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This study explores the relationship between Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Dakahlia Government using Landsat 8 images from 2014 to 2020. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Mono-Window Algorithm were used to generate LULC and estimate LST. Results reveal an increase in built-up areas, rising LST, and variable UHI thresholds. The study highlights the impact of COVID-19 on LST in 2020. Positive correlations between LST and Normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) and negative correlations with Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were observed. Projections for 2030 suggest an increase in high-temperature areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguity resolution (AR) is essential for quick and accurate Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS location and navigation. In addition to location parameters, there are various additional GNSS characteristics that are relevant for a wide range of applications such as instrumental calibrations, atmospheric sounding, and time transfer. We offer differential code bias and satellite geometry for the GNSS estimable parameters using MANS-PPP software backage. In this research, we used the MANS-PPP software package to execute the processing method and generate the PPP GNSS solution. We demonstrated how differential code bias and satellite geometry can effectively enhance initial time and positioning error for multi-GNSS satellites. PPP Processing observation data in static mode was used by the different DCB files the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), and the Centre for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), for the 12 stations from IGS, and we analyzed the impact of errors from the satellite geometry. The results illustration that the correction of DCB significantly improves the PPP ambiguity resolution success rate and quality, which have higher DCB values. The satellite geometry also has a substantial influence on the PPP ambiguity resolution, with a better geometry leading to a higher success rate and quality. Furthermore, the use of multiple GNSS constellations and the optimization of the satellite selection and weighting algorithms can further improve the PPP ambiguity resolution and the resulting positioning accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]