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Lidgard et al. data compilation details, analyses, and figures

geodiversity and related features in cities for tourist and educational purposes is much older. The term “urban geotourism” is defined as tourism based on the places within the city boundary (both in the form of built heritage and rock outcrops) that is related to geological concepts and features. As the first step for the development of urban geotourism it is necessary to identify and inventory the geotourist resources, which should take into account both natural (geological, geomorphological, hydrological or palaeontological, and ecological aspects related to geodiversity), and cultural aspects related to geodiversity (e.g. monuments, building stone, geo-toponyms, anthropogenic landforms). Based on the inventory, sites suitable for geotourist activities are chosen. These include 1) protected geosites and sites included in the national database of geological localities, 2) other natural sites (not included in the previous point), especially small outcrops or hydrological features, 3) geocultural sites and objects (e.g. anthropogenic landforms, archaeological sites with a strong link to geodiversity, buildings where the local material is used). The contribution presents examples of the possible use of the geotourist resources in Brno (Czech Republic). Kulturní (zejména turistické, rekreační a vzdělávací) funkce geodiverzity jsou v ČR zejména ve venkovských oblastech oceňovány, ve městech zůstává jejich potenciál nevyužitý. Příspěvěk se zaměřuje na zhodnocení tohoto problému, klade důraz i na význam pro ochranu přírody. Na příkladě Stránské skály v Brně a Ruprechtického lomu v Liberci je ukázán význam takovýchto míst, dotčených navíc v minulosti lidskou činností. geodiversity and related features in cities for tourist and educational purposes is much older. The term “urban geotourism” is defined as tourism based on the places within the city boundary (both in the form of built heritage and rock outcrops) that is related to geological concepts and features. As the first step for the development of urban geotourism it is necessary to identify and inventory the geotourist resources, which should take into account both natural (geological, geomorphological, hydrological or palaeontological, and ecological aspects related to geodiversity), and cultural aspects related to geodiversity (e.g. monuments, building stone, geo-toponyms, anthropogenic landforms). Based on the inventory, sites suitable for geotourist activities are chosen. These include 1) protected geosites and sites included in the national database of geological localities, 2) other natural sites (not included in the previous point), especially small outcrops or hydrological features, 3) geocultural sites and objects (e.g. anthropogenic landforms, archaeological sites with a strong link to geodiversity, buildings where the local material is used). The contribution presents examples of the possible use of the geotourist resources in Brno (Czech Republic).

Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp. (Fig. 4) Etymology. Latin pulposu s, fleshy, alluding to the fleshy form of the colony. Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH5, Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9461° N, 124.6267° E, intertidal, 18 May 2017. Paratype: MBRBKP5, same data as holotype. Description. Colony forming large, rubbery gelatinous creamy-yellow-brown masses that develop bulbous lobes of varied breadth and projecting irregular branches from encrusting base on algal stems or other cylindrical substrata (Fig. 3A); growth extending up to 14–15 cm long along stem. Zooids erect, irregular in size and shape, oval to hexagonal, frontal surface flat to slightly convex, with small round orifice that forms a little papilla when closed; zooid wall somewhat translucent, so that whitish shape of polypide can be discerned in deep body of cystid (Fig. 4B, C, E). Beneath outer layer of autozooids is firm gelatinous core that resists being cut (Fig. 4F). Zooid length, mean 0.363 mm (range 0.306–0.393, N = 6); zooid width, mean 0.258 mm (range 0.216–0.306, N = 6), orifice diameter, mean 0.087 mm (range, 0.072–0.208 mm, N = 6)). Kenozooids abundant (Fig. 4B–D). Some zooids contained clusters of yellow eggs or embryos (Fig. 4B, C). Remarks. None of the colonies collected expanded while observed, so that polypide characters could not be noted. The species is similar to Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp. in the presence of abundant kenozooids, but these are larger relative to zooid size than in A. bullitum This species shows similarities to Alcyonidium diaphanum (Hudson, 1778) from the Northeast Atlantic, but the lobes of the Korean species are larger and more rounded. Its closest relative may be Alcyonidium diaphanum alcilobatum d’Hondt & Mawatari, 1986 from Japanese Pacific localities and considered by them to be a new subspecies because of its geographic isolation from European populations. Its lobes are thinner and more leaf-like than those of A. pulposum n. sp., as shown in their paratype and holotype specimens (d’Hondt & Mawatari 1986, pl. 1, figs 1, 2). Colonies of A. pulposum n. sp. also lacked the small projecting bumps of incipient lobes seen in mature Belgian colonies of A. diaphanum illustrated by De Blauwe (2009, p. 43, figs 15, 16). Distribution. Yellow Sea: Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island, where subtidal colonies were washing up in the surf zone.

Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp. (Figs 2, 3) Etymology. Latin bullitus, bubbling up, alluding to the bubble-like kenozooids at the colony surface; suggested common name, the bubble Alcyonidium. Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH4. Paratype: MBRBKP4, Junghwadong, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9230° N, 124.6987° E, intertidal, 17 May 2017. Other: MBRBK 1696, Cheongpodae, Yellow Sea, 36.6344° N, 126.2997° E, encrusting on intertidal rock, 26 May 2017. Nakwoldo waters, Yeonnggwang, Yellow Sea, 35.1608° N, 126.1378° E, encrusting on crabs, 20 May 2011. Description. Gelatinous colony encrusting various substrata including sea grass, rocks, and live crabs, ranging in size from a few mm to several cm maximum diameter. Zooids elongate-oval to irregularly polygonal, quite transparent, translucent whitish outlines of retracted polypides visible inside, but grooves marking the walls that separate them are indistinct (Figs 2C, D, 3C). Zooid length, mean 0.551 mm in young colonies on sea grass blades (Fig. 2), and 0.592 mm in larger colonies on stone (range 0.369–0.674 mm, N = 18). Zooid width, mean 0.333 mm (range 0.253–0.397 mm, N = 10). Orifice round, raised on low mound-like papilla at distal end of autozooid when retracted, expanding as a white circle almost the width of distal end of zooid as tentacle sheath begins to evert for zooid feeding. Retracted orifice width, mean 0.114 mm (range 0.107–0.142 mm, N = 21). As colonies grow, increasing numbers of small transparent and bubble-like kenozooids develop between autozooids in rows and sheets, filling in areas between adjacent sheets of autozooids as they fan outward, thus rapidly increasing colony size. Because of their roundness, small size (about one-sixth the length of an autozooid) and transparency, kenozooids resemble patches of tiny bubbles embedded in colony surface (Figs 2B–E, 3F). In some of kenozooids are tissue masses that may represent vestigial or developing polypides; others are clear, except at their walls. Tentacles 14–16, tentacle crown white, an equitentacled funnel in which individual tentacles are held straight, but which are capable of flicking inward and outward when feeding actively (Figs 2C, 3A–C). In zooids with expanded tentacle crowns, the thick transparent introvert and transparent setigerous collar extend almost to level of mouth. Mode of reproduction unknown; newly settled colonies present at Baengnyeong Island in May. Remarks. Very small colonies found on a piece of sea grass (with space) is used otherwise in ms had only autozooids. Larger colonies encrusting intertidal rocks had numerous bubble-like kenozooidal areas between groups of autozooids (Fig. 2). Very large colonies that encrusted crabs dredged from the Yellow Sea also had relatively few autozooids compared to the number of kenozooids; the colonies covered the exterior of the crabs, including their eyes and appendages (Fig. 3B). The species resembles the eastern Atlantic species Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 in its initial transparency and some overlap in tentacle number (A. mytili, range 13–18, mode 15; Cadman & Ryland 1996, De Blauwe 2009) and Alcyonidium hirsutum (Fleming, 1828) (tentacle number larger, range 14–18, mode 17–18; Ryland 1985) in the presence of many kenozooids, but the kenozooids of the Korean species are round and bubble-like, not raised and sometimes conical as are those of A. hirsutum. Eight species of Alcyonidium are known from Japan, distributed from Sagami Bay (c. 35° N) northwards to Hokkaido. Most have a robust, erect