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With an integrated luminosity of 45 $$\mathrm{ab}^{-1}$$ at $$\sqrt{s} = 91.2$$ GeV, more than $$10^{12}$$ $$\mathrm{Z}$$ bosons will be produced at the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). As a real $$\mathrm{Z}$$ boson factory, the precise study of $$\mathrm{Z}$$ boson physics can be achieved. In this paper, the relative partial width, $$R_{b}$$ , of $$\mathrm{Z}$$ boson into b quarks, is measured on the CEPC Monte Carlo level. Based on the latest CEPC detector concept, the $$\mathrm{Z}$$ hadronic decay channel is simulated and reconstructed by the CEPC software framework. By using the double-tagging method, $$R_b$$ can be solved from several equations referring to the ratios of b-tagged jet hemispheres in $$\mathrm{Z}$$ hadronic events. With the high performance of the b-tagging algorithm for CEPC, the b-tagging correlation between the two jet hemispheres can be reduced. By carrying out a closure test, the double-tagging method is verified to work well as we expected. We further estimated the dependence of systematic errors on the b-tagging efficiencies of the charm and light jet, as well as the b-tagging correlation between two jet hemispheres. The sources of systematic errors, such as physics modeling and hemisphere correlation, are investigated and studied preliminarily. Several kinds of error sources related to the hemisphere correlation are studied with the characterized variables.

The dwarf musk deer, or Chinese forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is an endangered artiodactyl species native to a narrow region in southern and central China as well as northernmost Vietnam. This species is well known for the habit of male musk deer to secrete musk from the musk gland. Unmated male forest musk deer secrete a greater amount of musk than mated males, which probably allows them to attract a greater number of females. However, transcriptome data for this species are deficient, and the potential transcriptional pathways of musk production remain unknown. In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to perform an in-depth survey of transcriptome data from musk gland and to compare the transcriptome differences between mated- and unmated sexually mature Chinese forest musk deer. There were 13,009 and 12,995 genes were expressed in unmated and mated musk glands tissue. In addition to analyzing these genes, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes in musk gland tissue between mated and unmated Chinese forest musk deer males. One hundred and thirty seven genes were found differentially expressed. We found that some genes in “PPAR signaling pathway”, “PI3K-Akt signaling pathway” and “Thyroid hormone synthesis” pathways may be associated with musk production and the secretion of the musk deer. The annotated genes and differentially expressed genes in this study can be applied in conservation or utilization study of musk deer in the future.

Circular electron positron colliders, such as the CEPC and FCC-ee, have been proposed to measure Higgs boson properties precisely, test the Standard Model, search for physics beyond the Standard Model, and so on. One of the important goals of these colliders is to measure the $W$ boson mass with great precision by taking data around the $W$-pair production threshold. In this paper, the data-taking scheme is investigated to maximize the achievable precisions of the $W$ boson mass and width with a threshold scan, when various systematic uncertainties are taken into account. The study shows that an optimal and realistic data-taking scheme is to collect data at three center-of-mass energies and that precisions of 1.0 MeV and 3.4 MeV can be achieved for the mass and width of the $W$ boson, respectively, with a total integrated luminosity of $\mathcal{L}=3.2$~\mbox{ab}$^{-1}$ and several assumptions of the systematic uncertainty sources., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures and 4 tables

Analytical bounds for Asian options are almost exclusively available in the Black–Scholes framework. In this paper we derive bounds for the price of a discretely monitored arithmetic Asian option when the underlying asset follows an arbitrary Levy process. Explicit formulas are given for Kou’s model, Merton’s model, the normal inverse Gaussian model, the CGMY model and the variance gamma model. The results are compared with the comonotonic upper bound, existing numerical results, Monte carlo simulations and in the case of the variance gamma model with an existing lower bound. The method outlined here provides lower and upper bounds that are quick to evaluate, and more accurate than existing bounds.

