines how different extremist groups, including Islamist and far-right formations, have responded to the pandemic and analyzes their propaganda and operational trends. The authors also discuss the potential for biological terrorism and the vulnerabilities that the pandemic has exposed in the threat landscape. The book provides valuable insights into the intersection of terrorism and public health emergencies, although it may not fully capture the complexities of violent ideologies. [Extracted from the article]

This document discusses the potential impact of avian influenza H5N1 on competitive athletes and provides information on the virus, its transmission, and preventive measures. The document highlights that the current risk of avian influenza H5N1 to humans is classified as low by the World Health Organization and the United States Center for Disease Control. However, it also acknowledges the potential for future human-to-human transmission and the challenges in creating an effective vaccine. The document advises athletes to avoid contact with infected animals, cook meat thoroughly, practice good hygiene, and avoid sharing items with mucosal contact. Overall, while the document does not anticipate a global pandemic at the scale of COVID-19 before the Paris Games, it emphasizes the importance of awareness and education regarding avian influenza. [Extracted from the article]

Cree visual artist Ruth Cuthand utilizes traditional and contemporary Indigenous beading techniques to craft multicolored, enlarged images of deadly diseases spread during contact with European settlers. The beaded virus makes visible the 500-year history of biological warfare waged against Indigenous communities, while the act of beading, a form of medicine in itself, is a centuries-old practice of continuity and memory. The paper builds upon Avery Gordon's (2008) theory of hauntings to investigate traces of memory contained in viruses, beads and beadwork. I argue that the continuous outbreak of viruses that Indigenous communities experience operate as ghostly matter that make present the ghost of colonial violence. Building on decolonial feminist theories of inoculation, theories of temporality and semiology, bio-medical innovation and material history, I consider the viral impact of glass beads to argue that Cuthand's beadwork acts as decolonial inoculation: a technology that indigenizes the elements of colonial invasion to enable Indigenous resurgence and continuity. I examine Cuthand's beadwork as well as the role of the needle in both Western scientific and Indigenous practices of medicine. The paper closes with an examination of works made by Cuthand during the COVID-19 pandemic including A Remembrance of COVID-19 (2022) and a photo of Cuthand wearing an N-95 respirator mask beaded with COVID-19 microbes. I propose the mask is an act of temporal recurrence and discontinuity: it aligns the present with past moments of bioterrorism but reflects a divergence, a move toward Indigenous communicability as an act of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory-confirmed dengue virus (DENV) infections in Africa are rarely reported. In this study, we report 18 DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) infections, diagnosed by the French National Reference Center for Arboviruses, in patients who had histories of recent travel in Africa. Our analyses revealed two cases, one from Niger in 2018 and one from the Republic of the Congo in 2016, where dengue fever had not been previously reported, and one case from Mauritania in 2015, where DENV-1 had not been previously reported. These cases support the reported spread of DENV outside its well-established tropical and subtropical environment toward the arid deserts of the Sahel. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that a single monophyletic DENV-1 lineage is currently in circulation in West Africa, having spread from East Africa after its original importation from Asia. Our study provides an improved understanding of DENV dynamics in Africa and underlines the importance of surveillance of travel-acquired infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his travels, Brilliant met Neem Karoli Baba, a holy man who prophesized that Brilliant was destined to lead the final eradication of smallpox, God's gift to mankind. The boy had suffered a typically mild episode of cowpox; later that year, Jenner infected him with infectious matter from smallpox pustules, and indeed, Phipps failed to contract smallpox altogether. In his interviews, Brilliant described his participation in the WHO's smallpox eradication campaign as the "serendipitous" fulfillment of this prophecy. As a symptomatically visual disease, smallpox epidemics date to ancient times: we find notations in histories of the Athenian plague and in research on Egyptian mummies. [Extracted from the article]

The contributions to this Special Issue examine multispecies perspectives on the political dynamics of international life. Building on this theme, I consider the complex and manifold ways in which the subject of security can be understood in terms of more-than-human personhood. First, by thinking of more-than-human animals as phenomenally conscious persons, we might better appreciate the multispecies complexity of security as an agentic and affective experience. Second, attending to the spiritual character of certain indigenous articulations of personhood presses us to decipher how spiritual claims might inform moral and legal dimensions of multispecies security-seeking behaviour. To illustrate the significance of these moves, I first draw on more-than-human experiences of war, pathogenic viruses, and the global factory farm. I then explore conceptions of spiritual personhood in the context of Ojibwe responsibilities