colony form but Alcyonidium nanum Silén, 1942, A. nipponicum d’Hondt & Mawatari, 1986 and A. shizuoi d’Hondt & Mawatari, 1986 are encrusting. These, however, differ from A. bullitum n. sp. in several respects— A. nanum has about 20 tentacles, the orifice is wholly non-projecting, and there are no kenozooids; A. nipponicum has whitish colonies when alive, 15 tentacles, fusiform to oval zooidal outlines and very thick interior walls but no kenozooids; and A. shizuoi has 12–15 (mostly 13–14) tentacles, a wide-diameter peristome, and many interzooidal kenozooids that are quadrangular, not bubble-like. The zooids of these three species are proportionally less elongate than in A. bullitum n. sp. Another encrusting species has been described from the Straits of Johor, Singapore, a much more tropical environment than those of Korean localities (Tilbrook & Gordon 2015). Alcyonidium jauhar has, like A. bullitum, elongate transparent autozooids. Tentacle number is 15–16 and a few kenozooids occur, but the unilaminar colony does not undergo the massive development of kenozooids and aggressive overgrowth of substrata, including living crustaceans, found in A. bullitum. Distribution. Yellow Sea: Baengnyeong Island to Cheongpodae on eel grass (Zostera), rocks and dredged crab carapaces, intertidal to 10 m.

Penetrantia taeanata n. sp. (Figs 9C–F, 12, 13) Spathipora [sp.]: Seo et al. 2016: 9. Penetrantia [sp.]: Seo et al. 2016: 9. Etymology. The species is named for the Taean Coast area of the Yellow Sea where it was discovered. Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH8, Cheongpodae, Taean Coast National Park, Korean east coast, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, intertidal, 16 June 2017. Paratype: MBRBKP8, same data as holotype. Description. Colonies boring into mollusk shells, composed of linked kenozooidal stolons which penetrate upper layers of shell, sometimes reaching surface as series of tiny elevated pores (tubulets), and buried saclike zooids, with rounded orifices at shell surface usually on both sides of stolon branches (Figs 9C–F, 13B–C). Main stolon branches develop side branches at almost 90° angles to principal stolons. Side branches larger than stolonate processes of Immergentia, about 15–20 µm wide (Fig. 13D, E). On shell surface, well-preserved colony borings look like narrow branching tracks with round to teardrop-shaped orifice holes on either side; densest colonies appear as jumble of closely spaced holes. Zooids tubular with roundly tapering proximal ends; c. 140–180 µm long, 50 µm wide, budding at distal ends from peduncles, perpendicular or diagonal to shell surface. Although orifices on both sides of stolon at shell surface may appear to be almost opposite each other, the resin cast shows they are offset, sometimes in a very neat herringbone fashion (Figs 9C, D, 12B, D, 13A). Gonozooids not seen. Remarks. Our specimens resemble those of Penetrantia densa Silén, 1946 in the presence of the round apertures of zooids outside the line of the main stolon or branches, but zooids are smaller and openings can be even closer together in Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., which is the commonest boring ctenostome species at the intertidal site at Cheongpodae. Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. is less abundant at the same locality, but overall about one-third of the dead shell material collected at this site had borings of one or both species. They were most commonly found in bivalves, particularly oyster shells, but also noted in a few gastropod shells. Distribution. Korea: Cheongpodae, Yellow Sea.

