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1. THE JET PRELIMINARY TRITIUM EXPERIMENT

Author

REBUT, P, ADAMS, J, ALPER, B, ALTMANN, H, ANDERSEN, A, ANDREW, P, ALIARSHAD, S, BAILEY, W, BALET, B, BARABASCHI, P, BARANOV, Y, BARKER, P, BARNSLEY, R, BARONIAN, M, BARTLETT, D, BELL, A, BENALI, G, BERTOLI, P, BERTOLINI, E, BHATNAGAR, V, BICKLEY, A, BOND, D, BONICELLI, T, BOOTH, S, BOSIA, G, BOTMAN, M, BOUCHER, D, BOUCQUEY, P, BRANDON, M, BREGER, P, BRELEN, H, BREWERTON, W, BRINKSCHULTE, H, BROWN, T, BRUSATI, M, BUDD, T, BURES, M, BURTON, P, BUSINARO, T, BUTCHER, P, BUTTGEREIT, H, CALDWELLNICHOLS, C, CAMPBELL, D, CAMPLING, D, CARD, P, CELENTANO, G, CHALLIS, C, CHANKIN, A, CHERUBINI, A, CHIRON, D, CHRISTIANSEN, J, CHUILON, P, CLAESEN, R, CLEMENT, S, CLIPSHAM, E, COAD, J, COFFEY, I, COLTON, A, COMISKEY, M, CONROY, S, COOKE, M, COOPER, S, CORDEY, J, CORE, W, CORRIGAN, G, CORTI, S, COSTLEY, A, COTTRELL, G, COX, M, CRAWLEY, P, DACOSTA, O, DAVIES, N, DAVIES, S, DEBLANK, H, DEESCH, H, DEKOCK, L, DEKSNIS, E, DELIYANAKUS, N, DENNEHINNOV, G, DESCHAMPS, G, DICKSON, W, DIETZ, K, DINES, A, DMITRENKO, S, DMITRIEVA, M, DOBBING, J, DOLGETTA, N, DORLING, S, DOYLE, P, DUCHS, D, DUQUENOY, H, EDWARDS, A, EHRENBERG, J, EKEDAHL, A, ELEVANT, T, ERENTS, S, ERIKSSON, L, FAJEMIROKUN, H, FALTER, H, FREILING, J, FROGER, C, FROISSARD, P, FULLARD, K, GADEBERG, M, GALETSAS, A, GALBIATI, L, GAMBIER, D, GARRIBBA, M, GAZE, P, GIANNELLA, R, GIBSON, A, GILL, R, GIRARD, A, GONDHALEKAR, A, GOODALL, D, GORMEZANO, C, GOTTARDI, N, GOWERS, C, GREEN, B, HAANGE, R, HAIGH, A, HANCOCK, C, HARBOUR, P, HAWKES, N, HAYNES, P, HEMMERICH, J, HENDER, T, HOEKZEMA, J, HORTON, L, HOW, J, HOWARTH, P, HUART, M, HUGHES, T, HUGUET, M, HURD, F, IDA, K, INGRAM, B, IRVING, M, JACQUINOT, J, JAECKEL, H, JAEGER, J, JANESCHITZ, G, JANKOWICZ, Z, JARVIS, O, JENSEN, F, JONES, E, JONES, L, JONES, T, JUNGER, J, JUNIQUE, F, KAYE, A, KEEN, B, KEILHACKER, M, KERNER, W, KIDD, N, KONIG, R, KONSTANTELLOS, A, KUPSCHUS, P, LASSER, R, LAST, J, LAUNDY, B, LAUROTARONI, L, LAWSON, K, LENNHOLM, M, LINGERTAT, J, LITUNOVSKI, R, LOARTE, A, LOBEL, R, LOMAS, P, LOUGHLIN, M, LOWRY, C, MAAS, A, MACKLIN, B, MAGGI, C, MAGYAR, G, MARCHESE, V, MARCUS, F, MART, J, MARTIN, D, MARTIN, E, MARTINSOLIS, R, MASSMANN, P, MATTHEWS, G, MCBRYAN, H, MCCRACKEN, G, MERIGUET, P, MIELE, P, MILLS, S, MILLWARD, P, MINARDI, E, MOHANTI, R, MONDINO, P, MONTVAI, A, MORGAN, P, MORSI, H, MURPHY, G, NAVE, F, NEUDATCHIN, S, NEWBERT, G, NEWMAN, M, NIELSEN, P, NOLL, P, OBERT, W, OBRIEN, D, OROURKE, J, OSTROM, R, OTTAVIANI, M, PAPASTERGIOU, S, PASINI, D, PATEL, B, PEACOCK, A, PEACOCK, N, PEARCE, R, PEARSON, D, PEPEDESILVA, R, PERINIC, G, PERRY, C, PICK, M, PLANCOULAINE, J, POFFE, J, POHLCHEN, R, PORCELLI, F, PORTE, L, PRENTICE, R, PUPPIN, S, PUTVINSKII, S, RADFORD, G, RAIMONDI, T, RAMOSDEANDRADE, M, RAPISARDA, M, REICHLE, R, RICHARDS, S, RIGHI, E, RIMINI, F, ROLFE, A, ROSS, R, ROSSI, L, RUSS, R, SACK, H, SADLER, G, SAIBENE, G, SALANAVE, J, SANAZZARO, G, SANTAGIUSTINA, A, SARTORI, R, SBORCHIA, C, SCHILD, P, SCHMID, M, SCHMIDT, G, SCHROEPF, H, SCHUNKE, B, SCOTT, S, SIBLEY, A, SIMONINI, R, SIPS, A, SMEULDERS, P, SMITH, R, STAMP, M, STANGEBY, P, START, D, STEED, C, STORK, D, STOTT, P, STUBBERFIELD, P, SUMMERS, D, SUMMERS, H, SVENSSON, L, TAGLE, J, TANGA, A, TARONI, A, TERELLA, C, TESINI, A, THOMAS, P, THOMPSON, E, THOMSEN, K, TREVALION, P, TUBBING, B, TIBONE, F, VANDERBEKEN, H, VLASES, G, VONHELLERMANN, M, WADE, T, WALKER, C, WARD, D, WATKINS, M, WATSON, M, WEBER, S, WESSON, J, WIJNANDS, T, WILKS, J, WILSON, D, WINKEL, T, WOLF, R, WONG, D, WOODWARD, C, WYKES, M, YOUNG, I, ZANNELLI, L, ZOLFAGHARI, A, ZULLO, G, and ZWINGMANN, W

