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The beam power of the CEPC Collider is about 60 MW, so an efficiency of an RF power source is very important for cost of project implementation. The most popular source for an accelerator is a klystron, which has the advantage that it can be operated at high power with a reasonable high efficiency. IHEP is developing 650 MHz klystron with 800 kW CW output power and 80% efficiency. To reach this goal, a couple of klystron prototypes will be manufactured in the near future. The first prototype is completely manufactured by Institute of Electronics (IE) and GLVAC Company and the first step of high-power conditioning and commissioning is also completed in IHEP. The design schemes of high-efficiency klystron are also in progress.

To analyze and model the dynamic efficiency of vehicle transmission system, the theoretical power losses formulas of the spur/helical gear under the condition of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) were deduced. The spur gear meshing efficiency model was validated by comparing the predicted models with measured data. The formulas of oil churning, windage, and bearing power losses, which are widely applied and fit the experimental results well, were employed to analyze the efficiency of manual transmission system. In terms of formulas of power losses of each part in the transmission, the dynamic transmission efficiency model of manual transmission/reducer based on Matlab/Simulink was established. The efficiency map of each shift of a specific five-speed manual transmission was simulated under new European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Finally, in terms of simulation results, a new type gearbox was proposed and analyzed, which is capable of improving transmission efficiency significantly.

To study the complications occurred in the process of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-EMCO) in critically ill children.To analyze retrospectively 25 children who were admitted to PICU of Children's Hospital of Fudan University from December 2011 to December 2015. They were all treated with VA-ECMO with incision and catheterization in right internal carotid artery and jugular vein. Complications were recorded during ECMO process.The duration of ECMO treatment was 14 to 567 h (153 (112, 204) h). Seventeen cases (68%) withdrew from ECMO successfully and 15 cases (60%) survived to discharge. Thirty-three complications occurred during ECMO treatment. Of which, mechanical complications occurred 9 times, including oxygenator leakage (n=3), hemolysis (n=2), water tank failure (n=2), pump head rupture (n=1) and piping thrombosis (n=1). Somatic complications appeared 24 times, including neurological complications (n=8) which included cerebral infarction (n=2), convulsions (n=2), intracranial hemorrhage (n=2), thrombosis after ligation of internal jugular vein (n=1) and cerebral atrophy (n=1); bleeding complications (n=8) which included bleeding at puncture sites (n=4), ECMO canalized site bleeding (n=3), and spontaneous (n=1), intracranial hemorrhage or hematoma cases(n=2) in mechanical complications; acute kidney injury (n=5) and microcirculation thrombosis (n=3).ECMO technique may cause complications, which mainly include neurological, mechanical and clotting complications. Advanced equipments and materials and well-managed teamwork are helpful in decreasing complications.

To summarize the experience in applying a technique of inserting a cannula through right internal jugular vein and common carotid artery to build extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill children.The data of critically ill patients received ECMO support through right internal jugular vein and common carotid artery between December 2011 and December 2015 from Children's Hospital of Fudan University were analyzed retrospectively.The data included diagnosis, age, body weight, time of cannula and ECMO running, complication and prognosis.In total 28 patients received ECMO support, 3 patients of post-cardiac surgery with transthoracic cannula were excluded.Twenty-five patients inserted cannula through neck vessels were enrolled, 15 boys and 10 girls, the median age was 1.8 years (range, 1 d-13 years), the median weight was 12.0 (2.8-50.0) kg.All the cannula sites were right internal jugular vein and right common carotid artery, before cannula use 5 patients had been inserted central vein tube and 3 patients with blood filter tube in right internal jugular vein, in one case cannula was applied during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.V-A ECMO had been built for all the cases successfully, the median operation time was (45±26) min.The pump flow was 80-150 ml/(kg·min), the median duration of ECMO support was 153(14-567) h. Sixteen (64%) patients weaned off ECMO successfully, 15(60%) survived to hospital discharge.About the complication of cannula, six patients developed cannula site bleeding, and two patients required re-fixation of cannula, one patient's external jugular vein had been hurt and sutured for bleeding.Application of right jugular vessels to build ECMO is easy and safe for treating the sick children. The skill should be proficient to assure ECMO run and reduce the complications.

