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U prostornim planovima se u kontekstu zaštite životne sredine posmatraju: prirodni resursi, medijumi životne sredine (zemljište, voda i vazduh), prirodna dobra, kulturna dobra, predeli, kao i elementarne nepogode. Različiti pristupi analizi segmenta „zaštite” koji nudi praksa, čak i prostornih planova na istim teritorijalnim nivoima, ukazuje na nepostojanje konsenzusa u vezi sa načinom na koji se pristupa ovoj problematici. U tom kontekstu metodološki koncept rada baziran je na uporednoj analizi prostornih planova na nacionalom, regionalnom i lokalnom nivou. Predmet rada je istraživanje načina obrade ovog segmenta prostornog plana, međusobna povezanost analize i ocene stanja prirodnih resursa, životne sredine, prirodnih i kulturnih dobara, predela, defi nisanih ciljeva i planskih rešenja, odnosno predviđenih mera implementacije, ali i usklađenost sa ostalim segmentima plana. Cilj rada je da se, na osnovu rezultata sprovedene analize, izvedu zaključci na osnovu kojih bi se mogle dati preporuke za unapređenje prakse prostornog planiranja u ovoj oblasti.

The paper draws attention to the process of urban growth in the Western Balkans, which is principally reflected in the physical expansion into the surrounding area, leading to the conversion of land into urban fabric – urban sprawl. According to the principles of sustainable development, this process is considered unjustified, especially if it is not a consequence of population growth. The features and the intensity of urban sprawl in the Western Balkans have been determined by mathematical and statistical methods, using data from the Urban Atlas database. The main common features and differences related to urban sprawl in the analyzed cities are determined by several factors, which are discussed in the paper. The purpose of the analysis of the intensity of urban sprawl between 2012 and 2018 is to ensure a better understanding of future processes that pose a potential ‘threat’ in environmental terms, but also of other aspects of sustainable development, relevant for bodies and individuals responsible for urban planning. In accordance with the methodology used, the results of the research confirm the presence of urban sprawl in Western Balkan cities, although it has not been proven that there are features common to all cities for any of the analyzed indicators.

The process of rural neglect leads to massive abandonment of rural areas throughout the Balkans. The paper provides an insight into the situation in the rural environment of Serbia. The aim of the study is to identity the reasons for rural abandonment in Serbia in order to define the optimal ways to overcome the current situation. An integrated questionnaire was designed for all respondents, and there were also several separate questionnaires. The results indicate the difficult situation in the rural area of Serbia and that the current trend of rural abandonment will continue.

Zaštita prostora sastavni je i nerazlučivi deo planiranja i uređenja prostora svake države. Teorijska i praktična iskustva u prostornom planiranju ukazuju na neophodnost sagledavanja zaštite prirodnih područja u širem kontekst. U tom smislu predmet rada su Prostorni planovi područja posebne namene za zaštićena područja, sa osvrtom na zakonodavni okvir njihove izrade. Takođe, predmet je i njihov sadržaj sa naglaskom na pravilima uređenja i građenja, koja su često vrlo restriktivna i stoga uzrok brojnih konfliktnih situacija u prostoru. Sa druge strane, raznovrsni su i brojni i konflikti koji se javljaju mimo delova teritorije na kojima je planirana gradnja. Upravo je brojnost i raznovrsnost ograničenja sa kojima se suočava stanovništvo, kao korisnik prostora koji je u nekom režimu zaštite, predmet posebne analize u ovom radu. Ne ulazeći u preispitivanje opravdanosti ograničenja koja zaštita „donosi“ pokušana je njihova sistematizacija i dovođenje u veza sa namenom zemljišta.