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Materials science, Lawson criterion, Joint European Torus, Plasma, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, law, cardiovascular system, Tritium
Abstract

The first tokamak discharges with deuterium-tritium mixtures have been carried out in the Joint European Torus (JET). The main objectives were to produce more than IMW of fusion power in a controlled way, to determine tritium retention in torus systems and to establish effective means of tritium removal. The experiments were undertaken within limits imposed by restrictions on vessel activation and tritium usage. Deuterium plasmas were heated by high power deuterium neutral beams from fourteen sources and fuelled by two neural beam sources injecting tritium. In the best (D-T discharge), the tritium concentration was about 11% at peak performance, when total neutron emission rate was 6.0*1017 s-1, with 1.7 MW of fusion power. The fusion amplification factor QDT was 0.15. With optimum tritium concentration, this pulse would have produced a fusion power approximately=5 MW and nominal QDT=0.46. The same extrapolation for the best pure deuterium discharge gives about 11 MW and a nominal QDT=1.14. Techniques for introducing, tracking, monitoring and recovering tritium were highly effective.

Published
2016

2. Fusion Energy-Production from a Deuterium-Tritium Plasma in the Jet Tokamak

Author

Rebut, Ph, Gibson, A., Huguet, M., Adams, Jm, Alper, B., Altmann, H., Andersen, A., Andrew, P., Angelone, M., Aliarshad, S., Baigger, P., Bailey, W., Balet, B., Barabaschi, P., Barker, P., Barnsley, R., Baronian, M., Bartlett, Dv, Baylor, L., Bell, Ac, Benali, G., Bertoldi, P., Bertolini, E., Bhatnagar, V., Bickley, Aj, Binder, D., Bindslev, H., Bonicelli, T., Booth, Sj, Bosia, G., Botman, M., Boucher, D., Boucquey, P., Breger, P., Brelen, H., Brinkschulte, H., Brooks, D., Brown, A., Brown, T., Brusati, M., Bryan, S., Brzozowski, J., Buchse, R., Budd, T., Bures, M., Businaro, T., Butcher, P., Buttgereit, H., Caldwellnichols, C., Campbell, Dj, Card, P., Celentano, G., Challis, Cd, Chankin, Av, Cherubini, A., Chiron, D., Christiansen, J., Chuilon, P., Claesen, R., Clement, S., Clipsham, E., Coad, Jp, Coffey, Ih, Colton, A., Comiskey, M., Conroy, S., Cooke, M., Cooper, D., Cooper, S., Cordey, Jg, Core, W., Corrigan, G., Corti, S., Costley, Ae, Cottrell, G., Cox, M., Cripwell, P., Dacosta, O., Davies, J., Davies, N., Deblank, H., Deesch, H., Dekock, L., Deksnis, E., Delvart, F., Dennehinnov, Gb, Deschamps, G., Dickson, Wj, Dietz, Kj, Dmitrenko, Sl, Dmitrieva, M., Dobbing, J., Doglio, A., Dolgetta, N., Dorling, Se, Doyle, Pg, Duchs, Df, Duquenoy, H., Edwards, A., Ehrenberg, J., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Erents, Sk, Eriksson, Lg, Fajemirokun, H., Falter, H., Freiling, J., Freville, F., Froger, C., Froissard, P., Fullard, K., Gadeberg, M., Galetsas, A., Gallagher, T., Gambier, D., Garribba, M., Gaze, P., Giannella, R., Gill, Rd, Girard, A., Gondhalekar, A., Goodall, D., Gormezano, C., Gottardi, Na, Gowers, C., Green, Bj, Grievson, B., Haange, R., Haigh, A., Hancock, Cj, Harbour, Pj, Hartrampf, T., Hawkes, Nc, Haynes, P., Hemmerich, Jl, Hender, T., Hoekzema, J., Holland, D., Hone, M., Horton, L., How, J., Huart, M., Hughes, I., Hughes, Tp, Hugon, M., Huo, Y., Ida, K., Ingram, B., Irving, M., Jacquinot, J., Jaeckel, H., Jaeger, Jf, Janeschitz, G., Jankovicz, Z., Jarvis, On, Jensen, F., Jones, Em, Jones, Hd, Jones, Lpdf, Jones, S., Jones, Ttc, Junger, Jf, Junique, F., Kaye, A., Keen, Be, Keilhacker, M., Kelly, Gj, Kerner, W., Khudoleev, A., Konig, R., Konstantellos, A., Kovanen, M., Kramer, G., Kupschus, P., Lasser, R., Last, Jr, Laundy, B., Laurotaroni, L., Laveyry, M., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Lingertat, J., Litunovski, Rn, Alberto Loarte, Lobel, R., Lomas, P., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Lupo, J., Maas, Ac, Machuzak, J., Macklin, B., Maddison, G., Maggi, Cf, Magyar, G., Mandl, W., Marchese, V., Marcon, G., Marcus, F., Mart, J., Martin, D., Martin, E., Martinsolis, R., Massmann, P., Matthews, G., Mcbryan, H., Mccracken, G., Mckivitt, J., Meriguet, P., Miele, P., Miller, A., Mills, J., Mills, Sf, Millward, P., Milverton, P., Minardi, E., Mohanti, R., Mondino, Pl, Montgomery, D., Montvai, A., Morgan, P., Morsi, H., Muir, D., Murphy, G., Myrnas, R., Nave, F., Newbert, G., Newman, M., Nielsen, P., Noll, P., Obert, W., Obrien, D., Orchard, J., Orourke, J., Ostrom, R., Ottaviani, M., Pain, M., Paoletti, F., Papastergiou, S., Parsons, W., Pasini, D., Patel, D., Peacock, A., Peacock, N., Pearce, Rjm, Pearson, D., Peng, Jf, Desilva, Rp, Perinic, G., Perry, C., Petrov, M., Pick, Ma, Plancoulaine, J., Poffe, Jp, Pohlchen, R., Porcelli, F., Porte, L., Prentice, R., Puppin, S., Putvinskii, S., Radford, G., Raimondi, T., Deandrade, Mcr, Reichle, R., Reid, J., Richards, S., Righi, E., Rimini, F., Robinson, D., Rolfe, A., Ross, Rt, Rossi, L., Russ, R., Rutter, P., Sack, Hc, Sadler, G., Saibene, G., Salanave, Jl, Sanazzaro, G., Santagiustina, A., Sartori, R., Sborchia, C., Schild, P., Schmid, M., Schmidt, G., Schunke, B., Scott, Sm, Serio, L., Sibley, A., Simonini, R., Sips, Acc, Smeulders, P., Smith, R., Stagg, R., Stamp, M., Stangeby, P., Stankiewicz, R., Start, Df, Steed, Ca, Stork, D., Stott, Pe, Stubberfield, P., Summers, D., Summers, H., Svensson, L., Tagle, Ja, Talbot, M., Tanga, A., Taroni, A., Terella, C., Terrington, A., Tesini, A., Thomas, Pr, Thompson, E., Thomsen, K., Tibone, F., Tiscornia, A., Trevalion, P., Tubbing, B., Vanbelle, P., Vanderbeken, H., Vlases, G., Vonhellermann, M., Wade, T., Walker, C., Walton, R., Ward, D., Watkins, Ml, Watkins, N., Watson, Mj, Weber, S., Wesson, J., Wijnands, Tj, Wilks, J., Wilson, D., Winkel, T., Wolf, R., Wong, D., Woodward, C., Wu, Y., Wykes, M., Young, D., Young, Id, Zannelli, L., Zolfaghari, A., and Zwingmann, W.