Summary What is known and Objective: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Vildagliptin is an oral DPP-4 inhibitor approved in more than 70 countries. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to provide an update on the clinical efficacy and safety of vildagliptin in patients with T2DM. Methods: A literature search identified 30 randomized controlled trials comparing vildagliptin with comparators (placebo or other hypoglycaemic agents). Meta-analyses were conducted for HbA1c, weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hypoglycaemia and other adverse events. The outcomes of HbA1c, weight and FPG were analysed as weighted mean differences (WMD), and the number of ADRs events as relative risks (RR). Results: Compared with placebo, vildagliptin lowered HbA1c {WMD, −0·77% [95% confidence interval (CI), −0·96% to −0·58%] for 100 mg/day of vildagliptin and −0·58% [95% CI, −0·72% to −0·44%] for 50 mg/day of vildagliptin}. The effect was non-inferior to thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas and α-glycosidase inhibitors, but inferior to metformin. Compared with placebo, treatment with 50 mg/day of vildagliptin caused neutral weight changes, while 100 mg/day of vildagliptin resulted in slight weight gain [0·95 kg (95% CI, 0·73–1·17 kg)]. In addition, compared to comparators, vildagliptin was not associated with an increase in overall risk for any adverse events [RR, 0·97 (95% CI, 0·94–0·99)]. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was low with vildagliptin, and the risk with vildagliptin was not significantly different from the comparators [0·85 (95% CI, 0·49–1·47)]. The use of vildagliptin did not display any increased risks of infection [1·03 (95% CI, 0·94–1·13) for nasopharyngitis and 1·07 (95% CI, 0·90–1·27) for upper respiratory tract infection]. What is new and Conclusion: Vildagliptin is effective in glycaemic control with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and other adverse reactions. This may have an important impact on patient adherence to this medication.

The present work reported the preparation of Cu–25 wt-%Si3N4 nanocomposite powders via high energy ball milling (HEBM). The phases and morphologies of as-milled powders with various milling times were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results showed that with increasing the milling time, the irregularly shaped Cu powder became flattened, and, subsequently, refined and near spherical. After 12 h milling, the particle size of Cu–Si3N4 composite powders was in the range of 200–300 nm, while the grain size of Si3N4 particulates, 10–25 nm, was well within a nanometre scale. A uniform distribution of the nanosized Si3N4 reinforcing phase throughout the Cu matrix was successfully obtained. A reasonable mechanism for the formation of Cu–Si3N4 nanocomposite powders during HEBM was also proposed.

Evidence of ψ ( 3770 ) decays to a non- D D ¯ final state is observed. A total of 11.8 ± 4.8 ± 1.3 ψ ( 3770 ) → J / ψ π + π − events are obtained from a data sample of 27.7 pb−1 taken at center-of-mass energies around 3.773 GeV using the BES-II detector at the BEPC. The branching fraction is determined to be BF ( ψ ( 3770 ) → J / ψ π + π − ) = ( 0.34 ± 0.14 ± 0.09 ) % , corresponding to the partial width of Γ ( ψ ( 3770 ) → J / ψ π + π − ) = ( 80 ± 33 ± 23 ) keV .

In a sample of 58 million $J/\psi$ events collected with the BES II detector, the process J/$\psi\to\gamma\eta_c$ is observed in five different decay channels: $\gamma K^+K^-\pi^+\pi^-$, $\gamma\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$, $\gamma K^\pm K^0_S \pi^\mp$ (with $K^0_S\to\pi^+\pi^-$), $\gamma \phi\phi$ (with $\phi\to K^+K^-$) and $\gamma p\bar{p}$. From a combined fit of all five channels, we determine the mass and full-width of $\eta_c$ to be $m_{\eta_c}=2977.5\pm1.0 ({stat.})\pm1.2 ({syst.})$ MeV/$c^2$ and $\Gamma_{\eta_c} = 17.0\pm3.7 ({stat.})\pm7.4 ({syst.})$ MeV/$c^2$., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures and 4 table. Submitted to Phys. Lett. B