to protect wolves. These perspectives on personhood demonstrate possibilities for cultivating greater interest in the multispecies experience of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aim: One of the key components of the O ne Health approach to epidemic preparedness is raising awareness and increasing the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases, prevention, and risk reduction. However, related research can involve significant risks to biosafety and biosecurity. For this purpose, we organized a multidisciplinary biosafety hands-on workshop to inform and increase the knowledge of infectious diseases and risk mitigation. This study aimed to describe the process and outcome of a hands-on biosafety training program using a One Health a pproach across a multidisciplinary and multi-specialty group in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A face-to-face hands-on training for 48 participants was organized by the West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (WAC-EID) at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, serving as a lead institution for the Nigeria project site. Topics covered included (1) an overview of the WAC-EID research; (2) overview of infection prevention and control; (3) safety in animal handling and restraint, sample collection, and processing; (4) safety in field studies including rodent, bird and bat handling; (5) safety practices in the collection of mosquito and other arthropod vectors; (6) personal protective equipment training (disinfection, donning and doffing); and (7) safety in sample collection, labeling, and transportation. The program was executed using a mixed method of slide presentations, practical hands-on sessions, and video demonstrations. Pre- and post-course evaluation assessments and evaluation measures were used to assess training. Results: A total of 48 trainees participated in this training, with 12 (25%), 16 (33.3%), 14 (29.2%), 6 (12.5%) categorized as ornithology, entomology, mammalogy, and clinical interest groups, respectively. The pass rate for the pre-test was 29.4%, while for the post-test, it was 57.1%, or a 28% improvement. 88.6% of the trainees rated the training as relevant to them. Conclusion: Didactic and hands-on biosafety training is relevant in this era of zoonotic epidemics and pandemic preparedness. During this training program, there was a clear demonstration of knowledge transfer that can change the current practices of participants and improve the safety of infectious diseases research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is a global problem. One of the risk factors for COVID-19 is close contact, which has a greater risk of being confirmed because virus transmission generally occurs directly through droplets. Based on regional risk zoning mapping, Purwakarta District is categorized as a moderate risk zone, and most of the confirmed cases are caused by a history of close contact. Still, people with a history of close contact only sometimes become established patients. This study aimed to determine the relationship between close contact status and the incidence of COVID-19 in the Purwakarta district year 2020. Method: This study used observational analysis and a cross-sectional study design. The research data is secondary data from the Purwakarta Regency Health Office. Purposive sampling was used to select 2,650 people for the study. The data analysis method used is chi-square. Results: According to the respondents' characteristics, most are in their early adulthood (26.8 %) and male (52.3 %). According to bivariate analysis, there is a p-value = 0.002 relationship between close contact status and the incidence of COVID-19. People with close contact status are 1.040 times more likely than people who do not have close contact status to get COVID-19 (95 % CI = 1.013-1.069). Conclusion: Close contact status is a risk factor for COVID-19 transmission in Purwakarta Regency during 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a plague of critical importance in zucchini squash, as it causes direct damage by feeding and indirect damage by virus transmission. The objective of the study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of biorational and conventional formulations on whiteflies in zucchini. The study was conducted in Morelos, Mexico under open field conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was established with five treatments (T1. Castor and nettle extract, T2. Azadirachtin, T3. Imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin, T4. Liquid bifenthrin and T5. Control). Two biological efficacy evaluations were carried out. In the first evaluation, the treatments reduced the infestation from 70 to 85%. In the second evaluation, azadirachtin and bifenthrin were similarly effective with just over 91% efficacy, while castor and nettle extract reached about 85%. The two biorational compounds proved to be a good option to reduce whitefly infestation in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What should a medical historian say when an army general calls, asking for advice on a vaccine rollout during a pandemic? For generations, we have heard warnings of the dangers of facile resort to war metaphors in dealing with epidemic disease. But what if public health originally derived from military models, from martial modes of defence against adversaries? What if militarisation is just business as usual? Increasingly, our response to modern crises, whether bushfi res, fl oods, or pandemics, involves calling in the military. But the military metaphors and models that guide our interventions have varied over time and place. Some have worked better than others. Some have been less coercive than others. Medical historians thus can help counsel a sensitive general in