Amathia cf. gracilis (Leidy, 1855) (Fig. 17) Bowerbankia gracilis: Seo 2011: 33, fig. 11 (cum syn., part). Material examined. MBRBK 1707. Seongsan port, Jeju Island. 33.4690° N, 126.9260° E, intertidal rocks, 8 May 2017. Description. Colonies in this species group consist of a network of stolons with erect, tubular and distally and proximally tapering zooids budded from them at intervals (Fig. 17A, C). Thriving colonies often grow into tangled masses, clumps and tufts. Zooids elongate-oval sacs, rounded at base and distally, with squared to puckered round orifice when polypide retracted. Retracted and preserved zooids c. 0.400 mm long, 0.060 mm wide, attached singly or in clusters on narrow creeping stolon. Internal organs and musculature seen through transparent walls of freshly budded zooids, but older zooids often fouled by algae or sediment particles. Polypide with conspicuous rounded gizzard and tentacle crown of 8 evenly spaced tentacles (Fig. 17A, B). No reproduction noted in colonies collected in this study. Remarks. Bowerbankia gracilis was originally described by Joseph Leidy (1855) from Rhode Island, USA, on the Western Atlantic seaboard where it is tolerant of reduced salinities and variations in temperature, occurring in estuaries and harbors and among fouling communities. It has been reported from many localities around the world, but some records may refer to other similar species. It has been reported from China (e.g. Liu et al. 2001), Japan, and Korea (Seo 2011). Distribution. Members of species group found almost worldwide in fouling and shallow water communities., Published as part of Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil & Gordon, Dennis P., 2018, Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist, pp. 251-283 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on page 275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1453233, {"references":["Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science Philadelphia, 3 (2), 135 - 152.","Seo, J. E. (2011) Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata, Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata: Ascophora II. - Bryozoans. Invertebrate Fauna of Korea, 29, 1 - 107.","Liu, X., Yin & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls."]}

Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824 (Fig. 16) Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824: 45; Jelly 1889: 10; Hirose et al. 2017. Serialaria acervata: Blainville 1834: 476; Deshayes & Milne Edwards 1836: 170; d’Orbigny 1853: 595. Non Amathia acervata: d’Hondt 1979: 10, 16; 1983: 65, fig. 36E; d’Hondt 1991: 163, 165 (part); Gordon et al. 2009: 288. [These all refer to A. bicornis.] Non Amathia vidovici: d’Hondt 1991: 165 [These refer to A. acervata]. Material examined. MBRBK1710, Tongyeong yacht anchorage, South Sea, 34.4934°N, 128.2600°E, 17 August 2015, depth 30 cm. Description. Colonies forming erect, bushy and branching tufts attached to algae and other substrata (Fig. 16A–D). Anticlockwise (usually) spirals of zooid clusters grouped along narrow (about 1.4 mm width) cylindrical stolons. Zooids tilted relative to stolon axis, narrow (about 0.5 mm long, 0.12 mm wide), tubular and connate and more thickly cuticularized at distal ends, a cluster consisting of 12–15 pairs (Fig. 16A, B). Clusters spiral about 1.5 turns around stolon (clusters c. 0.6–1.4 mm long). Stolon branching mostly trifurcate. Color of alcohol-preserved specimens whitish tan. Polypides with 8 tentacles. Remarks. Bushy Amathia species found in Asian waters have usually been attributed to Amathia convoluta (Lamarck, 1816) or Amathia distans Busk, 1886, species with Atlantic distributions. Hirose et al. (in prep.) have made a morphological and molecular study of three Amathia species in Japan, including the redescription of the holotype of Amathia acervata. This is the first record of the species in Korea. Another Japanese species, presently undescribed (Hirose et al. in prep.) is more robust, with slightly larger stolons and zooids with darker-brown pigmentation and mostly bifurcate branching. It may also be found to occur in Korea. No living specimens were found during our survey, but MBRBK houses jars of preserved material. Distribution. Korea: Japan Sea (East Sea) coastal localities. Also Pacific coast of Japan., Published as part of Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil & Gordon, Dennis P., 2018, Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist, pp. 251-283 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on pages 274-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1453233, {"references":["Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1824) Amathie. Encyclopedie d'Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes ou Animaux rayonnes, 95, 42 - 45.","Jelly, E. C. (1889) A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent Marine Bryozoa. London, Dulau & Co., xv + 322 pp.","Hirose, M. (2017) Diversity of freshwater and marine bryozoans in Japan. In: Motokawa M. & Kajihara H. (Eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 629 - 649.","Blainville, H. M. D. de (1834) Manuel d'Actinologie ou de Zoophytology. Paris, F. G. Levrault, 644 pp.","Deshayes, G. P. & Milne Edwards, H. (1836) Deuxieme Edition. Revue et augmentee de notes presentant les faits nouveaux dont la science s'est enrichie jusqu'a ce jour. In: Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres … precede d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome Deuxieme. Histoire des Polypes. Paris, J. B. Baillere, 684 pp.","Gordon, D. P., Taylor, P. D. & Bigey, F. P. (2009) Phylum Bryozoa. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Christchurch, Canterbury University Press, pp. 271 - 297.","Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part II. - The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 17 [50], iviii, 1 - 47, 10 pls."]}

Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992 (Fig. 14) Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992: 21, fig. 2. Material examined. MBRBK 1705. Seongsan Port, Jeju Island, 33.4690° N, 126.9260°E, 8 May 2017, intertidal. Description. Colony forming delicate network made up long narrow stolons with autozooids budded from short perpendicular kenozooid chains (Fig. 14E). Zooids perpendicular or oblique to stolon; distance between zooid clusters on stolon about 0.5 mm. Zooids narrow, elliptical, pointed at their proximal origin, with expanded center and a narrow quadrate distal orifice. Zooid length, mean 0.260 mm (range 0.188–0.301 mm, N = 4); zooid width, mean 0.058 mm (range 0.041–0.074 mm, N = 4). Zooids separated from kenozooidal stolon by a short peduncle. Stolon width c. 0.027 mm. Cuticle of zooid tubes relatively thick, hence zooids not sagging like those of some Amathia. Frontal surface in young zooids semitransparent and slightly granulated. Autozooids budded from subterminal frontal position on kenozooid; first as two lateral buds, later one terminal bud. Polypides with 8 tentacles and campylonemidan tentacle crown in which two tentacles are bent away from other six (Fig. 14B–D). No evidence of reproduction in our material. Remarks. Our material best fits the species described by Kubanin (1992) from Peter the Great Bay on the Russian coast of the Japan Sea. This author provided a table of the Walkeria species then known, regarding Walkeria prorepens as most similar to W. uva (Linnaeus, 1758) from the North Atlantic but differing from it in stolon length, size, and mode of budding of zooids from kenozooids. Distribution. Korea: Jeju Island, on intertidal rock. Russian coast of the Japan Sea, on Amathia rudis., Published as part of Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil & Gordon, Dennis P., 2018, Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist, pp. 251-283 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on page 270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1453233, {"references":["Kubanin, A. (1992) New bryozoan species (Gymnolaemata, Ctenostomata) from the Japan Sea. Zoologcheskii Zhurnal, 71, 19 - 31. [In Russian]","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10 th Edn. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 824 pp."]}

Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. (Figs 9A, B, D, 10, 11) Immergentia [sp.] Seo et al. 2016: 9. Etymology. The species is named for the location where it was found, Cheongpodae Beach, Yellow Sea. Material examined. Holotype: MBRMKH7, Cheongpodae, Taean Coast National Park, Korean west coast, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, intertidal, 16 June 2017. Paratype: MBRBKP7, same data as holotype. Description. Colony boring in shells of dead mollusks. Impression of narrow branching stolonate connections and elongate zooid openings seen at surface of eroded shells (Figs 9A, B, 10, 11). In more-translucent, freshly bored and less-eroded shells, the delicate branching pattern of submerged colonies is visible, especially if shells are wet. Colony extent hard to determine but stolons can trail within or over much of dead shell surface. Zooids have elongate teardrop- to sausage-shaped opening, centered along midline of branch at shell surface (Fig. 9A, B). Resin casts of colonies examined by SEM show that, below this opening, buried zooids develop first as bulge along very narrow (10 µm or less) stolonal branch (Fig. 10A, B). Mature zooids c. 150 µm long, 50 µm wide, widest at orificial end, non-pedunculate, with narrow, round-tipped basal end. Zooid excavation orientated at oblique angle, some even curving upward toward shell surface. Stoloniform processes branch from abanal and anal ends of zooid tubes and may come to shell surface where they are visible as tiny pores. Casts of structures resembling gonozooids also found; these are expanded, more-triangular than autozooids, with two basal ends, one shallower than the other (Fig. 10E, F). Remarks. Gonozooids have not previously been reported for Immergentia. According to Pohowsky (1978) they are known only in Penetrantia, but the SEM illustrations here show that the gonozooids are connected only to Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and its narrow stolons, rather than to the broader stolons of Penetrantia colonies. Perhaps gonozooids are ephemeral or seasonally produced. Immergentia species are the smallest of boring ctenostomes, and they are seldom recorded in surveys as it takes careful study of numerous empty mollusk shells under a stereo microscope to find them. Their colonies may be intermingled with the colonies of larger boring taxa such as Penetrantia on a shell, making it hard to separate the traces of the different species. The traces of the present material at the shell surface, as well as zooidal morphology (non-pedunculate) and branching are typical of Immergentiidae, which is monogeneric. Pohowsky (1978) discussed and illustrated several living and fossil species, three of which occur in the Pacific north of the Equator. Immergentia californica Silén, 1946 differs from Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. in having much longer zooids (c. 350 µm) that are pointed proximally, not rounded; Immergentia philippinensis Soule, 1950 also has a proximal end and a surface trace differing from that in I. cheongpodensis n. sp. Zooids of Immergentia angulata Soule & Soule, 1969 from Hawaii are 180–200 mm long, bent sideways, and pointed proximally. Distribution. Korea: in dead mollusk shells, particularly oysters and clams, from the low-intertidal zone at Cheongpodae beach, west coast of Korea.

Nolella cf. papuensis (Busk, 1886) (Fig. 8) Cylindroecium papuense Busk, 1886: 38, pl. 8, fig. 2. Nolella papuensis: Harmer 1915: 53, pl. 4, figs 10–20; Rho & Kim 1981: 61, pl. 4, figs 1, 2; Rho & Seo 1986: 33; Seo 2005: 283, pl. 14, fig. 23 Material examined. MBRBK 1705, 9 May 2017, Munseom Island offshore of Seogwipo Harbor, Jeju Island, 20 m. Description. Colony forming chain or network of narrow cylindrical zooids. Zooid tubes varying in length, straight to slightly curved, connected by very narrow stoloniform elongations; zooids brown, opaque, their cuticle covered by particles of sediment proximally (Fig. 8A, B), the distal ends of zooids usually lighter and more translucent (Fig. 8D), with fine annular rings and topped distally by the often-squared orifice (Fig. 8E, F). Mean zooid length 1.043 mm (range 0.97–1.09 mm, N = 3); zooid width, mean 0.186 mm (range 0.145–0.217, N = 3), no dilation in diameter at base. Tentacle crown equitentacled, tentacles thin, straightly held; the one tentacle crown that expanded in our study (Fig. 8C) had 12 tentacles. No evidence of reproduction in colonies found. Remarks. The muddy-looking cylindrical zooids of Nolella resemble tubes of polychaetes or amphipods, but their squared-off orifice is diagnostic, distinguishing them as belonging to Nolella. The zooids of the specimens collected in this study are shorter than the average for zooids of N. stipata recorded in Florida (2.1 x 1.8 mm zooid length and