32 results on '"Yvan L'Homme"'
Search Results
2. The swine enteric virome in a commercial production system and its association with neonatal diarrhea
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Nicolas Nantel-Fortier, Martin Gauthier, Yvan L’Homme, Virginie Lachapelle, Philippe Fravalo, and Julie Brassard
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Diarrhea ,Swine Diseases ,Feces ,Kobuvirus ,General Veterinary ,Swine ,Virome ,Animals ,General Medicine ,Microbiology ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Swine are an important food source worldwide and producers may not always be aware of the variety of the pathogens infecting their herds, particularly viruses. In this study, 12 enteric viruses were monitored in a total of 181 diarrheic and healthy piglets; namely porcine astrovirus groups 1-5 (poAstV1-5), rotavirus A and C (RVA-RVC), caliciviruses (CaVs), porcine kobuvirus (PoK), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and torque teno sus virus 1 and k2 (TTsuV1-k2). All animals were sampled before 3 weeks of age, and then at 5, 12 and 20 weeks of age. In addition to the 12 targeted viruses, the virome of 12 piglets at 4 different life stages was characterized using a high-throughput sequencing approach. The presence of CaV (sapovirus), poAstV-3 or poAstV-5 was found to be a risk factor for neonatal diarrhea. Co-infections with RVC and poAstV-2, poAstV-3, and poAstV-4 and CaV co-infected with PoK or poAstV-4 were also found to be risk factors for diarrhea in piglets. RVC, PoK, poAstV-3 and poAstV-4 were the most prevalent viruses in piglets below 3 weeks of age. PoAstV-2, poAstV-4, TTsuV1 and TTsuVk2 were found to be the most prevalent viruses infecting piglets of 20 weeks of age. The enteric virome composition varied between healthy and diarrheic piglets. The alpha and beta diversity of the enteric viromes varied from under 3 weeks of age to 20 weeks and was mainly supported by phages. Overall, this study sheds new light on enteric virome dynamics and the virome's relationship with neonatal diarrhea.
- Published
- 2021
3. Kobuvirus shedding dynamics in a swine production system and their association with diarrhea
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Julie Brassard, Ann Letellier, Yvan L’Homme, Virginie Lachapelle, and Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
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Diarrhea ,Kobuvirus ,Veterinary medicine ,Farms ,Swine ,animal diseases ,Weaning ,Microbiology ,Feces ,03 medical and health sciences ,fluids and secretions ,medicine ,Animals ,Phylogeny ,Neonatal diarrhea ,030304 developmental biology ,Production system ,Swine Diseases ,0303 health sciences ,Picornaviridae Infections ,General Veterinary ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Age Factors ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Life stage ,Virus Shedding ,3. Good health ,Herd ,RNA, Viral ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
Porcine kobuviruses are widely distributed in swine, but the clinical significance of these viruses remains unclear, since they have been associated with both diarrheic and healthy pigs. In addition, there is a paucity of data on Kobuvirus prevalence in Canadian pig herds. In this study, a total of 181 diarrheic and healthy piglets were monitored and sampled on four occasions, intended to represent the different stages of production. The piglets were sampled at the nursing farms (birth to weaning stage), at the nursery farms (post-weaning stage), and at finishing farms (at the beginning and the end of the fattening stage). Fecal and environmental samples were collected during each life stage. Following viral extraction, Kobuvirus detection by RT-PCR was conducted, and positive samples were sequenced. During the late-nursing stage (6–21 days old), piglets with diarrhea shed more Kobuvirus than healthy individuals. Piglets shed more Kobuvirus during the post-weaning stage (nursery farms) than during any of the other life stages. This was evidenced in individual samples as well as in environmental samples. Over 97% of the sampled piglets shed Kobuvirus at least once in their lifetime. All piglets shedding a Kobuvirus strain or mix of strains at the nursing stage did not appear to shed another porcine kobuvirus strain at a later life stage. Overall, our findings throw light on Kobuvirus shedding dynamics and their potential role in neonatal diarrhea at the nursing stage, which appears to be the point of entry for kobuviruses into swine production systems.