Background Insulin resistance is common in septic patients. The level at which the serum glucose should be maintained using insulin infusions for optimal utilization by skeletal muscles is not yet established. Objective The objective of the present study was to compare glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA and GLUT4 expression and glucose utilization at the recommended glucose levels of 6-8 mmol/L (110-140 mg/dL) and 8-10 mmol/L (140-180 mg/dL) in septic rats. Subjects and methods This was a prospective randomized study using 44 Sprague-Dawley rats (260-330 g). Rats were anaesthetized with gaseous diethyl ether. Catheters were implanted into the jugular vein and artery. Following a laparotomy, rats in the experimental group (n = 36) were rendered septic by standard caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion (O111:[B4], 1 mg/kg). Control animals (n = 8) underwent laparotomy, but no caecal ligation or puncture and no LPS injection. Four experimental groups were studied: sham-operated control, sepsis treated with fluid maintenance only, sepsis treated with fluid and insulin infusion controlling blood glucose concentration at 6-8 mmol/L and sepsis treated with fluid and insulin infusion controlling blood glucose concentration at 8-10 mmol/L. Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp experiment was done before fluid maintenance and insulin treatment to calculate average glucose infusion rate. Results All septic rats were markedly hyperglycaemic compared with sham-operated controls two hours after operation. Glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp experiment was slower in septic rats, suggesting that they were insulin resistant. At the 12th and 24th hour, skeletal muscle was taken to observe pathological change and analyse the GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 levels. There were more inflammatory cells, less GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 expression in the skeletal muscles of septic rats. Insulin increased the expression of GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 in the skeletal muscle of septic rats. Among all septic rats, the expression of GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 was more in the 8-10 mmol/L group. Conclusion Blood glucose concentration of 8-10 mmol/L results in more glucose utilization than 6-8 mmol/L in the skeletal muscle of septic rats during insulin therapy.

Cirrhotic patients are prone to developing renal dysfunction after anaesthesia and surgery. However, no consensus has been reached whether sevoflurane could have adverse effects on renal function in cirrhotic patients. We hypothesised that the use of sevoflurane for general anaesthesia would lead to post-operative renal dysfunction in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection.A total of 200 patients undergoing liver resection were randomly assigned to a propofol or sevoflurane group. The influence of sevoflurane or propofol on renal function was evaluated by the maximal change, the difference between the pre-operative baseline and the highest values of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen measured at day 1, 3 and 6 post-operatively.The maximal change in serum creatinine after liver resection was -4.52 (5.78) μmol/l and -3.37 (7.34) μmol/l with P = 0.398, and that in blood urea nitrogen was 0.41 (1.49) mmol/l and 0.93 (1.54) mmol/l with P = 0.098 between the sevoflurane group (n = 52) and the propofol group (n = 50), respectively.Sevoflurane does not seem to impair post-operative renal function in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection.

We report on the photometric and colorimetric properties of surface and polymer network stabilized reflective cholesteric displays. Both diffuse and partially diffuse illumination are used, the latter being an experimental approach to emulating typical room light conditions. It is shown that addition of polymer increases the field of view while decreasing angular dependence of the color quantities: hue, chroma, and lightness. Total luminance and contrast ratio, however, are also decreased. Therefore, it is concluded that optimum polymer concentration is dependent on the viewing geometry. Luminance and contrast ratio of the surface stabilized cells exceeded that of polymer stabilized cell when viewed in a geometry void of specular reflection. Colorimetric quantities in surface stabilized cells are less sensitive to illumination geometry. This suggests that for displays in which specular reflection has been suppressed, surface treatment represents the best method of stabilization. If the viewing angle allow...