search of the lessons of public health’s pasts—even as they refl ect critically on how such ‘lessons’ might themselves frame our thinking on the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasajes: Revista de Pensamiento Contemporáneo is the property of Publicacions Universitat de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Virus emergence may occur through interspecies transmission and recombination of viruses coinfecting a host, with potential to pair novel and adaptive gene combinations. Camels are known to harbor diverse ribonucleic acid viruses with zoonotic and epizootic potential. Among them, astroviruses are of particular interest due to their cross-species transmission potential and endemicity in diverse host species, including humans. We conducted a molecular epidemiological survey of astroviruses in dromedaries from Saudi Arabia and Bactrian camels from Inner Mongolia, China. Herein, we deployed a hybrid sequencing approach coupling deep sequencing with rapid amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid ends to characterize two novel Bactrian and eight dromedary camel astroviruses, including both partial and complete genomes. Our reported sequences expand the known diversity of dromedary camel astroviruses, highlighting potential recombination events among the astroviruses of camelids and other host species. In Bactrian camels, we detected partially conserved gene regions bearing resemblance to human astrovirus types 1, 4, and 8 although we were unable to recover complete reading frames from these samples. Continued surveillance of astroviruses in camelids, particularly Bactrian species and associated livestock, is highly recommended to identify patterns of cross-species transmission and to determine any epizootic threats and zoonotic risks posed to humans. Phylogenomic approaches are needed to investigate complex patterns of recombination among the astroviruses and to infer their evolutionary history across diverse host species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, thrust potential Olympians into the midst of the unprecedented outbreak of the Zika virus. Because parasocial interaction theory purports that athletes can have tremendous influence on fans' attitudes and behavior, particularly in the context of public health, it is important to understand how media framed athletes' response to their risk of contracting Zika at the Games and the possibility of a global epidemic. To understand how athletes' safety concerns were portrayed by news outlets, the authors conducted a framing analysis of articles reporting on the intersection of the Olympics and Zika published in The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post between January and November of 2016. This analysis revealed that media employed three main frames in their coverage of athletes: Athletes perceived the risk of Zika as small compared with potential Olympic glory, the decision to participate in the Games is an athletes' personal choice between family and career, and athletes used Zika concerns as a convenient excuse to pull out of a troubled Games. The combination of these frames painted a contradictory portrait of athletes' risk perception, both emphasizing and downplaying the threat of contracting the virus at the Games and an ensuing worldwide outbreak. These conflicting athlete narratives could have created uncertainty regarding the actual safety risk of the Zika virus and the Olympic Games for the fans who admire the athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 is an epidemic disease that emerged in China in the last months of 2019. Throughout history people have been exposed to such epidemics and have caused many changes in people's social lives. The Covid-19 pandemic has also affected many areas and restricted social activities. There have also been a number of changes in the field of worship due to Covid-19. In our study, the changes experienced in the life of worship during the Covid-19 pandemic process were discussed in general. First of all, the basic concepts were explained, and then the decisions taken in the field of religious practices and worship during the Covid-19 epidemic and the changes in the religious practices or rituals were discussed. The Covid-19 virus, that has caused the death of many people since it emerged and has spread easily and quickly has led to many changes in our lives. Worship is one of these areas. Accordingly, some changes and transformations worship rituals during the Covid-19 pandemic process constitute the subject of our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Seit den ersten bekannt gewordenen Fällen von SARS CoV-2 verbreitete sich das Virus wellenförmig über die ganze Welt. Mit ihm ging auch eine Flut von Erzählungen unterschiedlicher Art viral. Der Beitrag beabsichtigt nicht, einen Überblick über dieses mittlerweile schwer zu überblickende Material zu geben; er versucht stattdessen, das Potential einer sich als kritische Gesellschaftsanalyse verstehenden Erzählforschung in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Pandemie vorzuführen. Dazu werden zunächst die gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen und mit ihnen verknüpften Diskurse in den Blick genommen. Von da aus frage ich nach unterschiedlich gelagerten Erzählkomplexen, die diesen Rahmenbedingungen und Diskursen entwachsen. Drei davon werden exemplarisch näher betrachtet: Erzählungen können erstens als Ausdruck kollektiver Vorurteile oder Ventil diffuser Ängste gelesen werden; sie können zweitens symbolischer Ausdruck von Spaltungstendenzen innerhalb einer Gesellschaft sein, oder aber drittens machtvolle Instrumente von Großmachtinteressen. Alle drei Ebenen spielen letztlich ineinander bzw. treffen auf der Ebene des alltäglichen Erzählens aufeinander. Wir