The goal of the paper is to examine the hypothesis whereby a higher level of diversification in the structure of activities of a certain settlement indicates a higher level of its economic development. The absolute predominance of employment in the tertiary-quaternary sector in the total employment in Serbia’s municipal centres has been brought in correlation with their level of economic development. The nature of this interdependence has been the subject of a detailed analysis in this paper. Using the methods elaborated for the needs of this research, conclusions have been drawn indicating the emergence of a large number of centres where the quantitative prevalence of the tertiary-quaternary sector, along with the distinct incidence of employment in public services, is not accompanied by corresponding qualitative and quantitative changes that would result in a higher level of economic development. Insufficiently developed centres have been identified in order to facilitate decision makers to take proper and timely actions and enable relevant institutions and organisations to apply adequate measures to support balanced economic development.

The subject of this paper is an evaluation of defined urban regions in Serbia, with an aim towards identifying their basic features, with special emphasis on the measurement of their functional polycentricity. These features include methods with following indicators: share of settled inhabitants to overall population number in the centre of urban region and surrounding area, according to the outcome; concentration level of employees in centres and structure of activities of active population performing an occupation, functional dependence of settlements in the area of the region and determining the functional polycentricity index of the urban region. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to clarify the difference between the urban regions that have developed in the area of Serbia, which are significant factors for further planning of polycentric and balanced regional development. The results of the survey show differences between urban regions. Almost half of the urban regions in Serbia have characteristics of monocentricity, while few polycentric urban regions differ in number of secondary centers. Certain differences between urban regions refer to the results related to share of the employees in primary centres in connection with the secondary centre region, if refers to a polycentric region, or in comparison to the region as a whole, if it implys to monocentric urban regions. All in all, primary differences between urban regions pertain to the degree of functional polycentrism.

The paper seeks to identify and assess the polarising, indirect and direct favourable influence of Belgrade, as the capital and the largest city in Serbia, in the development of settlements and centres within its administrative area, i.e. the territory administratively named the City of Belgrade. The paper includes an analysis of demographic trends, including commuting trends, and the functional and morphological changes in the settlements of the Belgrade region between 1971 and 2011. Various analytical and synthetic methods have been used to assess the investigated territory's degree of transformation, including both positive effects and the negative consequences of the impact of various factors. Suburban areas are not clearly delimited. Belgrade's urban area is not marked by social segregation. The initial hypothesis that the Belgrade region underwent a complex and multifaceted transformation has been confirmed, which will significantly determine future planning solutions, especially as regards the identified causes of the transformation, the factors of which have not been significantly changed in the transition, post-socialist period. The appropriateness of development planning measures and governing policies in this area is of crucial importance for the country as a whole.

A prerequisite to the development of rural areas is the establishment of a stable ecological, economic and social environment that provides employment for the local population and investments aimed at environmental protection. In modern times, the natural and living environment of rural areas is greatly endangered by the process of urbanization and its attendant effects, which is reflected in particular by changes in the socio-economic status of villages. The paper presents possible ways to revive villages and rural economies in Serbia in line with the concept of sustainable development. Relevant indicators are used to classify urban and rural areas, providing a data base for planners and decision makers when creating future development strategies and other documents, ranging from local communities to entire national territories. Attention is focused on applying the mechanisms of small development nucleuses as potential bases to keep the population in rural areas, with the production of health food, energy from alternative sources, ecologically acceptable waste treatment technology, etc.

This paper analyzes the basic characteristics of Serbia's urban system after World War II. The term urban system is largely determined by the use and functioning of the space in which it exists. We used the methods common in urban geography, notably the Rank-Size Rule and the Law of the Primate City with the aim of identifying the basic regularities, as the first step in an in-depth study of an under-researched topic. The research seeks to contribute to explaining the causes of the previous and current situation in the national settlement network, as a prerequisite for planning the future organization of the settlement network. Our study, conducted in Serbia, finds polarization apparent in the prominent domination of the capital city in terms of population, and this is a key feature of Serbia's urban system. The current situation is the result of an intensive process of urbanization, but also of the establishment of new administrative boundaries after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. The study also seeks to suggest the most appropriate development model for Serbia's urban system that could help overcome the extreme population concentration in Belgrade and create a basis for organizing an optimal system of centers. Keeping in mind that uneven regional development is determined by the features of the urban system, polycentric development is a common model for overcoming extreme polarization on a global level.