Abstract

The paper describes a series of experiments in the Joint European Torus (JET), culminating in the first tokamak discharges in deuterium-tritium fuelled mixtures. The experiments were undertaken within limits imposed by restrictions on vessel activation and tritium usage. The objectives were: (i) to produce more than one megawatt of fusion power in a controlled way; (ii) to validate transport codes and provide a basis for accurately predicting the performance of deuterium-tritium plasma from measurements made in deuterium plasmas; (iii) to determine tritium retention in the torus systems and to establish the effectiveness of discharge cleaning techniques for tritium removal; (iv) to demonstrate the technology related to tritium usage; and (v) to establish safe procedures for handling tritium in compliance with the regulatory requirements. A single-null X-point magnetic configuration, diverted onto the upper carbon target, with reversed toroidal magnetic field was chosen. Deuterium plasmas were heated by high power, long duration deuterium neutral beams from fourteen sources and fuelled also by up to two neutral beam sources injecting tritium. The results from three of these high performance hot ion H-mode discharges are described: a high performance pure deuterium discharge; a deuterium-tritium discharge with a 1% mixture of tritium fed to one neutral beam source; and a deuterium-tritium discharge with 100% tritium fed to two neutral beam sources. The TRANSP code was used to check the internal consistency of the measured data and to determine the origin of the measured neutron fluxes. In the best deuterium-tritium discharge, the tritium concentration was about 11% at the time of peak performance, when the total neutron emission rate was 6.0 x 10(17) neutrons/s. The integrated total neutron yield over the high power phase, which lasted about 2 s, was 7.2 x 10(17) neutrons, with an accuracy of +/- 7%. The actual fusion amplification factor, Q(DT), was about 0.15. With an optimum tritium concentration, this pulse would have produced a fusion power of almost-equal-to 5 MW and a nominal Q(DT) almost-equal-to 0.46. The same extrapolation for the pure deuterium discharge would have given almost-equal-to 11 MW and a nominal Q(DT) = 1.14, so that the total fusion power (neutrons and alpha-particles) would have exceeded the total losses in the equivalent deuterium-tritium discharge in these transient conditions. Techniques for introducing, tracking, monitoring and recovering tritium were demonstrated to be highly effective: essentially all of the tritium introduced into the neutral beam system and, so far, about two thirds of that introduced into the torus have been recovered.

