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In a previous study, the authors found persistent presence of acute inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein and complement factors locally in burn wounds. This persistence of acute inflammation may not only delay local burn wound healing but also have a systemic effect, for instance on the heart. Here, the effects of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1inh), an inhibitor of complement activation, on burn wound progression and the heart were analyzed in rats. Dorsal full-thickness burn wounds (2 x 4 cm) were induced on female Wistar rats (n = 14). The rats were divided into two groups (n = 7): a control group (just burns) and a C1inh group. C1inh was administered daily intravenously for 14 days. The burn wound, healthy skin from the hind leg (internal control), and the heart were then fixed in formalin. Tissues were analyzed for granulation tissue formation, reepithelialization, amount and type of infiltrating inflammatory cells (granulocytes and macrophages), and inflammatory markers (complement factors C3 and C4). C1inh treatment significantly reduced the amount of granulation tissue and significantly increased reepithelialization. C1inh also significantly reduced macrophage infiltration. Burns induced infiltration of macrophages into the ventricles of the heart and remarkably also into the atria of the heart. This effect could be counteracted by C1inh. These data show that systemic treatment with C1inh acts at different levels resulting in improved healing locally in burn wounds and systemically reduced inflammation in the heart. Therefore, C1inh might be a possible therapeutic intervention for burn wound patients. (J Burn Care Res 2012;33:544-551)