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- 2019
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4. Treatments of porcine fecal samples affect high-throughput virome sequencing results
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Julie Brassard, Martin Gauthier, Yvan L’Homme, Nicolas Nantel-Fortier, and Philippe Fravalo
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0301 basic medicine ,Diarrhea ,biology ,RNase P ,Swine ,Virome ,viruses ,030106 microbiology ,RNA ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Sapovirus ,RNA virus ,biology.organism_classification ,DNA sequencing ,Virus ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Feces ,030104 developmental biology ,Virology ,Viruses ,Animals ,Human virome - Abstract
The porcine enteric microbiota is currently extensively studied, taking advantage of developments in high-throughput sequencing technologies. However, the viral part of the microbiota, the virome, is being lightly explored, and the impact of the pretreatments used before sequencing the viruses is barely considered. In this study, the impacts of filtration, RNase and DNase treatments on virus reads recovery and diversity after sequencing on a MiSeq platform were assessed on fecal samples individually taken at
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- 2020
5. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile
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Jan, Vinjé, Mary K, Estes, Pedro, Esteves, Kim Y, Green, Kazuhiko, Katayama, Nick J, Knowles, Yvan, L'Homme, Vito, Martella, Harry, Vennema, Peter A, White, and Ictv Report Consortium
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Mammals ,Animal ,viruses ,ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile ,Fishes ,Virion ,norovirus ,Birds ,taxonomy ,ICTV Report ,Animals ,RNA, Viral ,Positive-strand RNA Viruses ,Caliciviridae ,Caliciviridae Infections - Abstract
The family Caliciviridae includes viruses with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of 7.4–8.3 kb. The most clinically important representatives are human noroviruses, which are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Virions are non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry. Members of seven genera infect mammals (Lagovirus, Norovirus, Nebovirus, Recovirus, Sapovirus, Valovirus and Vesivirus), members of two genera infect birds (Bavovirus and Nacovirus), and members of two genera infect fish (Minovirus and Salovirus). This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Caliciviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/caliciviridae.
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- 2019
6. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepatitis E Virus in a Canadian Swine Production Network
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Julie Brassard, Ann Letellier, Yvan L’Homme, Philippe Fravalo, Nicolas Nantel-Fortier, and Virginie Lachapelle
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0301 basic medicine ,Canada ,Veterinary medicine ,Food Safety ,Meat ,Genotype ,Swine ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,Food Contamination ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Feces ,03 medical and health sciences ,Hepatitis E virus ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Phylogeny ,Swine Diseases ,Hepatitis ,business.industry ,Zoonosis ,medicine.disease ,Food safety ,Hepatitis E ,030104 developmental biology ,Livestock ,business ,Food Science ,Food contaminant - Abstract
Viral contamination along the production chain is a significant concern in both food safety and livestock health. Pigs have been reported to act as a reservoir for zoonotic viruses, sometimes emerging ones, and epidemiological studies have shown direct links between the consumption of uncooked pork offal and cases of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 in humans. The presence of HEV in swine herds has been reported, but its dissemination in pork production environments is still unknown. To investigate viral contamination sources in the swine industry, 452 environment and fecal samples, including samples from livestock transportation vehicles, were collected over a period of 11 months from ten farms and one slaughterhouse that together represent a single production network. Hepatitis E virus RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR in 32 samples from both inside and outside farm buildings, on trucks, and, mostly, from fomites collected in the slaughterhouse yard, such as on a utility vehicle. Phylogenetic analysis showed a wide diversity of HEV genotype 3 strains, similar to human and swine strains previously found. According to the results of this study, the movements of trucks and utility vehicles might play an important role in HEV dissemination on a slaughterhouse site and throughout an entire network.
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- 2016
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7. Validation of an in-house real-time PCR fecal assay and comparison with two commercial assays for the antemortem detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in culled sheep
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Jagdip Singh Sohal, Anne Leboeuf, Gilles Fecteau, Julie Arsenault, Pierre Hélie, Yvan L’Homme, and Yves Robinson
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Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Paratuberculosis ,Sheep Diseases ,Ileum ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tissue culture ,Feces ,medicine ,Animals ,Full Scientific Reports ,Lymph node ,0303 health sciences ,Sheep ,General Veterinary ,030306 microbiology ,Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,Flock ,Mycobacterium - Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In sheep, the antemortem detection of the infection is challenging given the slow progression of the disease and the lack of sensitive, specific, and cost-effective validated tests. We adapted an in-house real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay targeting the multi-copy IS 900 element of MAP. The sensitivity and specificity of this essay for the detection of MAP infection were estimated in a convenience sample of culled ewes from 7 infected flocks and compared to a commercial fecal rtPCR, a commercial ELISA, and fecal culture. An infected ewe was defined as a ewe with a positive culture of the ileum and/or mesenteric lymph node. A non-infected ewe was defined as a ewe negative in intestinal tissue culture, negative in fecal culture, and with no lesions consistent with paratuberculosis. The in-house rtPCR had a sensitivity estimate of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59%, 97%) among the 44 infected ewes, which was significantly higher ( p ⩽ 0.05) than the sensitivity of a commercial fecal rtPCR (52%, 95% CI: 27%, 76%; or 63%, 95% CI: 35%, 87% depending on the cutoff used), an ELISA (14%, 95% CI:2.0%, 41%), and fecal culture (21%, 95% CI: 2.7%, 59%). No statistical difference in assay specificities was observed for the 30 non-infected ewes. The in-house rtPCR is a promising tool that could be used advantageously for the antemortem detection of MAP infection in sheep.