We report on the optical reflective properties of the planar texture of cholesteric liquid crystal reflective displays. The reflecting liquid‐crystal medium is partitioned into many distinguishable domains, each of which is characterized by its local dielectric anisotropy. Such a multidomain cholesteric liquid crystal is made bistable by either dispersing a low concentration of polymer or by treating the cell substrate surfaces, both of which affect the domain alignment. Both types of cells result in a bistable colorful reflective display. We determine the role that the polymer network and surface alignment has on the reflective properties in regard to their photometric and colorimetric properties as a function of viewing angle using both collimated and diffuse illumination. Both the polymer network and surface anchoring have the effect of distributing the orientation of the cholesteric helix axes about the cell normal. Theoretically we characterize these cells by this distribution. Our goal is to properl...

Background and purpose The objective was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treating upper-limb post-stroke spasticity (ULPSS) with usual care (UC) plus onabotulinumtoxinA versus UC alone in Scotland. Methods We developed a model to simulate costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from treating ULPSS. Efficacy data and health utilities were taken from clinical trials. Unit costs were taken from published Scottish sources. We compared UC plus onabotulinumtoxinA and UC alone in three scenarios: (i) a scenario from the National Health Service perspective, which included differences in onabotulinumtoxinA use, specialist visits and day-hospital visits; (ii) a scenario that only included differences in onabotulinumtoxinA use and specialist visits; and (iii) a scenario from a societal perspective that included differences in onabotulinumtoxinA use, specialist visits and caregiver burden. Results In the first scenario, the model predicted that UC plus onabotulinumtoxinA produced 0.107 QALYs at an additional cost of £1099 compared with UC alone over 5 years, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £10 271/QALY. In the second scenario, the ICER increased to £27 134/QALY. In the third scenario (societal perspective), UC plus onabotulinumtoxinA produced lower total cost and higher QALYs, and therefore was superior to UC alone. Conclusions Based on a model, UC plus onabotulinumtoxinA improved disability, which translated into greater QALYs but also increased direct medical costs compared with UC alone; however, the resulting ICER can be considered cost-effective. Moreover, UC plus onabotulinumtoxinA can be cost-saving if reduction in caregiver burden was included. OnabotulinumtoxinA offers value for money in the management of ULPSS in Scotland.

Cancer-induced bone pain remains a clinical challenge due to the poor understanding of the mechanisms. Recent study revealed extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and P2X receptors may be implicated in nociceptive signalling under cancer pain state. Therefore, here we investigated the potential role of P2X(3) receptor in a rat model of bone cancer pain.Walker 256 tumour cells were inoculated into the left tibia of Wistar rats. The model was verified by X-ray imaging, pathology and behaviour examinations. The expression of P2X(3) receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was examined. Functional significance of altered P2X(3) receptors was investigated by measuring influx upon α,β-meATP stimulation in acutely dissociated DRG neurons. Moreover, A-317491, an antagonist of P2X(3) receptors, was administrated intrathecally or locally to evaluate its analgesia effect in the cancer pain animals.The P2X(3) receptor was up-regulated for about 50% in DRG neurons in rats with bone cancer at both protein and mRNA levels and correlated with the pain behaviour in bone cancer rats. A 51.9% increase of α,β-me ATP (10 μM, for 4 s) evoked transient response currents and a higher percentage of neurons responsive to the application of α,β-me ATP was detected in bone cancer rats. Intrathecal or local injection of A-317491 significantly attenuated pain behaviour induced by bone cancer.These results suggest that the P2X(3) receptor is functionally up-regulated in DRG in cancer rats. P2X(3) receptor is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in cancer patients for pain management.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Vildagliptin is an oral DPP-4 inhibitor approved in more than 70 countries. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to provide an update on the clinical efficacy and safety of vildagliptin in patients with T2DM.A literature search identified 30 randomized controlled trials comparing vildagliptin with comparators (placebo or other hypoglycaemic agents). Meta-analyses were conducted for HbA1c, weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hypoglycaemia and other adverse events. The outcomes of HbA1c, weight and FPG were analysed as weighted mean differences (WMD), and the number of ADRs events as relative risks (RR).Compared with placebo, vildagliptin lowered HbA1c {WMD, -0·77% [95% confidence interval (CI), -0·96% to -0·58%] for 100 mg/day of vildagliptin and -0·58% [95% CI, -0·72% to -0·44%] for 50 mg/day of vildagliptin}. The effect was non-inferior to thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas and α-glycosidase inhibitors, but inferior to metformin. Compared with placebo, treatment with 50 mg/day of vildagliptin caused neutral weight changes, while 100 mg/day of vildagliptin resulted in slight weight gain [0·95 kg (95% CI, 0·73-1·17 kg)]. In addition, compared to comparators, vildagliptin was not associated with an increase in overall risk for any adverse events [RR, 0·97 (95% CI, 0·94-0·99)]. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was low with vildagliptin, and the risk with vildagliptin was not significantly different from the comparators [0·85 (95% CI, 0·49-1·47)]. The use of vildagliptin did not display any increased risks of infection [1·03 (95% CI, 0·94-1·13) for nasopharyngitis and 1·07 (95% CI, 0·90-1·27) for upper respiratory tract infection].Vildagliptin is effective in glycaemic control with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and other adverse reactions. This may have an important impact on patient adherence to this medication.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cannot be propagated in vitro, but the DNA can be replicated transiently in an assay in the presence of two trans-acting viral proteins, E1 and E2. Using this assay, we have defined the minimal cis-acting elements of the origin of replication of HPV type 11. Most HPV genomes are conserved at the origin of replication, and the core contains three E2 binding sites (E2BS) surrounding an A/T-rich spacer region. The present results show that the minimal requirement for replication is either two E2BS alone or the A/T-rich region plus one E2BS; in the latter case the relative position of the E2BS is important. In all the studies, the presence of both E1 and E2 proteins was essential for replication, yet only the E2BS was required at the origin. We have shown that E1, E2, and the origin of replication containing an E2BS from a complex in vitro, and our data are consistent with a model in which E2 acts to target E1 to the HPV type 11 replication origin.

