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In view of the objective reality that it takes a long time for debris to locate the impact point when debris impacts the spacecraft bulkhead, timely and accurate determination of the location of the impact source is the premise and basis for damage repair, which is of great significance to the safety of astronauts. In this paper, the experiments of 2A12 aluminium plate impacted by 2A12 aluminium projectile under different impact parameters have been performed by using the self-built acoustic emission testing system and two-stage light gas gun loading system. The calculated coordinates are compared with the experimental coordinates by using triangular positioning method, quadrilateral positioning method and acoustic emission (AE) signal processing method based on Wavelet transform. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of quadrilateral positioning method is better than that of triangular positioning method, and the acoustic emission signal processing method based on wavelet transform is obviously better than that of quadrilateral positioning method.

The objective was to investigate the forestomach fermentation characteristics and diet digestibility in alpacas ( Lama pacos ) and sheep ( Ovis aries ) fed sorghum-sudan or alfalfa at low altitude (793 m). Four 2-year-old alpacas (48 ± 2.3 kg) and four 2-year-old sheep (50 ± 1.7 kg) were used in a study designed as split-plot in two replicated 2 × 2 Latin square, respectively, for alpacas and sheep. The main plot was species (alpacas and sheep) and the subplot was forage source (sorghum-sudan and alfalfa). Diet consisted of 700 g kg −1 forage, which was either sorghum-sudan or alfalfa, and 300 g kg −1 corn-based concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). The animals were housed in metabolism crates and were fed twice daily for 21 days of each experimental period, with 11 days of adaptation and 10 days of sampling. There was interaction between species and forage on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. The concentrations of total VFA decreased by substitution of sorghum-sudan with alfalfa in both species, but the magnitude of the reduction was smaller in alpacas (−17%) than in sheep (−34%). The molar proportions of acetate and BCFA were higher, whereas those of butyrate were lower in alpacas than in sheep with similar proportion of propionate as well as ratio of acetate to propionate between alpacas and sheep. Replacing sorghum-sudan with alfalfa in the diet reduced the ratio of acetate to propionate due to the reduced proportion of acetate and increased proportion of propionate. Ammonia N concentration was about 28% lower in alpacas than in sheep, with no difference between the forages. Redox potential, forestomach pressure, osmolality and methane production were overall lower in alpacas than in sheep. There were no interactions of species with forage source on digestibilities in the total tract. The species had minimal effect on the total digestibilities of nutrients but digestibilities of fibre were lower with alfalfa than with sorghum-sudan diet. The results revealed not only the great differences in forestomach fermentation, but also the similarity of digestibility of nutrients in the total tract between alpacas and sheep at low altitude (793 m).

This paper is based on a research effort aimed at developing a generic device interface and a protocol discovery methodology that can discover user-defined messages of an otherwise standard protocol. Our research focus is on the SEMI standard protocols used in communication between semiconductor manufacturing equipment and host stations for various purposes like recipe downloanding, status enquiry, and process monitoring through data retrieval. This paper describes an in-house developed methodology and framework for discovering user-defined messages from an "unknown" machine in order to rapidly set up communication with a host station based on existing knowledge, logic rules, and "deciphered" communication packets from host-initiated enquiries. This method allows an equipment builder to shorten the delivery time of a newly developed machine because it automates the communication configuration. The end-user benefits from our method because he can start integration of "unknown" equipment at a much earlier stage because of the automatic configuration of the communication middleware.

Summary In the advanced stage of protein glycation, Amadori compounds are degraded to 2-oxoaldehydes such as 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG) and glucosone, which react as cross-linkers. In the present paper, NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductases in porcine tissues were investigated using methylglyoxal (MG), 3DG, and acetaldehyde as substrates. Three reductases, enzyme (I), (II), and (III), were purified from porcine liver. Enzyme (I) named 2-oxoaldehyde reductase was major enzyme metabolizing 3DG, but it was inactive toward alcohols, indicating that enzyme (I) is different from alcohol dehydrogenase (aldehyde reductase). Enzyme (II), which was identified as aldose reductase, was also active toward 3DG. Although enzyme (III) was inactive toward 3DG, it was much active toward acetaldehyde and MG, and showed typical property of aldehyde reductase, EC 1.1.1.2. 2-Oxoaldehyde reductase was purified from chicken liver, and this enzyme inhibited effectively polymerization of glycated lysozyme in vitro.