In this paper, a time substitution as used by Duru and Kleinert in their treatment of the hydrogen atom with path integrals is performed to price timer options under stochastic volatility models. We present general pricing formulas for both the perpetual timer call options and the finite time-horizon timer call options. These general results allow us to find closed-form pricing formulas for both the perpetual and the finite time-horizon timer options under the 3/2 stochastic volatility model as well as under the Heston stochastic volatility model. For the treatment of timer options under the 3/2 model we will rely on the path integral for the Morse potential, with the Heston model we will rely on the Kratzer potential.

To investigate the relationship of high hematocrit with changes of the blood viscosity during in the environment of altitude hypoxia.Index of hemorheology was determined from populations with different time of inhabit highland and normal controls.(1) Hematocrit and RBC deformability were higher in all highland populations than that in normal controls, these increase were time-dependent. (2) The blood viscosity was increased significantly during the early stage of inhabit highland, and restored normal in late stage. (3) RBC aggregability was reduced significantly with time-dependent in highland populations. (4) The oxygen content of tissue was reduced significantly during the early stage of inhabit highland, and restored normal in late stage.In the environment of altitude hypoxia, RBC deformability increase and RBC aggregability decrease can suppress blood viscosity increase induced by erythrocytosis, these compensatory regulation is help to maintain the normal oxygen content of tissue.

Path integral techniques for the pricing of financial options are mostly based on models that can be recast in terms of a Fokker-Planck differential equation and that, consequently, neglect jumps and only describe drift and diffusion. We present a method to adapt formulas for both the path-integral propagators and the option prices themselves, so that jump processes are taken into account in conjunction with the usual drift and diffusion terms. In particular, we focus on stochastic volatility models, such as the exponential Vasicek model, and extend the pricing formulas and propagator of this model to incorporate jump diffusion with a given jump size distribution. This model is of importance to include non-Gaussian fluctuations beyond the Black-Scholes model, and moreover yields a lognormal distribution of the volatilities, in agreement with results from superstatistical analysis. The results obtained in the present formalism are checked with Monte Carlo simulations., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

SUMMARYSwamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle (B. indicusxB. taurus) were offered two forages in two experiments. In Expt 1, four animals of each species were offered mature Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana) with a mineral supplement or with a supplement of minerals and urea (17·6 gN/d). In Expt 2, another group of four buffaloes and four cattle were offered mature spear grass hay(Heteropogon contortus) with mineral supplementation at intervals of 3 h. Four levels of urea (0, 5, 21 and 97 g/day) and35S-sulphate were continuously infused in four periods.Rhodes grass was consumed in greater amounts by cattle, whereas buffaloes ate more spear grass. Urea supplements increased intake of Rhodes grass by 12% in buffaloes and 22% in cattle, and of spear grass by 34% in buffaloes and 41 % in cattle. Digestibility of cell wall constituents and acid-detergent fibre of spear grass was lower (P< 0·05) in buffaloes than in cattle (417v. 499; 471v. 560 g/kg respectively). In Expt 2, dry matter digestibility progressively increased (P< 0·05) from 364 to 408 g/kg with increased urea infusion. Rumen dry matter pool increased by 11–21 % on infusion of 97 g urea/day, compared with no urea. Digestion of ground forages incubatedin situin the rumen was depressed below rumen ammonia levels of 30–60 mg N/l, while digestion of cotton thread was depressed below 60–80 mg N/l (Expt 1) or 150–200 mg N/l (Expt 2).Patterns of N content in cotton thread suggested that more microbes attached in buffaloes and there was subsequently faster detachment than in cattle, particularly with increased urea infusion.

To study the compression factor and clinical manifestation of the compression of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve.Anatomic study was done on both sides of 2 cadavers and 6 cases of hand injury in the debridement, the origin, course, branch of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve were observed. From 1995 to 1998, 12 patients of compression of the palmar cutaneous branch were treated by local blockade injection. Among them, there were 8 males and 4 females, aged from 23 to 65 years and the course of disease ranged 3 to 12 months.The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve was (1.3 +/- 0.1) mm in diameter, it could be pulled when the wrist dorsi-extension. All cases showed good recovery of hand function and no recurrence after 4 to 12 months follow-up.The palmar cutaneous branch compression syndrome is closely related to the local anatomy. The diagnosis is definite according to the clinical symptoms and signs, and local blocking is effective on the most patients.