The rab3A gene product is a 25-kilodalton guanine nucleotide-binding protein, expressed at high levels in neural tissue, which has about 30% homology to ras. Recombinant rab3A protein and p25rab3A purified from bovine brain membranes have been used as substrates to look for factors that regulate its biochemical activity. A detergent-soluble factor associated with rat brain membranes exists that accelerates the GTPase activity of both mammalian and recombinant p25rab3A. The activity was thermolabile, sensitive to trypsin, and behaved like an integral membrane protein. GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward p25rab3A was also detected in the cytosolic fraction. This activity was observed in all other tissues examined, in addition to brain. Based upon dose-response data, the rab3A-GAP activity from rat brain was approximately equally distributed between cytosolic and membrane fractions; no activity was found in the nuclear fraction. Recombinant ras-specific GAP had no effect upon the GTPase activity of p25rab3A. By gel filtration chromatography, the factor in rat brain cytosol has a molecular size of 400,000 daltons.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent complication of myeloablative therapy and HSCT. We evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and validity of a new patient self-reported daily questionnaire on OM and its impact on daily functions. This OM Daily Questionnaire (OMDQ), containing 10 items, was developed for use in palifermin clinical trials. In a phase 3 study, 212 patients received palifermin or placebo for three consecutive days before conditioning and three consecutive days after HSCT. Compliance rates were consistently >80% for most patients. Mouth and throat soreness (MTS) and MTS-Activity Limitations (MTS-AL) (swallowing, drinking, eating, talking, and sleeping) scores on consecutive days were highly correlated (days 7,8 = 0.70-0.86; test-retest reliability). Correlations among items measuring the same construct ranged between 0.5 and 0.8 (internal consistency reliability). The WHO Oral Toxicity scale was the clinical comparator to assess the criterion, discriminative, and evaluative validities of MTS-related questions. Most correlation coefficients between the WHO and MTS ranged between 0.45 and 0.55. Patients with more severe WHO OM grades had higher MTS mean scores. Changes in MTS scores were similar, but patients detected changes 1-3 days earlier than clinicians. In conclusion, the OMDQ is a feasible, reliable, valid, and responsive patient-reported measure of OM severity.