width) (Winston 1982) and Brazil (2.3 x 1.8 mm) (Vieira et al. 2014). Korean material collected previously and identified as Nolella papuensis had zooids 1.0– 2.8 mm long and 0.20–0.30 mm wide (Seo 2005). Harmer’s (1915) account of Nolella papuen sis from the Siboga Expedition reported considerable variability in zooid length depending on state of growth and/or regeneration, but able to attain almost 4 mm in height with a tentacle crown of c. 18 tentacles. Busk’s (1886) original description gave much smaller dimensions (1.3 x 0.10–0.11 mm). We believe the Korean specimens (all three from the South Sea), most closely approach N. papuensis. Embryos were lacking in our material, but embryos in colonies from other areas are brooded, several in a row, in the distal half of zooid tubes. Distribution. Indonesia, New Guinea. Korea: Goheung, South Sea; Seogwipo, Jeju Island; intertidal to 20 m., Published as part of Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil & Gordon, Dennis P., 2018, Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist, pp. 251-283 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on page 264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1453233, {"references":["Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part II. - The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 17 [50], iviii, 1 - 47, 10 pls.","Harmer, S. F. (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga- Expeditie, 28 a, i-vi, 1 - 180, pls 1 - 12.","Rho, B. J. & Kim, H. K. (1981) A study on the marine bryozoans in Korea 3. Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata. Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living, 27, 57 - 80.","Rho, B. J. & Seo, J. E. (1986) A systematic study on the marine bryozoans in Cheju-do. Korean Journal of Zoology, 29, 31 - 60.","Seo, J. E. (2005) Bryozoa. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea, 40, 1 - 596. [In Korean]","Winston, J. E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area, Florida. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 173, 99 - 176.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2014) Ctenostomatous Bryozoa from Sao Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3889 (4), 485 - 524. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3889.4.2"]}

Arachnoidella cf. protecta (Harmer, 1915) (Fig. 7) cf. Arachnoidea protecta Harmer, 1915: 50, pl. 3, figs 7–11. Material examined. MBRBK 1704. Two colonies on small rock from west of Cheongsan Island, S. Jeolla Province, 34.1585° N, 126.7689° E, 42 m, collected 29 July 2016 by RV Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 in a grab sample. Description. Colony forming network of stolons and zooids sparsely distributed over about 2 cm 2 area on rock collected from 42 m depth (Fig. 7A). Zooids brown to dark brown, clavate to subpyriform, or even subquadrangular, dilatation tapering abruptly to caudal portion as long as or shorter than dilatation. Cuticular frontal wall convex, sloping upwards to proximal part of dark-rimmed orifice, quadrate distally and tilted slightly toward distal end of zooid (Fig. 7B–E). Zooid length (non-caudate portion), mean 0.261 mm (range 0.188–0.340 mm, N = 5), zooid width, mean 0.253 (range 0.233–0.275 mm, N = 5). Internal anatomy and tentacle number unknown. Remarks. Gordon (1986) proposed that the name Arachnoidella be used for the marine species formerly assigned to Arachnoidea, a decision we have followed here. The only specimen found was on a small dried rock already in the MBRBK collection, discovered by DPG when examining rock and shell samples for cheilostomes. Although the specimen was reconstituted in aqueous trisodium phosphate, no internal anatomy remained, only the cystid structure and do not form of the orifice. Many of the stolonate portions were missing. Twelve species of Arachnoidella are known so far. The geographically closest are two abyssal species from south of Japan (d’Hondt & Mawatari 1987), neither of which is at all similar to the Korean material. Our material appears closest to Arachnoidella protecta (Harmer, 1915), described from Indonesia (0–32 m), although zooid shape in Harmer’s material is variable, and mostly not clavate. Harmer (1915) gives no information on internal structure. A publication by Chimenz Gusso et al. (1998) described A. protecta from the