Published
1992

3. First Results with the Modified Jet - the Jet Team

Author

Adams, J. M., Agarici, Y., Ageladarakis, P., Alper, B., Altmann, H., Andrew, P., Aliarshad, S., Bailey, W., Balet, B., Baranov, Y., Barker, P., Barnsley, R., Baronian, M., Bartlett, D. V., Bell, A. C., Benali, G., Bertolini, E., Bhatnagar, V., Bickley, A. J., Bindslev, H., Blackler, K., Bond, D., Bonicelli, T., Borras, K., Boucquey, P., Brandon, M., Breger, P., Brelen, H., Brewerton, W. J., Brown, T., Budd, T., Bures, M., Burton, P., Businaro, T., Buttgereit, H., Caldwellnichols, C., Campbell, D. J., Campling, D., Card, P., Cecil, F., Celentano, G., Challis, C. D., Chiron, D., Christiansen, J., Chuilon, P., Claesen, R., Clement, S., Coad, J. P., Colombi, S., Cooke, M., Cooper, S., Cordey, J. G., Cottrell, G., Cox, M., Crawley, P., Dacosta, O., Cusack, R., Dantona, G., Davies, N., Davies, S. J., Davis, J. J., Deesch, H., Deksnis, E., Deliyanakis, N., Dines, A., Dmitrenko, S. L., Dobbing, J., Dolgetta, N., Dorling, S. E., Doyle, P. G., Duquenoy, H., Edwards, A., Ehrenberg, J., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Erents, S. K., Eriksson, L. G., Falter, H., Fasoli, A., Fechner, B., Fischer, B., Fishpool, G., Freiling, J., Froger, C., Froissard, P., Fullard, K., Gadeberg, M., Galbiati, L., Garribba, M., Gerstel, U., Giannella, R., Gibson, A., Gill, R. D., Goulding, R., Gondhalekar, A., Goodall, D., Gormezano, C., Gottardi, N. A., Gowers, C., Grisolia, C., Guo, H., Haigh, A., Hancock, C. J., Harbour, P. J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkes, N. P., Hemmerich, J. L., Hender, T., Hoekzema, J., Horton, L., How, J., Howarth, P. J., Howman, A., Huart, M., Hutchinson, I., Hughes, T. P., Hurd, F., Ingram, B., Irving, M., Ishida, S., Jacquinot, J., Jaeckel, H., Jaeger, J. F., Jarvis, O. N., Jensen, F., Johnson, M., Jones, E. M., Jones, Lpdf, Jones, T. T. C., Junger, J. F., Junique, F., Kaye, A., Keen, B. E., Keilhacker, M., Kerner, W., Kidd, N. G., Konig, R., Kupschus, P., Lamalle, P., Lasser, R., Last, J. R., Laurotaroni, L., Laviron, C., Lawson, K., Lazzaro, E., Lennholm, M., Lingertat, J., Lomas, P., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Lyadina, E., Maas, A. C., Macklin, B., Maggi, C. F., Marchese, V., Marcus, F., Mart, J., Martin, D., Martin, T., Matthews, G., McBryan, H., McCormick, G., Meigs, A., Milani, S., Monk, R., Morgan, P., Murphy, G., Nave, F., Newbert, G., Nguyen, F., Nielsen, P., Noll, P., Obert, W., Obrien, D., Oord, E., Ostrom, R., Ottaviani, M., Papastergiou, S., Parail, V. V., Patel, B., Peacock, A., Peacock, N., Pearce, R. J. M., Perry, C., Pick, M. A., Plancoulaine, J., Pogutse, O., Poffe, J. P., Porcelli, F., Porte, L., Prentice, R., Puppin, S., Radford, G., Raimondi, T., Reichle, R., Richards, S., Righi, E., Rimini, F., Rolfe, A., Rookes, A., Ross, R. T., Rossi, A., Rossi, L., Russ, R., Sadler, G., Saibene, G., Salisbury, M., Sanazzaro, G., Santagiustina, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Savrukhin, P., Schaffer, M., Schild, P., Schmid, M., Schunke, B., Scott, S. M., Sharapov, S., Shaw, R. L., Sibley, A., Simonini, R., Sips, A. C. C., Smeulders, P., Smith, R., Soldner, F., Stamp, M., Stangeby, P., Start, D. F., Steed, C. A., Stork, D., Stott, P. E., Stubberfield, P., Summers, D., Summers, H., Suverkropp, W., Svensson, L., Szabo, T., Tabellini, M., Tanga, A., Taroni, A., Terella, C., Tesini, A., Thomas, P. R., Thompson, E., Thomsen, K., Tubbing, B., Vanderbeken, H., Vandergoot, E., Vayakis, G., Vlases, G., Vonhellermann, M., Wade, T., Walker, C., Ward, D., Watkins, M. L., Watkins, N., Watson, M. J., Weber, S., Wesson, J., Wilson, D., Winkel, T., Wolf, R., Woodward, C., Young, I. D., Zannelli, L., Zornig, N., and Zwingmann, W.