As several Western Balkans countries aspire to become members of the European Union (EU) in the (near) future, it is interesting to explore to what extent EU territorial trends are adopted in both the official national regulations and spatial planning practice. To do so, we: 1) screen EU territorial policies to elucidate the trends and principles of territorial development, 2) analyse the contents of spatial plans in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 3) compare the practical application of the principles such as decentralisation, diffusion of power, subsidiarity, multi-actorship, synergy, transparency, citizen participation, coordinated action (among various disciplinary bodies), and holistic strategies. The findings show the ineffectiveness of declaratively adopted EU territorial trends against place-based territorial policy approaches.

The paper aims to devise a possible way of forming a methodological framework for the typology of the settlements in Serbia. Namely, since the current division of settlements into the urban and the 'rest' has suffered criticism in the scientific and professional public for a long time, due to the fact that many settlements that have urban status do not meet the minimum conditions in terms of the number of inhabitants, the diversification of the economic structure, functional capacity, etc., and due to the fact that official statistics do not recognize the category of villages, or village settlements in the network of Serbia. Based on the analysis of basic indicators related to settlements: number of inhabitants, employees in non-agricultural activities, agricultural households and daily migrants, a model of differentiation of the settlements of Serbia into urban settlements, suburban settlements, rural centers and rural settlements is proposed. The obtained results indicate a set of 190 urban settlements, 338 suburban settlements, 51 rural centers and 4130 rural settlements in the territory of Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija). The contribution of work is recognized in facilitating the planning and management process, ie defining the optimal organization of the residential network in order to raise the overall level of development., Rad ima za cilj formiranje metodološkog okvira za tipologiju naselja Srbije. Važeća podela naselja na gradska i ostala već duže vreme trpi kritike u naučnoj i stručnoj javnosti, kako zbog toga što neka naselja koja imaju status gradskih ne ispunjavaju ni minimum uslova u smislu broja stanovnika, diversifikovanosti privredne strukture, funkcionalnog kapaciteta itd., tako i zbog činjenice da po zvaničnoj statistici ne postoji kategorija seoskih naselja, odnosno sela. Na osnovu ispitivanja baznih indikatora vezanih za naselja: broj stanovnika, zaposleni u nepoljoprivrednim delatnostima, poljoprivredna domaćinstava i dnevni migranti, predložen je model diferenciranja naselja Srbije na gradska naselja, prigradska naselja, ruralne centre i seoska naselja. Primenom osmišljenog modela identifikovano je 190 gradskih naselja, 338 prigradskih, 51 ruralni centar i 4130 seoskih naselja na području Srbije (bez Kosova i Metohije). Adekvatna tipologija naselja olakšaće proces planiranja i upravljanja, odnosno definisanja optimalne organizacije naseljske mreže u cilju podsticanja ukupne razvijenosti Republike Srbije.

Rad ima za cilj formiranje metodološkog okvira za tipologiju naselja Srbije. Važeća podela naselja na gradska i ostala već duže vreme trpi kritike u naučnoj i stručnoj javnosti, kako zbog toga što neka naselja koja imaju status gradskih ne ispunjavaju ni minimum uslova u smislu broja stanovnika, diversifikovanosti privredne strukture, funkcionalnog kapaciteta itd., tako i zbog činjenice da po zvaničnoj statistici ne postoji kategorija seoskih naselja, odnosno sela. Na osnovu ispitivanja baznih indikatora vezanih za naselja: broj stanovnika, zaposleni u nepoljoprivrednim delatnostima, poljoprivredna domaćinstava i dnevni migranti, predložen je model diferenciranja naselja Srbije na gradska naselja, prigradska naselja, ruralne centre i seoska naselja. Primenom osmišljenog modela identifikovano je 190 gradskih naselja, 338 prigradskih, 51 ruralni centar i 4130 seoskih naselja na području Srbije (bez Kosova i Metohije). Adekvatna tipologija naselja olakšaće proces planiranja i upravljanja, odnosno definisanja optimalne organizacije naseljske mreže u cilju podsticanja ukupne razvijenosti Republike Srbije., The paper aims to devise a possible way of forming a methodological framework for the typology of the settlements in Serbia. Namely, since the current division of settlements into the urban and the 'rest' has suffered criticism in the scientific and professional public for a long time, due to the fact that many settlements that have urban status do not meet the minimum conditions in terms of the number of inhabitants, the diversification of the economic structure, functional capacity, etc., and due to the fact that official statistics do not recognize the category of villages, or village settlements in the network of Serbia. Based on the analysis of basic indicators related to settlements: number of inhabitants, employees in non-agricultural activities, agricultural households and daily migrants, a model of differentiation of the settlements of Serbia into urban settlements, suburban settlements, rural centers and rural settlements is proposed. The obtained results indicate a set of 190 urban settlements, 338 suburban settlements, 51 rural centers and 4130 rural settlements in the territory of Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija). The contribution of work is recognized in facilitating the planning and management process, ie defining the optimal organization of the residential network in order to raise the overall level of development.