To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 gene transfection on the growth of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) and to evaluate a new biomimetic biodegradable polymer as scaffolds for applications in articular cartilage tissue engineering.Principles of tissue engineering were combined organically with principles of gene therapy to produce cultured periosteum-derived MSCs transduced with the full-length rat TGF-beta 1 cDNA in vitro. These cells were then seeded onto three-dimensional porous poly-DL-lactide scaffolds modified with poly-L-lysine that mimicked cell-binding domains found on natural extracellular matrix to promote specific cell adhesion. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the transfected MSCs were examined with scanning electron microscope within 2 weeks.All cells adhered to the biomimetic matrices well, but more cartilage-like tissue was formed for TGF-beta 1 gene modified MSCs/scaffolds composites than for the control groups. Transfer of gene encoding TGF-beta 1 to MSCs promoted its proliferation and differentiation significantly.The TGF-beta 1 gene transduced MSCs/biomimetic matrix composites used in this study was the first attempt to apply the principles of molecular tissue engineering for articular cartilage repair. This new molecular tissue engineering approach could be of potential benefit to repair damaged articular cartilage, especially in osteoarthritis. The new biomimetic biodegradable polymer matrices modified with biomolecules not only have good structural compatibility, but also have better interfacial compatibility and bioactivity, and can be used as scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering.

We observe a narrow enhancement near 2m(p) in the invariant mass spectrum of pp pairs from radiative J/psi-->gammapp decays. No similar structure is seen in J/psi-->pi(0)pp decays. The results are based on an analysis of a 58 x 10(6) event sample of J/psi decays accumulated with the BESII detector at the Beijing electron-positron collider. The enhancement can be fit with either an S- or P-wave Breit-Wigner resonance function. In the case of the S-wave fit, the peak mass is below 2m(p) at M=1859(+3)(-10) (stat)+5-25(syst) MeV/c(2) and the total width is Gamma

We observe a narrow enhancement near 2m(p) in the invariant mass spectrum of pp pairs from radiative J/psi--gammapp decays. No similar structure is seen in J/psi--pi(0)pp decays. The results are based on an analysis of a 58 x 10(6) event sample of J/psi decays accumulated with the BESII detector at the Beijing electron-positron collider. The enhancement can be fit with either an S- or P-wave Breit-Wigner resonance function. In the case of the S-wave fit, the peak mass is below 2m(p) at M=1859(+3)(-10) (stat)+5-25(syst) MeV/c(2) and the total width is Gamma30 MeV/c(2) at the 90% confidence level. These mass and width values are not consistent with the properties of any known particle.

We report measurements of branching fractions for psi(2S) decays into omega pi pi, b1 pi,omega f2(1270),omega KK, omega p pbar, phi pi pi, phi f0(980),phi KK, and an upper limit for phi p pbar final states based on a data sample of 4 X 10^6 psi(2S) events collected with the BESI detector at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider. The branching fractions for b1 pi and omega f2(1270) update previous BES results, while those for other decay modes are first measurements. The ratios of psi(2S)and J/psi branching fractions are smaller than what is expected from the 12% rule by a factor of five for omega f2(1270),by a factor of two for omega pi pi, omega p pbar, and phi KK, while for other studied channels the ratios are consistent with expectation within errors., 9 pages,12 figures and 1 table

We report values of $R\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})/\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ for 85 center-of-mass energies between 2 and $5\mathrm{GeV}$ measured with the upgraded Beijing Spectrometer at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider.

The branching fraction of the psi(2S) decay into tau(+) tau(-) has been measured for the first time using the BES detector at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider. The result is B-tautau =(2.71+/-0.43+/-0.55) x 10(-3), where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. This value, along with those for the branching fractions into e(+)c(-) and mu(+)mu(-) of this resonance, satisfy well the relation predicted by the sequential lepton hypothesis. Combining all these values with the leptonic width of the resonance, the total width of the psi(2S) is determined to be (252+/-37) keV.

We report values of R = sigma(e(+)e(-)--hadrons)/sigma(e(+)e(-)--mu(+)mu(-)) for 85 center-of-mass energies between 2 and 5 GeV measured with the upgraded Beijing Spectrometer at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider.

