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OBJECTIVE: To explore the cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CPG) sites associated with fas-ting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in twins. METHODS: In the study, 169 pairs of monozygotic twins were recruited in Qingdao, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Heilongjiang in June to December of 2013 and June 2017 to October 2018. The methylation was detected by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip and Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. According to the Linear Mixed Effect model (LME model), fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c were taken as the main effects, the methylation level (β value) was taken as the dependent variable, continuous variables, such as age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, components of blood cells, surrogate variables generated by SVA, and categorical variables, such as gender, smoking and drinking status, hypoglycemic drugs taking, were included in the fixed effect model as covariates, and the identity numbers (ID) of the twins was included in the random effect model. The intercept was set as a random. Regression analysis was carried out to find out the CpG sites related to fasting blood glucose or HbA1c, respectively. RESULTS: In this study, 338 monozygotic twins (169 pairs) were included, with 412 459 CpG loci. Among them, 114 pairs were male, and 55 pairs were female, with an average age of (48.2±11.9) years. After adjustment of age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, smoking, drinking, blood cell composition, and other covariates, and multiple comparison test, 7 CpG sites (cg19693031, cg01538969, cg08501915, cg04816311, ch.8.1820050F, cg06721411, cg26608667) were found related to fasting blood glucose, 3 of which (cg08501915, ch.8.1820050f, cg26608667) were the newly found sites in this study; whereas 10 CpG sites (cg19693031, cg04816311, cg01538969, cg01339781, cg01676795, cg24667115, cg09029192, cg20697417, ch.4.1528651F, cg16097041) were found related to HbA1c, and 4 of which(cg01339781, cg24667115, cg20697417, and ch.4.1528651f) were new. We found that cg19693031 in TXNIP gene was the lowest P-value site in the association analysis between DNA methylation and fas-ting plasma glucose and HbA1c (P(FPG)=2.42×10(-19), FDR(FPG)

To explore the DNA methylation sites correlated with blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure) in adult twin population.A total of 476 twins from the Chinese National Twin Registry were selected as the research population. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic characteristics, lifestyle, disease status and other information, and blood pressure, height, weight and other anthropometric indicators were measured. The genome-wide DNA methylation of whole blood samples was detected by using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. The DNA methylation sites correlated with blood pressure were analyzed by constructing mixed effect model with adjusting potential confounding factors, and the significant level was false discovery rate0.05.After data quality control, 465 twins (122 pairs of monozygotic twins, 104 pairs of dizygotic twins, 13 individuals from 13 pairs of twins) aged (44.8±13.2) years were finally enrolled. There were more males and more monozygotic twins, and the current smokers and current regular drinkers both accounted for more than 30%. No significant CpG site was found after multiple testing in the correlation study between genome-wide DNA methylation and blood pressure by using the collected twins. However, the cg07761116 located on chromosome 10 had low P value in the correlation analysis of 3 blood pressure indices (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure), suggesting that this site might be correlated with blood pressure. The other 7 sites had low P value in the correlation analysis of the two blood pressure indices, respectively, which pointed to genes involved in neurological development, protein homeostasis, inflammatory reaction and other pathways.There is no sufficient evidence to support any DNA methylation site correlated with blood pressure, which may be caused by insufficient sample size and other reasons. This study could provide a reference for subsequent similar twin studies, and subsequent studies can focus on the cg07761116 located on chromosome 10 and other sites with low P values.

To analyze the influences of genetic and environmental factors on smoking behavior, smoking cessation and onset age of smoking less than 20 years in male twin adults.A face-to-face questionnaire was conducted to collect data from 6 458 pair male twins aged ≥25 years registered in 9 provinces(municipality)in China. The heritability of three smoking related behaviors were calculated by using structural equation models.The ACE models were the best models of the three dimensions of smoking, i.e. smoking behavior, smoking cessation and onset age of smoking less than 20 years for male twins, and the corresponding heritability of these behaviors were 0.26(0.19-0.34), 0.27(0.19-0.37)and 0.05(0.00-0.14), respectively. When adjusted for area and age, the heritability of these three behaviors were 0.26(0.19-0.34), 0.31(0.00-0.74)and 0.05(0.00-0.14), respectively.All the three smoking related behaviors were affected by genetic factors, but environment factors had more effect on them. For smoking cessation, the heritability was highest, but the influence of environmental factors was lowest. Meanwhile, for onset age of smoking, the influence of environmental factors was highest.