haben es hier mit einem komplexen, wechselseitigen Beziehungsgefüge zwischen einem Krankheitserreger, den darüber kursierenden Erzählungen und der mit beiden konfrontierten Gesellschaft zu tun. Since the first cases of SARS CoV-2 emerged, the virus has spread in waves all over the world. As an involuntary by-product a flood of different stories went viral. This article does not intend to provide an overview of this elusive material of rumors, conspiracy theories, jokes and so on. Rather it tries to demonstrate the potential of narrative research, seeing itself as critical social analysis, in dealing with the pandemic. To this end, the social framework of the pandemic and the discourses linked to them will first be examined. From there I will investigate different narrative complexes growing out of these framework conditions and discourses. Three of them will be examined in closer detail: Stories can firstly be read as an expression of collective prejudices or as an outlet for diffuse fears; secondly, they can be a symbolic expression of tendencies towards cleavage within a society or, thirdly, they can be powerful instruments at the highest level of international politics. All three levels ultimately interact or meet in everyday storytelling. We are dealing here with a complex, mutual relationship between a virus, the stories circulating about it and the society confronted with both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In most parts of the developed world today, the neurological diagnosis of poliomyelitis is discussed only as a historical curiosity. For decades an epidemic cause for lameness and paralysis in infected children, reported cases of polio plummeted following the introduction of effective vaccines against the causative virus in the 1950s and 1960s. Much has been written of the trials and successes of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, but little is generally known about how the disease was originally named. In an authoritative reference work on the History of Poliomyelitis (1971), John R. Paul attributed in passing the coining of the term "poliomyelitis" to the celebrated German clinician Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902). Kussmaul is widely known to physicians today for several unrelated contributions, but none of his authorized biographers have mentioned his naming the disease. In this historical review article, we set out to verify the claim that Kussmaul coined the term "poliomyelitis," surveying in the process his broader contributions to neurology and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This argument is made most pointedly by Preston Marx, one of two scientists included in the book, who argues that injection campaigns played a key role in the evolution of HIVs from SIVs. Much of the science and history of HIV has focused on HIV-1 group M, the strain responsible for the bulk of the global HIV pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

6 Richard Preston, I The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story i (New York: Doubleday, 1994), 18. 7 Barbara Culliton, "Emerging Viruses, Emerging Threat", I Science i 247.4940 (1990): 279. In 1989, the epidemiologist Stephen S. Morse organized a meeting of medical professionals to discuss what they labeled "Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases." Lederberg also supplied the ominous epigraph, featured silently in white letters against a black background, at the beginning of Wolfgang Petersen's 1995 blockbuster film, I Outbreak i : "The single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on the planet is the virus.". [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Thi Qar Arts Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arboviruses have the potential to spread quickly and cause a global health emergency. These are RNA viruses that use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for their replication. RdRp lacks proofreading activity, leading to high error rates, low replicative fidelity, and more genetic variability. In addition, shorter generation time and faster evolutionary rate of these viruses lead to reemergence and recurrence of arboviral infections due to the emergence of new variants and the development of antiviral resistance. During the replication inside the host cell through protein-protein interactions (PPIs), these viruses interact with several host factors and utilize the host cellular machinery for their benefit. Besides this, viruses employ several transmission strategies to combat host innate and adaptive immune responses by manipulating the signaling and metabolic pathways of the hosts. Hence, antiviral therapies targeting host-virus PPIs can provide an alternative broad-spectrum strategy against RNA viruses. The approach of targeting virus-specific proteins for developing antivirals is expected to solve the problem of antiviral drug resistance and combat emerging new variants of these viruses. This review focuses on host-virus PPIs of arboviral infections that directly affect the host immune signaling and metabolic pathways. Better understanding of these mechanisms will develop new therapeutic tools to treat viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This papers contributes to the growing body of literature on the use of conceptual metaphors to frame the COVID-19 pandemic and the corona. Whereas previous linguistic analyses have focused on the use of metaphors by politicians and in the media, this paper is concerned with German children's books and the use of conceptual metaphors therein that involve the target domains coronavirus,virus transmission, and virus proliferation as well as counter measurements and reactions of the immune system. The analysis reveals that war-metaphors, which are salient