Asians are the fastest growing minorities in the U.S. To deliver culturally sensitive care is a significant challenge to the nursing profession. Research identifying variables associated with breast self-examination (BSE) in the U.S. has been conducted on Caucasian women, but little is known about Asian women. Based on the health belief model (HBM) and Bandura's social learning theory, the purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the practice of BSE among Chinese women. The Chinese women (n = 174; mean age, 31 years) were surveyed with a 38-item, five-point Likert scale developed by Champion, and Lauver and Angerame, as well as a six-step accuracy check. The factors included susceptibility; seriousness for breast cancer; general efficacy for BSE; specific efficacy of BSE for oneself; competence; comfort; and control. The results showed that only 15% of these Chinese women practiced BSE monthly, and 48% reported never having performed BSE. Approximately 50% had no opinion on perceived susceptibility to and seriousness of breast cancer; nevertheless,80% recognize the efficacy of BSE. Perceived competence significantly accounted for 10% of the variance on BSE frequency (p0.001). Implications for nursing interventions that foster competence in BSE for this population are suggested. The study also demonstrates culturally specific methodological considerations.

In this paper we discuss the optical reflective properties of single and multidomain cholesteric liquid crystals both experimentally and theoretically. The multidomain system has been prepared by dispersing a low concentration of polymer in a cholesteric liquid crystal. This results in a (passive) bistable colorful reflective display. Here we discuss the role of the polymer in altering the reflective properties in regard to their spectra and viewing characteristics. Theoretically we offer an application of the well known Berreman method [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 502 (1972)] suitable for systems composed of an ensemble of uncorrelated domains, each of which is composed of the same dielectric anisotropy, however with its own local orientation. Using this technique the reflective properties of a cholesteric liquid crystal possessing a distribution in the orientation of the helix axes are simulated. We furthermore illustrate how a small fluctuation in the pitch from one domain to another significantly reduces any interference fringes. From these simulations we will show how experimentally by using a polymer network one may control the extent to which the orientation of the helix axes are distributed.

We report on the optical reflective properties of the planar texture of cholesteric liquid crystal displays. The cholesteric liquid crystal is made bistable by either dispersing a low concentration of polymer or by treating the cell substrate surfaces. We determine the role that the polymer network and surface treatment has on the reflective properties as a funciton of viewing angle using both collimated and diffuse illumination. Both the polymer network and surface treatment have the effect of distributing the orientation of the cholesteric helix axes about the cell normal. Theoretically we characterize these cells by this distribution.

The rab3A gene product is a 25-kilodalton guanine nucleotide-binding protein, expressed at high levels in neural tissue, which has about 30% homology to ras. Recombinant rab3A protein and p25rab3A purified from bovine brain membranes have been used as substrates to look for factors that regulate its biochemical activity. A detergent-soluble factor associated with rat brain membranes exists that accelerates the GTPase activity of both mammalian and recombinant p25rab3A. The activity was thermolabile, sensitive to trypsin, and behaved like an integral membrane protein. GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward p25rab3A was also detected in the cytosolic fraction. This activity was observed in all other tissues examined, in addition to brain. Based upon dose-response data, the rab3A-GAP activity from rat brain was approximately equally distributed between cytosolic and membrane fractions; no activity was found in the nuclear fraction. Recombinant ras-specific GAP had no effect upon the GTPase activity of p25rab3A. By gel filtration chromatography, the factor in rat brain cytosol has a molecular size of 400,000 daltons.

A multifunctional film with light diffusing and brightness enhancement capabilities has been successfully developed. The multifunctional film eliminates the need of costly prism film and diffuser plate in LCD TV backlight. Backlight using the film provides comparable or superior performance when compared with commercial backlights.