To study the central hypotensive mechanism of Veratrum nigrum L var ussurience Nakai alkaloids (VnA) in renal hypertensive rats(RHR).The quantitative method of immunocytochemistry (ICC) was used to observe and detect the effect of VnA (30 micrograms.kg-1, i.v.) on activity of central catecholaminergic (CA) neurons of C1, C2, A1, and A5 areas in RHR.VnA increased the immunoreactivity (IR) of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (TM)-immunopositive (IP) neurons of C1, C2, and A5 areas in RHR experimental group compared with RHR control group [positive units: (1.9 +/- 0.4), (1.18 +/- 0.23), (1.2 +/- 0.4) vs (0.15 +/- 0.22), (0.31 +/- 0.16), (0.69 +/- 0.20), respectively]; IR of TM-IP neurons of C1 and C2 areas in RHR control group was decreased compared with sham-operated group [positive units: (0.15 +/- 0.22), (0.31 +/- 0.16) vs (1.45 +/- 0.29), (1.36 +/- 0.25), respectively].VnA increased the activity of central CA neurons in RHR to exert its hypotensive effect.

To study the effects of vinpocetine (Vin) on the sodium current (INa) in cardiomyocytes.The sodium current in adult rat ventricular myocytes was measured by whole cell patch-clamp technique.The INa in cardiomyocytes was blocked reversibly by Vin, in concentration-dependent and voltage-dependent manner, but not rate- or use-dependent. The INa was attenuated by 13%-75% when the Vin concentration was raised from 10 to 80 mumol.L-1. The IC50 (95% confidence limits) was 36.4 (28.1-47.1) mumol.L-1. When the membrane potential depolarized over the range of -90 mV to +40 mV in 10-mV step, inhibitory effect of Vin on the INa was 39% at first, then maintained at a higher level, about 52% +/- 5%. The maximal depression (57%) reached at about 0 mV. Vin influenced both the activation and inactivation processes of sodium channel, and resulted in attenuation of the window currents (the slowly inactivating sodium currents).Vin inhibited sodium currents in rat ventricular myocytes.

To investigate the cardiac actions of 2-[(diethylamino)acetyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6, 7-dimethoxyl-1-[1'-(6"-methoxy-2"-naphthalenyl) ethyl]-isoquinoline (CPU57) by comparison with nifedipine and focus on its mechanism of actions.The following were measured and recorded: 1) the rate and contraction of spontaneous beating of the guinea pigs right heart atrium, 2) the isometric tension of the electrically stimulated left heart atrium and the right papillary muscles.CPU57 had negative inotropic and negative chronotropic actions in isolated heart of guinea pigs as the typical calcium antagonist, nifedipine. However, CPU57 0.01-100 mumol.L(-1) produced less cardiac inhibitory potency than nifedipine and had much stronger negative inotropic action than negative chronotropic action. The decrease in external CaCl2 concentration from 1.5 to 0.3 mmol.L(-1) or increase to 7.5 mmol.L(-1), potentiated or reduced respectively, the inhibitory action of CPU57 on the contraction in paced left heart atrium in normal CaCl2 solution. CPU57 1-10 mumol.L(-1) also inhibited contractile response to CaCl2 in paced left heart atrium with pD2' value of 4.77.CPU57 has calcium antagonism on the heart of guinea pigs.

Experiments were performed on SD rats anaesthetized with urethane and chloralose. The left ventricular function and the parameters of hemorrheology during acute hypoxia were investigated. It was found that during acute hypoxia of 15 min, arterial blood gas value PaO2 decreased markedly. The parameters of the left ventricular function such as +/- dP/dtmax, Peak, HR, Vce40, Vmp, Vmax, L0 (CFU), decreased markedly either. At the same time, hyperviscosity was induced and red blood cell filtration (IF) increased. All these parameters recovered to normal control level after reoxygenation of 15 min. By intravenous injection of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) and then hypoxia, the left ventricular function were suppressed markedly; and so were to the elevation of blood viscosity and IF. Preinjection of regitine (3 mg/kg) prior hypoxia has the same effect on the blood viscosity and IF. Acute hypoxia induced hyperviscosity and elevation of IF could be suppressed by destruction of carotid sinus region with phenol, but the left ventricular function decreased markedly. These results suggest that acute hypoxia induces hyperviscosity and decreases of red blood cell deformability and left ventricular function, which is probably mediated via the sympathetic nervous system and carotid sinus region.