Aims: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in both rural and urban Chinese population. Subjects and methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Qingdao, China in 2006 with 6100 Chinese aged 35–74 yr invited and 5355 who attended; 3357 subjects, 1562 urban (46.5%) and 1795 rural residents (53.5%) met the inclusion criteria for the current data analysis. The metabolic syndrome definitions of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Expert Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) 2004, NCEP 2005 and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) were used. Results: The age-standardized prevalences of metabolic syndrome were 16.2%, 32.2%, and 28.3% in men and 26.8%, 37.2%, and 34.6% in women, according to the definitions of the NCEP 2004, NCEP 2005, and IDF, respectively. Urban men have more risk factors and higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than rural men, but the differences in women were not that striking. Elevated blood pressure (62.6%) was, among risk factors, most common in the study population, followed by central obesity (53.4%), and hyperglycemia (52.2%) defined using the NCEP 2005 criteria. Conclusions: Metabolic disorders were common among adult Chinese in both rural and urban areas in Qingdao.

Aims To determine the secular trend of prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in a Chinese population from 2001 to 2006. Methods Two consecutive population-based surveys for diabetes were conducted in a randomly selected population aged 35–74 years and living in Qingdao, China in 2001–2002 (n = 10854) and 2006 (n = 4416). All participants underwent standardized 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), along with fasting capillary plasma glucose (FCG) tests in 2006. One urban community underwent OGTTs directly in 2002 (n = 1815), while a two-step screening strategy using FCG as a first-line screening test followed by OGTTs was used in 9039 individuals in 2001. Diabetes and pre-diabetes was defined according to the 2006 World Health Organization/International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results Based on the results of direct OGTTs, the age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in urban areas was 12.2 and 15.4% in 2002, whereas the prevalences were 18.8 and 28.7% in urban areas and 14.1 and 20.2% in rural areas in 2006 (P

Extraction of essential oil from Cuminum cyminum seeds using a combination of organic solvent with low boiling point and steam distillation was explored. The effect of different parameters, such as particle size (40, 60, 80 mesh), temperature (°C) 10, 15, 20 and extraction time (3, 5, 8 h), on the extraction yield was investigated using three-level orthogonal array design. The experimental results showed that the temperature had the largest effect on the yield of the extract (oleoresin), followed by extraction time and particle size. The optimum parameters, such as temperature, particle size, and extraction time were in turn 20 °C, 80 mesh, and 8 h. Essential oil of C. cyminum seeds obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), hydrodistillation (HD), combination technology of organic solvent with low boiling point and steam distillation (OS-SD) were further analysed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric detection to compare the extraction methods. Forty-five compounds in the C. cyminum essential oil were identified, showing that the composition of the extraction by different methods was mostly similar, whereas relative concentration of the identified compounds was apparently different. General characteristics of the C. cyminum essential oil obtained by different methods were further compared, and OS-SD was considered as the optimum process among the three processes to obtain C. cyminum essential oil for high quality, simple technology and low cost.

To evaluate costs and effectiveness of implementing a diabetes self-risk assessment (Diabetes Risk Score) questionnaire coupled with a multimedia health promotion campaign on changes in diabetes awareness in a large diabetes prevention programme.Between 2007 and 2010, a multimedia health promotion campaign was conducted targeting the 1.94 million population of Qingdao, China, using newspapers, radio programmes, distribution of free booklets and Diabetes Risk Score flyers. Diabetes awareness questionnaires filled out by people first interviewed in 2006 (survey A), before the initiation of the campaign, were compared with those first interviewed between 2007 and 2010 during the campaign period (survey B). The rates of diabetes awareness in both surveys were studied amongst adults aged 35-74 years without a prior history of diabetes, but with a Diabetes Risk Score of ≥ 14.In survey B, 85, 82 and 76% of the urban participants correctly recognized obesity, family history of diabetes and physical inactivity, respectively, as important risk factors for diabetes; while the awareness rates were 43, 46 and 25%, respectively, in survey A (P0.001). The corresponding figures among rural participants were 65, 63 and 53% in survey B and 29, 22 and 11% in survey A (P0.001). To cover 1000 individuals, the programme spent €5.4 on the use of the Diabetes Risk Score flyer, €31.3 on the education booklet, €7.7 on the newspaper campaign and €37.5 on radio programmes.The combination of a Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire with a multimedia health promotion campaign is a cheap and effective health promotion tool to raise public awareness of diabetes.

Diabet. Med. 27, 274–281 (2010) Abstract Aims A diabetes risk score for screening undiagnosed diabetes was constructed and validated in Chinese adults. Methods Two consecutive population-based diabetes surveys among Chinese adults aged 20–74 years were conducted in 2002 (n = 1986) and 2006 (n = 4336). Demographic and anthropometric measures were collected following similar procedures. Standard 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed to diagnose diabetes in both surveys. Fasting capillary plasma glucose (FCG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were also measured together with the OGTTs on the same day of the 2006 survey. Beta coefficients estimated using logistic regression analysis derived from data of the 2002 survey were used to develop the risk assessment algorithm. The performance of the algorithm was validated in the study population of the 2006 survey. Results Of all the variables tested, waist circumference, age and family history of diabetes were significant predictors of diabetes and were used to construct the risk assessment score. The score, ranging from 3 to 32, performed well when applied to the study population of the 2006 survey. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 67.3% (95% CI, 64.9–69.7%) for the score, while it was 76.3% (73.5–79.0%) for FCG alone and 67.8% (64.9–70.8%) for HbA1c alone. At a cut-off point of 14, the sensitivity and specificity of the risk score were 84.2% (81.0–87.5%) and 39.8% (38.2–41.3%). Conclusions The risk score based on age, waist circumference and family history of diabetes is efficient as a layperson-oriented diabetes screening tool for health promotion and for population-based screening programmes.