Tolerization of SJL/J mice with splenocytes coupled with proteolipid protein (PLP), the major protein component of central nervous system myelin, resulted in dramatic inhibition of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) induced by mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH). Mice tolerized with splenocytes coupled with MSCH (a complex mixture of neuroantigens) or with purified PLP, but not purified myelin basic protein, were resistant to the development of clinical and histologic R-EAE. In addition, mice rendered tolerant to an encephalitogenic peptide of PLP were significantly protected, whereas mice tolerized to a nonencephalitogenic peptide of PLP were highly susceptible, to the induction of MSCH-induced R-EAE. Thus, immune responses directed against encephalitogenic regions of PLP appear to play a major role in the development of R-EAE induced by MSCH in SJL/J mice. These results also indicate that determinant-specific immune tolerance is a feasible approach to the regulation of a disease that involves autoimmune responses to a variety of Ag.

— A unique roll-to-roll mass-producible high-transmission wide-angle diffuser (WAD™) film for use in LCD backlights is reported. WAD™ diffuser films include optical structures that efficiently manage forward light scattering and significantly reduces backward light scattering. WAD™ technology facilitates backlights with significantly higher brightness and thinner backlight profiles.

We have developed a polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal which exhibits two stable states at zero field: reflecting planar texture and non-reflective focal conic texture. Both states have thresholds under driving voltage pulses. The material can be used to make multiplexed displays on passive matrix. Because the liquid crystal is encapsulated, the dispersion can be coated on plastic substrates to make large size displays. Furthermore, it can be used to make single layer full color displays by using a photo-tuning method.

An analysis has been carried out on both the degree of synchronisation and the effect of the air gap in Mertz's first field-compensation method. A new stigmatic field-compensating scanning method is proposed based on the result of the analysis. In this method, mirrors are plated on the back of the compensating wedges, the optics remain simple and stigmatic, and both the spherical and the chromatic aberrations are the same as those in Mertz's first method. In comparison with Mertz's first method, the new scanning method allows larger tolerances in the synchronised motions and hence these motions can be achieved without great difficulties. This new method is being applied to a scanning wide-angle Michelson interferometer.

A dynamic alignment system has been developed for a scanning wide-angle Michelson interferometer. The system is controlled by a computer in real time. It dynamically corrects the tilt of the moving mirror in the interferometer and keeps the two mirror surfaces parallel within 1.1*10-6 rad, while the mirror moves 80 mm obliquely to the optical axis. This relatively simple system is very effective and can be applied to other conventional or wide-angle scanning Michelson interferometers.

Immunization of animals with proteolipid protein, the major protein constituent of central nervous system myelin, produces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The goal of the present study was to identify an encephalitogenic determinant of this protein. For this purpose, SWR mice were immunized with five groups of pooled synthetic peptides corresponding to various regions of the myelin proteolipid protein sequence. Clinical EAE was observed in only one group. Inguinal lymph node cells from animals in this group responded ([3H]thymidine incorporation) to a peptide within the pool containing residues 103-116 YKTTICGKGLSATV. Mice subsequently immunized with 50 nmol of this peptide developed severe EAE within 3 wk, and their T cell-enriched inguinal lymph node cells responded specifically to this peptide. Control mice immunized to proteolipid peptide 202-217 DARMYGVLPWNAFPGK did not develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and their inguinal lymph node cells were unresponsive to either peptide. Thus, a peptide corresponding to a sequence within the proteolipid protein can produce classical acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. This is the first report of a synthetic encephalitogenic peptide from myelin proteolipid protein.

The viral proteins E1 and E2 are essential for the replication of the HPV-11 origin. We have now mapped the E1 binding site (E1BS) and show by mutation analysis that the E1BS and an adjoining poly(A)-rich region are necessary for efficient replication of the origin. We have also shown, using suboptimal levels of E1 protein, that enhancement of E1 binding by E2 partially protects the E1BS. Finally, we show that E1 can enhance the binding of E2 even in the absence of the E1BS.

INTRODUCTIONTh1 onstruction of scanning wide -angle Michelson interferometers using existing field compensationmethods1)2) is difficult and costly, especially in the visible region3)4). The new stigmatic field -compensation method5)used in the current scanning wide -angle Michelson interferometer, overcomes thebarrier of the high degree of synchronized motions that are required by Mertz's First Method1)5). Adynamic alignment system was also developed for the instrument to keep the two mirrors of the inter-ferometer parallel during a scan. The operation of the instrument is controlled by a computer inreal time.