Unbalanced regional development is one of the basic characteristics of the regional development of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the paper is to highlight the proportions of unbalanced regional development of Serbia by positioning regions in accordance with the values of the indicators included in the survey: population density, (un) employment (the number of employed people per 1,000 inhabitants), activity structure and the amount of average income per employee. The indicators presented in the paper emphasize the role of certain regions in the current regional reality of Serbia. Also, they exemplify regional disparities more comprehensively in terms of the achieved level of socio-economic development and the orientation of the analysed regions to particular sectors of the economy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the coverage of Serbia's national territory with urban regions. In order to acquire the status of an urban region, a city and its surrounding area have to meet certain criteria. There is a set of criteria that apply to cities as the centres of urban regions, and there is another set of criteria relating to the settlements in their surroundings. The analysis and evaluation of the characteristics of a selected set of urban regions are very important both for urban geographical research and the planning of spatial and functional relations and links, as well as the management of regional development in Serbia.

The paper contains an analysis and assessment of the planning system of three countries, Montenegro, Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of Serbia, located in the area of Southeastern Europe and the Western Balkans. Comparative analysis of development of the planning system includes several aspects - the level of the presence of the strategic and legal approach to the planning documents, adhering to the principle of sustainable development with a developed system of the preservation of environment, the types of plans and planning competence at different territorial levels with an assessment of achieved decentralization and democratization, connection between the private and the public sector, land management. The issue of vertical and horizontal coordination, including territorial cooperation, the existence of monitoring and implementation of plans, the coherence of planned objectives and developments in the area, the degree of representation of theoretical methodology in planning documents, the classification of three countries into one of the four European planning systems, as well as other numerous problems and challenges for the future in planning and in the space of the three states are contained in this paper.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the lack of correspondence between the administrative borders of the Belgrade region on the one hand, and its functional gravitational area, on the other. The paper seeks to define the boundaries of the functional area of Belgrade using several available criteria, where the key one is the body of data on the daily commuting of the employed population, students and pupils. In Serbia, commuting was taken into consideration as a criterion for delimiting urban areas, or an instrument in planning and achieving a decentralised and balanced regional development only in the most recent generation of spatial plans. Compared to the boundaries of the functional area, the current, inadequate, administrative boundaries of the Belgrade region reveal problems in the consolidation of the metropolitan region and they have a negative effect on the planning of this area, as well as on the territorial cohesion in Serbia.