1-(2-[(6-Methoxyl)-naphthylmethyl)])-1-methyl-N-piperidinylacethyl -6,7- dimethoxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (CPU-23), a substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline, reduced the voltages of P wave and J point, prolonged PR interval, and slowed sinus rhythm of ECG in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive WKY rats. The effects of CPU-23 on cardiac electric activity were stronger in SHR than in WKY rats (P0.05 or P0.01). The results suggest that CPU-23 have a calcium antagonistic activity on rat hearts and that calcium antagonists may exert a stronger inhibition of the cardiac electric activity in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats.

Experiments were performed on 99 Wistar rats. It was found that hyperviscosity and elevation of blood pressure (BP) could be induced by hanging and restraining conscious rats with their four limbs tied on a frame. These effects were unaffected by bilateral vagotomy. By intravenous injection of propranolol or phentolamine, elevation of BP could be reduced, while stress-induced hyperviscosity could only be reduced by propranolol (i.v.). Stress-induced hyperviscosity and elevation of BP could be inhibited by electroacupuncture applied to the right hind leg or microinjection of morphine into 4th ventricle of the brain. On the other hand, if opiate receptor antagonist naloxone was given into the 4th-ventricle, the stress-induced hyperviscosity and elevation of BP could no longer be inhibited by electroacupuncture. It is suggested that the hyperviscosity and elevation of BP induced by hanging and restraining are mediated by excitatory cardiovascular sympathetic outflow with the result of activation of adrenoreceptors. Activation of the opiate receptors in the hindbrain may be responsible for decrease in stress-induced hyperviscosity and elevation of BP and for the inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture of the right hind leg on stress-induced hyperviscosity and elevation of BP.

The experiments showed that both tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid relaxed the norepinephrine-induced spasmodic contraction of rabbit and rat aorta strips, increased the coronary flow of isolated guinea pig hearts and reduced the whole blood viscosity in rats. Evaluated with Burgi's equation, the combined effect of these 2 drugs was obviously potentiated, but the combined acute toxicity in mice was greatly reduced.

Experiments were carried out on 62 wistar rats. The hyperviscosity and elevation of blood pressure were induced by hanging and restraining the rats with their four limbs tied on a frame. It was found that microinjection of 5-HT (25 micrograms/10 microliters) into the 4th ventricle of the brain or bilateral microinjection of 5-HT (4 micrograms/0.5 microliters/site) into rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) reduced stress-induced hyperviscosity (p0.01) and elevation of blood pressure (p0.01). The effect of 5-HT injected into the 4th ventricle or rVLM was blocked by bilateral microinjection of cinanserine (4 micrograms/0.5 microliter/site) into rVLM. These results suggest that microinjection of 5-HT into 4th ventricle and rVLM could reduce stress-induced hyperviscosity and elevation of blood pressure and these effects were probably mediated via 5-HT receptors in the rVLM.

Ninety-five patients with perforation, hemorrhage or stenosis due to duodenal ulcer were treated by extended parietal cell vagotomy. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3.5 to 10 years (mean 6 years) in 88 patients (92%) with acute perforation (60), hemorrhage (8) and stenosis (20). There was no operative mortality. Ulcer recurrence was 2.3%. Only one patient (5%) had restenosis and required reoperation. There was no recurrent hemorrhage and there were few long-term complications. According to the Visick classification, 67 patients (76%) belonged to grade I, 13 (14.7%) grade II, 4 (4.5%) grade III, and 4 (4.5%) grade IV. Extended parietal cell vagotomy proved to be safe with excellent results, low ulcer recurrence and few complications. Moreover, recurrent ulcers healed rapidly following medical therapy. The authors believe that extended parietal cell vagotomy should be the treatment of choice for acute perforation, hemorrhage or stenosis due to duodenal ulcer.