Aims. To investigate the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentrations with newly diagnosed diabetes defined by either glucose or HbA1c criteria in Chinese adults.Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006. Data from 1167 men and 1607 women aged 35–74 years were analyzed. Diabetes was defined according to either glucose or HbA1c criteria alone.Results. Compared with nondiabetes, multivariate-adjusted OR (95%CI) was 1.13 (0.90,1.42) in men and 1.21 (1.00,1.45) in women for CRP and 1.42 (1.18,1.72) and 1.57 (1.31,1.87) for GGT, respectively. Neither CRP nor GGT was associated with the presence of diabetes defined by the HbA1c criterion.Conclusions. The effect of elevated CRP on diabetes defined by the glucose criterion was mediated through obesity, but elevated GGT was an independent risk factor for diabetes in this Chinese population. None of the two was, however, associated with the elevated HbA1c concentrations.

To determine the secular trend of prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in a Chinese population from 2001 to 2006.Two consecutive population-based surveys for diabetes were conducted in a randomly selected population aged 35-74 years and living in Qingdao, China in 2001-2002 (n = 10854) and 2006 (n = 4416). All participants underwent standardized 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), along with fasting capillary plasma glucose (FCG) tests in 2006. One urban community underwent OGTTs directly in 2002 (n = 1815), while a two-step screening strategy using FCG as a first-line screening test followed by OGTTs was used in 9039 individuals in 2001. Diabetes and pre-diabetes was defined according to the 2006 World Health Organization/International Diabetes Federation criteria.Based on the results of direct OGTTs, the age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in urban areas was 12.2 and 15.4% in 2002, whereas the prevalences were 18.8 and 28.7% in urban areas and 14.1 and 20.2% in rural areas in 2006 (P0.001, in urban areas). Using the two-step screening strategy, the prevalence of diabetes in 2001 was 10.1% in urban and 7.7% in rural areas and 13.8% in urban and 12.2% in rural areas in 2006 (P0.001). Based on the data of the 2006 survey, the two-step screening strategy missed 30.2% of diabetes cases when compared with the number defined by the direct OGTT approach.Qingdao has experienced a marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the past 5 years. Intervention to prevent a further increase in the prevalence of diabetes is urgently required.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidaemia commonly coexists with diabetes. We investigated the association of lipid profiles with glucose levels in populations of Asian origin without a prior history of diabetes. METHODS: Cross-sectional data of 10,374 men and 12,552 women aged 30-74 years from 14 cohorts, representing seven populations of Asian origin were jointly analysed. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses with standardized regression coefficients (beta) were performed to estimate relationships between lipids and plasma glucose. RESULTS: Within each glucose category, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were correlated with increasing levels of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), TC to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (p < 0.05 in most of the ethnic groups) and inversely associated with HDL-C (p < 0.05 in some, but not all, of the populations). The association of lipids with 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) followed a similar pattern as that for the FPG, except that an inverse relationship between HDL-C and glucose was more commonly observed for 2hPG than for FPG among different ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse lipid profiles in Asians without a prior history of diabetes. The 2hPG appears to be more closely associated with lipid profiles than does FPG. When assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease, the association of the dyslipidaemia with intermediate hyperglycaemia needs to be considered.

The cancer mortality in a Chinese asbestos plant using only chrysotile was studied. Opened in the 1950s, all workers with at least 1 year of employment by 1972 were followed through 1994. Most workers were female. Excess cancer mortality, compared to local city data, was found for lung cancer, including many cases among nonsmoking women, and stomach cancer. Plant asbestos levels have been high in the past but have consistently come down over the decades.

Six surveillance spots were set up in Jiaozhou Bay to examine the contamination of Ruditapes Philippinarum (R. P) by HAV. Specimens were collected regularly every month. Seventy-five specimens were collected in July 1991-Aug 1992. The precursor RNA of HAV was detected by methods of PCR, RNA dot-blot hybridization and HAV isolation. It showed that R. P. had been contaminated by HAV in some areas of the bay at times, but the virus was in a state of inactivity. Epidemiologic investigation in the same period proved that R. P. was not the direct cause of HA epidemic in Qingdao. However, the domestic sewage is directly drained into the Jiao zhou Bay so the control of the city sewage drainage system must be enforced and health education serve for people in taking sea food and drink should be strengthened.