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Jordan is a country with a population of about five million people. It is considered a developing country that is deficient in generating its own energy source, and it relies significantly on imports of fuels from other countries, which plays an important role in various environmental related problems and issues. Jordan is distinguished among the developing countries by its reasonable industrialization and significant agricultural activities. The amount of waste generated is on the increase due to a continuing significant increase in population and it currently faces pollution of its limited fresh water sources. To mitigate the current and future environmental problems facing Jordan due to fossil fuel use and associated environment problems, Jordan is taking into consideration steps including the utilization of the biogas technology to replace fossil fuel, since Jordan is a nation striving to meet the expected energy demand that grows annually by 6%. Studies of quantity per capita estimates Jorda...

Silicon spontaneously reacts with HF and DF to form the molecules HSiF and DSiF in solid argon. Photolysis of the matrix during deposition greatly enhances the yield of these products. Frequencies for the three infrared active modes of HSiF and DSiF have been accurately measured. The force field of this triatomic molecule has been fully determined through normal coordinate analyses. Thermodynamic functions for the fluorosilylene have been calculated.

The infrared spectra of matrix isolated sodium and potassium chlorides and cyanides in different inert gas matrices were examined over the range 4000 cm −1 to 33 cm −1 . A study of the effect of superheating the vapor species on the spectra has been carried out. Temperature cycling experiments have been pursued in an attempt to differentiate between bands due to monomers, dimers, and higher polymers. Isotopic frequency shifts were measured for a carbon-13 enriched sample of sodium cyanide and carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 enriched samples of potassium cyanide in the CN region. Symmetry force constants were calculated assuming a cyclic rhombic structure for the dimers. In the case of the cyanide dimer, the CN group of the molecule was considered as a halide atom. Finally a comparison is given between the symmetry force constants of the dimers of the alkali metal fluorides, cyanides and chlorides.

The i.r. absorption spectra of sodium and potassium fluorides isolated in solid argon have been obtained. The assignment of the fundamental modes of NaF and KF, and of the B3u, B2u, and B1u modes of (NaF)2 and (KF)2 has been made assuming a planar rhomboid structure of D2h symmetry for the dimers. A brief discussion is given on the possibility of assigning some of the absorption features in the spectra to linear (NaF)2 and (KF)2 assuming a bifluoride arrangement.

The infrared spectra of matrix-isolated sodium and potassium cyanides in neon, argon, krypton, and nitrogen matrices were examined over the range 4000 cm−1 to 33 cm−1. The effect of temperature cycling, which normally results in migration of trapped molecules to generate polymeric species, has been pursued. A careful study of the effect of superheating the vapor species on the spectra has also been carried out. By these means it has been possible to identify the bands in the spectrum due to monomeric and polymeric species. Isotopic frequency shifts were measured for a 13C-enriched sample of sodium cyanide and 13C- and 15N-enriched samples of potassium cyanide. From the measured isotopic shifts it was possible to determine the structure of these two compounds as being linear NaCN and KCN. Accurate force constants were calculated using the measured frequency values for the three fundamental vibrational modes of the different isotopic molecules of NaCN and KCN. Bands due to sodium and potassium cyanates were also identified in some of these systems. 13C and 15N isotopic frequency shifts were also observed for NaOCN and KOCN.

The infrared spectrum of lithium isocyanide trapped in solid matrices of neon, argon, and nitrogen was examined over the range 4000–33 cm−1. The effect of temperature cycling, which results in migration of trapped molecules to generate polymeric species, has been pursued. A careful study of the effect on the spectra of superheating the vapor species has been carried out. By these means it has been possible to identify the bands in the spectrum due to monomeric and to polymeric species. This paper is only concerned with the monomeric species. Isotope frequency shifts were measured for carbon‐13, nitrogen‐15, and lithium‐6 enriched samples of lithium isocyanide. From the measured isotopic shifts it was possible to determine the structure of the monomer of the lithium compound as being linear LiNC. Accurate force constants were calculated using the measured frequency values of the three fundamental vibrational modes of the different isotopic molecules of LiNC.

This study focuses on the interactions and reactions of silicon atoms and molecules with water. Initially, a silicon–water adduct (Si:OH2) is formed, as noticed from the red shift of the ν2 bending modes of H2O, HDO, and D2O. This silicon “hydrate’’ complex rearranges spontaneously through hydrogen tunneling to give HSiOH and HSiOD as final products of the reaction of Si with H2O and HDO. Photolysis of Si:OD2 with λ⩾400 nm is necessary for the production of the deuterated insertion product DSiOD. All silicon hydroxy–hydrides undergo a photolytic decomposition reaction when strongly irradiated to give silicon monoxide and molecular hydrogen or two hydrogen atoms. Band assignments for trans‐HSiOH, trans‐ and cis‐HSiOD, and DSiOD have been made. It appears that the cis‐isomer converts to the more stable trans‐isomer when the matrix is heated. The SiOH bond angle has been calculated for a planar structure of Cs symmetry using the Redlich–Teller product rule and the torsional frequencies for HSiOH, HSiOD, and ...

Silicon spontaneously reacts with HF and DF to form the molecules HSiF and DSiF in solid argon. Photolysis of the matrix during deposition greatly enhances the yield of these products. Frequencies for the three infrared active modes of HSiF and DSiF have been accurately measured. The force field of this triatomic molecule has been fully determined through normal coordinate analyses. Thermodynamic functions for the fluorosilylene have been calculated.

The infrared spectra of lithium isocyanide and of sodium and potassium cyanides in the solid phase were examined over the range 4000 to 140 cm−1 at room temperature. A study of the effect of cooling the solids to liquid nitrogen temperature has been carried out.