Subjects
JET
Abstract

JET was extensively modified in the 1992/93 shutdown. The new pumped divertor and many new systems were brought into operation early in 1994. Operations have progressed to 4MA plasma current and, with substantial additional heating, H-mode confinement results confirm the expected scaling. The high power handling capability of the pumped divertor with sweeping is estimated at 20MW for 20s. H-mode plasmas have large Type I ELMs. With lower hybrid heating alone, 2MA full current drive has been achieved with good efficiency, with ICRF power, effective heating and direct electron heating have been demonstrated.

4. JET - PROGRESS IN PERFORMANCE AND UNDERSTANDING

Author

Keilhacker, M., Adams, Jm, Altmann, H., Andersen, A., Andrew, P., Angelone, M., Arshad, Sa, Bailey, W., Ballantyne, P., Balet, B., Barabaschi, P., Barnsley, R., Baronian, M., Bartlett, Dv, Bell, Ac, Benfatto, I., Benali, G., Bergsaker, H., Bertoldi, P., Bertolini, E., Bhatnagar, V., Bickley, Aj, Bindslev, H., Bonicelli, T., Booth, Sj, Bosia, G., Botman, M., Boucher, D., Boucquey, P., Breger, P., Brelen, H., Brinkschulte, H., Brown, T., Brusati, M., Budd, T., Bures, M., Businaro, T., Butcher, P., Buttgereit, H., Caldwellnichols, C., Campbell, Dj, Card, P., Celentano, G., Challis, Cd, Chankin, Av, Chiron, D., Christiansen, J., Christodoulopoulos, C., Chuilon, P., Claesen, R., Clement, S., Clipsham, E., Coad, Jp, Comiskey, M., Conroy, S., Cooke, M., Cooper, S., Cordey, Jg, Core, W., Corrigan, G., Corti, S., Costley, Ae, Cottrell, G., Cox, M., Cripwell, P., Deblank, H., Deesch, H., Dekock, L., Deksnis, E., Dennehinnov, Gb, Deschamps, G., Dietz, Kj, Dmitrenko, Sl, Dobbing, J., Dolgetta, N., Dorling, Se, Doyle, Pg, Duchs, Df, Duquenoy, H., Edwards, A., Ehrenberg, J., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Erents, Sk, Eriksson, Lg, Fajemirokun, H., Falter, H., Flory, D., Freiling, J., Froger, C., Froissard, P., Fullard, K., Gadeberg, M., Galetsas, A., Gambier, D., Garribba, M., Gaze, P., Giannella, R., Gibson, A., Gill, Rd, Girard, A., Gondhalekar, A., Gormezano, C., Gottardi, Na, Gowers, C., Green, Bj, Haange, R., Haas, G., Haigh, A., Gregory Hammett, Hancock, Cj, Harbour, Pj, Hawkes, Nc, Haynes, P., Hemmerich, Jl, Hender, T., Herzog, Fb, Herzog, Rf, Hoekzema, J., How, J., Huart, M., Hughes, I., Hughes, Tp, Hugon, M., Huguet, M., Hwang, A., Ingram, B., Irving, M., Jacquinot, J., Jaeckel, H., Jaeger, Jf, Janeschitz, G., Jankowicz, S., Jarvis, On, Jensen, F., Jones, Em, Jones, Lpdf, Jones, Ttc, Junger, Jf, Junique, E., Kaye, A., Keen, Be, Kelly, Gj, Kerner, W., Konig, R., Konstantellos, A., Kovanen, M., Kramer, G., Kupschus, P., Lasser, R., Last, Jr, Laundy, B., Laurotaroni, L., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Loarte, A., Lobel, R., Lomas, P., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Macklin, B., Maddison, G., Magyar, G., Mandl, W., Marchese, V., Marcus, F., Mart, J., Martin, E., Martinsolis, R., Massmann, P., Mccracken, G., Meriguet, P., Miele, P., Mills, Sf, Millward, P., Mohanti, R., Mondino, Pl, Montvai, A., Moriyama, S., Morgan, P., Morsi, H., Murphy, G., Mynarends, M., Myrnas, R., Nardone, C., Nave, F., Newbert, G., Newman, M., Nielsen, P., Noll, P., Obert, W., Obrien, D., Orourke, J., Ostrom, R., Ottaviani, M., Pain, M., Paoletti, F., Papastergiou, S., Pasini, D., Peacock, A., Peacock, N., Pearson, D., Desilva, Rp, Perinic, G., Perry, C., Pick, M., Pitts, R., Plancoulaine, J., Poffe, Jp, Porcelli, F., Porte, L., Prentice, R., Puppin, S., Putvinsko, S., Radford, G., Raimondi, T., Deandrade, Mcr, Rebut, Ph, Reichle, R., Righi, E., Rimini, F., Robinson, D., Rolfe, A., Ross, Rt, Rossi, L., Russ, R., Rutter, P., Sack, Hc, Sadler, G., Saibene, G., Salanave, Jl, Sanazzaro, G., Santagiustina, A., Sartori, R., Sborchia, C., Schild, P., Schmid, M., Schmidt, G., Schunke, B., Scott, Sm, Sibley, A., Simonini, R., Sips, Acc, Smeulders, P., Stankiewicz, R., Stamp, M., Stangeby, P., Start, Df, Steed, Ca, Stork, D., Stott, Pe, Stringer, Te, Stubberfield, P., Summers, D., Summers, H., Svensson, L., Tagle, Ja, Tanga, A., Taroni, A., Tesini, A., Thomas, Pr, Thompson, E., Thomsen, K., Todd, Jm, Trevalion, P., Tubbing, B., Tibone, F., Usselmann, E., Vanderbeken, H., Vlases, G., Vonhellermann, M., Wade, T., Walker, C., Walton, R., Ward, D., Watkins, Ml, Watson, Mj, Weber, S., Wesson, J., Wijnands, Tj, Wilks, J., Wilson, D., Winkel, T., Wolf, R., Wolle, B., Wong, D., Woodward, C., Wu, Y., Wykes, M., Young, Id, Zannelli, L., Zhu, Y., and Zwingmann, W.