The significance of the regional disproportions at the territory of Serbia, when it comes to demographic resources, imposes in front of the social community a task for public policy measures to be more efficient and more precisely addressed towards the local communities where the limit of their possible acting has not been perturbated yet. Thus, defining of coherent public policies requires good research of the demographic processes and problems on all levels and defining developmental solutions in accordance with them. Dimensioning of demographic potentials is one of the challenges and priorities of spatial planning as well, as a controlling instrument that has been gaining significance in modern conditions. Foreign experience in this field, i.e. the system of spatial planning in European countries, with the special attention paid to the ways of solving problems connected to demographic processes and appearances, is undoubtedly instructive for the domestic practice and the establishment of public policies on state and lower regional levels. Given the fact that the inequality in development is caused, above all, by the expressive metroplization and polarization of the Serbian territory, in modern conditions it is considered that the application of the polycentric development model could help avoiding further excessive economic and demographic concentration. It includes economic competitiveness and social equality (sustainable development) as pre-requisites for the diminishing of local disparities to the acceptable minimum. In that sense, it is considered that a group of middle sized towns represents a pivot in establishing homogeneous national urban system which would lead to the increase in the degree of settlement network consistency. It is necessary that the endeavour to decentralize Serbia be elaborated with concrete measures and instruments that would route further state development, meaning affirmation of the middle sized towns., Naglašenost regionalnih disproporcija u prostoru Srbije, kada su u pitanju demografski resursi, pred društvenu zajednicu postavlja zadatak da mere javnih politika budu što efikasnije i preciznije usmerene ka lokalnim zajednicama gde prag njihovog mogućeg delovanja još uvek nije narušen. Zato definisanje koherentnih javnih politika nužno zahteva dobru istraženost demografskih procesa i problema na svim nivoima i definisanje razvojnih rešenja u skladu s njima. Dimenzioniranje demografskih potencijala jedan je od izazova i prioriteta i prostornog planiranja, kao upravljačkog instrumenata koji u savremenim uslovima dobija na značaju. Inostrana iskustva iz ove oblasti, odnosno sistem prostornog planiranja u evropskim državama, s posebnim osvrtom na načine rešavanja problema vezanih za demografske procese i pojave, su neosporno instruktivni za domaću praksu iustanovljenje javnih politika na državnom i nižim regionalnim nivoima. S obzirom na to da je neravnomernostu razvoju uzrokovana, pre svega, izrazitom metropolizacijom i polarizacijom prostora Srbije, u savremenim uslovima smatra se da bi primena policentričnog modela razvoja pomogla da se izbegne dalja prekomerna ekonomska i demografska koncentracija, odnosno omogući ekonomska konkurentnost i socijalna jednakost (održivi razvoj), kao preduslovi za svođenje regionalnih dispariteta na prihvatljiv minimum. U tom smislu, smatra se da grupa gradova srednje veličine predstavlja stožer uspostavljanju homogenog nacionalnog urbanog sistema koji bi vodio povećanju stepena konzistentnosti naseljske mreže. Neophodno je da zalaganje za decentralizaciju Srbije bude razrađeno konkretnim merama i instrumentima koji će usmeravati dalji tokrazvoja države, a koji podrazumeva afirmaciju gradova srednje veličine.

Decentralization and the inclination towards a balanced regional development bring about a redistribution of cities' functions: certain responsibilities are transferred from centres at higher hierarchy levels to regional centres (mostly medium-sized cities). In this context, the authors have analysed the importance of medium-sized cities in the settlement network and discussed the issue of their identification within the national urban system. The purpose of this study is to establish a method for the identification of the set of medium-sized cities within the network of urban settlements, with particular reference to Central Serbia. The authors also compare the method with the one used in Slovenia in order to demonstrate that the phrase "medium-sized city" may have different meanings depending on the context in which it is defined. Along with the demographic size as the most important indicator in defining medium-sized cities, economic, social, functional, infrastructural and institutional criteria have also been taken into consideration.