in political and media discourse, are much less dominant in children's books. The books systematically draw on source domains that are well entrenched in children's everyday experience, such as police, quarrelling, partying, playing in the sandbox, jumping, surfing, and travelling. Furthermore, ontological metaphors and more specifically personifications are widespread, with the virus being construed as a curious adventurer without genuinely bad intentions, a villain or monster and even a savior. The paper is grounded in Cognitive Semantics and more specifically in Conceptual Metaphor Theory and provides multimodal analyses that pay attention to both verbally and visually expressed information and metaphorical mappings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses so-called points of intersection and short-circuits between homo hygienicus and homo hapticus. The global virus Covid-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented hygienist obsession and a panic fear of physical proximity and contact. It has made clearly visible some longue-durée trends in European cultural history which I would summarize namely as a constant advancing of homo hygienicus at the expense of a steady declining of homo hapticus. Against this backdrop, I venture the hope of forming an ecological homo hapticus whose quintessence could be defined as follows: a touch that actively refrains from itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular eukaryotic alga that has been studied as a model organism for decades. Despite an extensive history as a model system, phylogenetic and genetic characteristics of viruses infecting this alga have remained elusive. We analyzed high-throughput genome sequence data of C. reinhardtii field isolates, and in six we discovered sequences belonging to endogenous giant viruses that reach up to several 100 kb in length. In addition, we have also discovered the entire genome of a closely related giant virus that is endogenized within the genome of Chlamydomonas incerta , the closest sequenced relative of C. reinhardtii. Endogenous giant viruses add hundreds of new gene families to the host strains, highlighting their contribution to the pangenome dynamics and interstrain genomic variability of C. reinhardtii. Our findings suggest that the endogenization of giant viruses may have important implications for structuring the population dynamics and ecology of protists in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the detailed spatial and temporal dynamics of plant pathogens can provide valuable information for crop protection strategies. However, the epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary trajectories of pathogens can differ markedly from one country to another. The most widespread and important virus of brassica vegetables, turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), causes serious plant diseases in Japan. We collected 317 isolates of TuMV from Raphanus and Brassica plants throughout Japan over nearly five decades. Genomic sequences from these isolates were combined with published sequences. We identified a total of eighty-eight independent recombination events in Japanese TuMV genomes and found eighty-two recombination-type patterns in Japan. We assessed the evolution of TuMV through space and time using whole and partial genome sequences of both nonrecombinants and recombinants. Our results suggest that TuMV was introduced into Japan after the country emerged from its isolationist policy (1639–1854) in the Edo period and then dispersed to other parts of Japan in the 20th century. The results of our analyses reveal the complex structure of the TuMV population in Japan and emphasize the importance of identifying recombination events in the genome. Our study also provides an example of surveying the epidemiology of a virus that is highly recombinogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to investigate the varying implications of the war metaphor in scientific publications discussing the COVID-19 pandemic. The corpus under study is composed of articles retrieved from the international scientific journal Nature, the weekly magazine New Scientist, and the international agency World Health Organisation. With a focus on three main characteristics of the pandemic – body health, medical solutions, and global impact of the virus – the present study asks to what extent the use of the war metaphor can vary to offer different viewpoints on the pandemic. The particular view on the virus – through metaphorical use – depends on the readers each publication targets, the pressure to find solutions, the editorial requirements, and the aim of the publication. We conclude that the war metaphor may not systematically be associated with disputable interpretations (as reported in literature), it also serves an explanatory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses are known to hijack the intracellular organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and cytoskeleton to promote its replication. The host responds to invading viruses by mounting antiviral responses and rearrangement of its organelles. In particular, the mitochondria are one of the target organelles exploited by viruses and their proteins to suppress the host antiviral response. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the impact of mitochondrial dynamics in modulating antiviral response during emerging and re-emerging RNA virus infections caused by genus Flavivirus (Dengue virus, Zika virus, Hepatitis C virus), and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to knowledge gaps in mitochondria-virus interaction studies, we discuss recent advancements in therapeutics regulating the mitochondrial dynamics to combat viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]