5. The FTU-D Project

Author

E. Barbato, A. Bruschi, G. Candela, R. Cesario, P. Chuillon, S. Cirant, R. Claesen, V. Cocilovo, A. Coletti, C. Crescenzi, F. Crisanti, A. Cucchiaro, R. De Angelis, G. Fermani, M. Gasparotto, C. Gormezano, G. Granucci, E. Lazzaro, G. Maddaluno, M. Marinucci, G. Mazzitelli, S. Novak, S. Papastergiou, V. Pericoli, L. Pieroni, G. Ramponi, M. Roccella, F. Romanelli, M. Santinelli, L. Semeraro, C. Sozzi, F. Starace, A. A. Tuccillo, O. Tudisco, V. Vitale, L. Zannelli, M. Ariola, F. Villone, G. Vlad, ALBANESE, Raffaele, AMBROSINO, GIUSEPPE, PIRONTI, ALFREDO, Barbato, E., Bruschi, A., Candela, G., Cesario, R., Chuillon, P., Cirant, S., Claesen, R., Cocilovo, V., Coletti, A., Crescenzi, C., Crisanti, F., Cucchiaro, A., De Angelis, R., Fermani, G., Gasparotto, M., Gormezano, C., Granucci, G., Lazzaro, E., Maddaluno, G., Marinucci, M., Mazzitelli, G., Novak, S., Papastergiou, S., Pericoli, V., Pieroni, L., Ramponi, G., Roccella, M., Romanelli, F., Santinelli, M., Semeraro, L., Sozzi, C., Starace, F., Tuccillo, A. A., Tudisco, O., Vitale, V., Zannelli, L., Albanese, Raffaele, Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Ariola, M., Pironti, Alfredo, Villone, F., and Vlad, G.

Subjects
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Abstract

A modification of the FTU tokamak (toroidal field BT = 8T, plasma current IP = 1.6MA, minor radius a = 0.3m, major radius R = 0.93m) is proposed in order to extend the FTU operation to strongly shaped plasmas (FTU-D: R = 1m, a = 0.18 - 0.2m, elongation = 1.6, triangularity up to = 0.8). FTU has a circular vacuum vessel and was built to produce circular plasmas, however unbalancing the currents in the windings of the air core transformer a plasma shaping can be produced. Single Null (SN) and Double Null (DN) equilibria have been studied with a maximum current in the range 0.350-0.450 MA. The scientific aim of the project is the investigation of the advanced tokamak operation, characterised by the simultaneous achievement of high (normalised beta) and high bootstrap current fraction ( fB) in regimes with high-energy confinement obtained by current and pressure profile control. The main features of FTU-D, with respect to other existing tokamaks, are the high magnetic field ( BT = 5 - 2.5T), the high density and aspect ratio value (A = R/a = 5-6) and the possibility of investigating regimes with dominant electron heating.

Published
2001

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