The aim of this paper is the presentation of the Urban Audit project, which has existed in Europe for more than a decade. As the collection of comparable statistics for many European cities, Urban Audit is an important source of information about the quality of living conditions in urban areas of Europe in which the majority of population is concentrated. This paper describes the developmental phases of Urban Audit. Special attention is paid to the spatial levels that are distinguished in this project, as well as to the typology of the analyzed cities. Finally, a reference to the possibility of inclusion of Serbia in the Urban Audit is presented. One of the indirect intentions was to prove that 'statistical geography' is interesting and important, and above all a very useful activity of collecting, analyzing and presenting data., Cilj rada je predstavljanje projekta Urban Audit, koji postoji već više od decenije na području Evrope. Kao kolekcija uporedive statistike za veliki broj evropskih grdova Urban Audit je važan izvor informacija o kvalitetu životnih uslova u urbanim područjima Evrope u kojima je i skoncentrisana većina stanovništva. U radu su prikazane razvojne faze projekta Urban Audit. Posebna pažnja posvećena je prostornim nivoima apostrofiranim u ovom projektu, kao i tipologiji analiziranih gradova. Na kraju je dat osvrt na mogućnost uključivanja Srbije u Urban Audit. Jedna od indirektnih namera bila je da se dokaže da je 'statistička geografija' zanimljiva i važna, a pre svega korisna aktivnost prikupljanja, analiziranja i predstavljanja podataka.

The aim of this paper is to analyze and assess direction and intensity of changes in structure of activities in urban settlements in Serbia with more than 20,000 inhabitants, to determine the tendencies of that process, as well as the moment or the period of achieving their equilibrium structure of development activities. In addition, this paper defines the regularities of functional urban areas changes depending on their demographic size, on one hand, and depending on the period of exercising their convergent - uniform structure, on the other hand. Results of the analysis were used for testing the hypotheses put forward in the context of previous research related to the period of most intense industrialization - 60s and 70s of the last century. While in this paper, for comparison, that period of time was covered, the focus of the research refers to the period 1981-2011.

Regionalization of Serbia, as an instruments whose adequate use would contribute to a decrease in interregional differences in development of certain parts, represents a complex task, which is only to some extent finished by adopting bigger territorial parts in Serbia. This work is made for the purpose of presenting the problems with regional planning process deriving from inconsistency which exists between administrative territorial organization into districts of the Republic of Serbia and functional areas of regional centers defined by The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia, issued in 1996, then functional urban areas presented in The Strategy of Spatial Development of the Republic of Serbia in 2009-2013-2020 and in The Draft Law of Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia in 2010-2014-2021. Moreover, the work compares the above mentioned spatial areas with planned regions, for which the drawing up of regional spatial plans is scheduled, namely with statistical macroregions, whose defining is one of the recently adopted decisions in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of pointing out to the above mentioned inconsistency in so far used concepts of regionalization, is to contribute to the quality of regional planning of development, as well as to finding solutions which would refer to establishing borders of smaller, meso-regional totalities, and also to the determination of authorities of both middle levels of administration in our country. ., Regionalizacija Srbije, kao jedan od instrumenata čija bi adekvatna primena i korišćenje doprineli smanjenju međuregionanih razlika u stepenu razvijenosti, predstavlja kompleksan zadatak koji je samo donekle okončan usvajanjem većih teritorijalnih celina Srbije. Cilj rada je da ukaže na probleme u procesu regionalnog planiranja koji proističu iz izvesnih nepoklapanja koja postoje između administrativno teritorijalne podele Republike Srbije na okruge i funkcionalnih područja regionalnih centara definisanih Prostornim planom Republike Srbije iz 1996, a zatim funkcionalno urbanih područja prezentovanih u Strategiji prostornog razvoja Republike Srbije 2009-2013-2020, odnosno u Nacrtu Prostornog plana Republike Srbije 2010-2014-2021. godine. Osim toga, rad poredi pomenute prostorne celine sa planskim regionima za koje je predviđena izrada regionalnih prostornih planova, odnosno, sa statističkim makro-regionima čije definisanje predstavlja jedno od najnovijih usvojenih rešenja Republike Srbije. Ukazivanje na navedene neusklađenosti koje su postojale u do sada primenjenim konceptima regionalizacije, ima za cilj da doprinese kako kvalitetu planiranja regionalnog razvoja tako i definisanju rešenja koja će se odnositi na određivanje granica manjih, mezo-regionalnih celina, kao i na utvrđivanje nadležnosti oba srednja nivoa upravljanja u našoj zemlji. .