Mediterranean, giving measurements larger than those of Korean material and drawings of external morphology, including zooids with extended peristomes showing a long setigerous collar, but no tentacle crown or internal structure. Additional specimens of living or alcohol-preserved specimens from Korea are needed to clarify the species’ morphology and anatomy and confirm its specific identity. Distribution. Korea: South Sea: Cheongsan Island, 42 m depth., Published as part of Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil & Gordon, Dennis P., 2018, Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist, pp. 251-283 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on pages 259-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1453233, {"references":["Harmer, S. F. (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga- Expeditie, 28 a, i-vi, 1 - 180, pls 1 - 12.","Gordon, D. P. (1986) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Ctenostomata and Cheilostomata Anasca) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs, 95, 1 - 121.","Hondt, J. - L. d' & Mawatari, S. F. (1987) Description de deux nouvelles especes d' Arachnoidea (Bryozoa, Ctenostomatida) provenant de la campagne oceanographique KAIKO I (Japon). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 28, 373 - 380.","Chimenz Gusso, C., d'Hondt, J. - L., Nicoletti, L. & Galluzzo Cuscani, G. (1998) Finding of Arachnoidea (Arachnoidella) protecta (Harmer, 1915) (Bryozoa Ctenostomatida, Arachnidiidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65, 235 - 238. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009809386751"]}

Hippopleurifera confusa sp. nov. (Figs 3 A–F) Material examined. Holotype: MG– 6302 –I–c, Atalaia Beach, Salinópolis, Pará state, Brazil. Paratypes: MG– 6302 –I–a, b, d, from same locality as holotype. Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids short, frontal shield with 1–3 rows of areolar pores and smooth central region proximal to orifice. Orifice with 6–8 small spine bases and variably developed small median lyrulate process. Suboral avicularium and 1–2 asymmetrical lateral avicularia present. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids short, hexagonal, slightly longer than wide (460–704 [568] µm x 427–691 [522] µm). Frontal shield with 1–3 rows of areolar pores and an imperforate area proximal to the orifice frontally. Interior of frontal shield with 3 rows of areolar pores and an imperforate umbonuloid area proximal to orifice. Orifice longer than wide (147–220 [193] µm x 163–205 [185] µm); anter rounded, bordered by 6–8 small spine bases, the most proximal of which are located near the short condylar projections; poster concave with a small, median lyrulate projection. A single suboral avicularium on a raised cystid; rostrum subtriangular, directed frontally, usually poorly preserved or broken with cystid apparent only as a large hole; distal end of avicularium terminating at proximal border of orifice. Single, or paired asymmetrical lateral avicularia present; rostrum elongate (143–317 µm long), directed frontally or angled toward adjacent frontal wall; well-preserved rostral tips flared, extending beyond interzooidal boundary (Fig. 3 D–E). Ooecium not observed. Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the confusion caused by the similarity of this species to H. barbosae sp. nov. Remarks. Despite the lack of ooecia in the colony fragments examined, we believe Hippopleurifera confusa sp. nov. belongs to this genus because of the presence of the reduced umbonuloid area in the frontal shield, the lateral suboral avicularia and the presence of a suboral umbo or avicularium. Hippopleurifera confusa is very similar to H. barbosae sp. nov. (see above) in having a median suboral avicularium and similarly shaped lateral avicularia. It may be discriminated from H. barbosae by its shorter zooids with a shorter orifice, greater spine number (six to eight), more-proximally positioned lateral avicularia and fewer rows of areolar pores. Hippopleurifera semicristata (Reuss, 1847) also resembles this species, but it too has fewer rows of areolar pores (two, rarely three), there is no suboral umbo or avicularia, the frontally smooth suboral area is larger and the lateral avicularia are also larger. Hippopleurifera confusa sp. nov. is known only from the Pirabas Formation.