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- 2018
8. Identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (CRF)
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Yvan L’Homme, Anne Leboeuf, Julie Arsenault, and Marion Fras
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Maedi visna ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cross-species transmission ,Sheep Diseases ,SRLV ,Genome ,Virology ,Animals ,Serologic Tests ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus ,Clade ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,Recombinant ,Goat Diseases ,Sheep ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Molecular epidemiology ,Goats ,Lentivirus ,Quebec ,Genetic Variation ,CRF ,biology.organism_classification ,Fusion Proteins, gag-pol ,Lentiviruses, Ovine-Caprine ,DNA, Viral ,Lentivirus Infections ,Flock ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) is constantly changing due to animal movements, cross species transmission and because of their rapid evolutionary rate. This study reports a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on consensus gag and pol sequences covering 3 kb of the SRLV genome from small ruminants in Quebec, Canada. A group of strains obtained from goats originating from different flocks, segregated in a unique clade distinct from currently known SRLV groups. Genetic dissection of the gag gene from these strains revealed that it originated as a result of a recombination event between parental strains currently circulating in small ruminants of the country. Following HIV nomenclature, we propose to call this group of strains, circulating recombinant form 1 SRLV, or CRF01_AB SRLV. In addition, the study confirms the existence of genetically distinct and homogeneous populations of SRLVs infecting sheep and goats housed in single species flocks.
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- 2015
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9. Dynamics of Virus Distribution in a Defined Swine Production Network Using Enteric Viruses as Molecular Markers
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Julie Brassard, Yvan L’Homme, Ann Letellier, Philippe Fravalo, and Virginie Lachapelle
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Diarrhea ,Rotavirus ,0301 basic medicine ,Canada ,Farms ,Livestock ,Swine ,animal diseases ,Biosecurity ,Food Contamination ,medicine.disease_cause ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Astrovirus ,03 medical and health sciences ,Environmental Microbiology ,Enterovirus Infections ,medicine ,Animals ,Animal Husbandry ,Swine Diseases ,Ecology ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Animal husbandry ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Biotechnology ,030104 developmental biology ,Enteroviruses, Porcine ,Astroviridae ,Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ,business ,Abattoirs ,Food Science ,Food contaminant - Abstract
Modern swine production systems represent complex and dynamic networks involving numerous stakeholders. For instance, livestock transporters carry live animals between fattening sites, abattoirs, and other premises on a daily basis. This interconnected system may increase the risk of microbial spread within and between networks, although little information is available in that regard. In the present study, a swine network composed of 10 finishing farms, one abattoir, and three types of stakeholders (veterinarians, livestock transporters, and nutritional technicians) in Quebec, Canada, was selected to investigate specific vectors and reservoirs of enteric viruses. Environmental samples were collected from the premises over a 12-month period. Samples were screened using targeted reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing of two selected viral markers, group A rotaviruses (RVA) and porcine astroviruses (PoAstV), both prevalent and genetically heterogeneous swine enteric viruses. The results revealed frequent contamination of farm sites (21.4 to 100%), livestock transporter vehicles (30.6 to 68.8%) and, most importantly, the abattoir yard (46.7 to 94.1%), depending on the sample types. Although high levels of strain diversity for both viruses were found, identical PoAstV and RVA strains were detected in specific samples from farms, the abattoir yard, and the livestock transporter vehicle, suggesting interconnections between these premises and transporters. Overall, the results from this study underscore the potential role of abattoirs and livestock transport as a reservoir and transmission route for enteric viruses within and between animal production networks, respectively. IMPORTANCE Using rotaviruses and astroviruses as markers of enteric contamination in a swine network has revealed the potential role of abattoirs and livestock transporters as a reservoir and vectors of enteric pathogens. The results from this study highlight the importance of tightening biosecurity measures. For instance, implementing sanitary vacancy between animal batches and emphasizing washing, disinfection, and drying procedures on farms and for transportation vehicles, as well as giving limited access and circulation of vehicles throughout the production premises, are some examples of measures that should be applied properly. The results also emphasize the need to closely monitor the dynamics of enteric contamination in the swine industry in order to better understand and potentially prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This is especially relevant when a virulent and economically damaging agent is involved, as seen with the recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the country.
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- 2017
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10. Genetic Structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Population in Cattle Herds in Quebec as Revealed by Using a Combination of Multilocus Genomic Analyses
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Julie Arsenault, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Olivia Labrecque, Jean-Philippe Roy, J M Fairbrother, Gilles Fecteau, and Yvan L’Homme
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Microbiology (medical) ,Genotype ,Population ,Paratuberculosis ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,Evolution, Molecular ,Spatio-Temporal Analysis ,Genetic variation ,medicine ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,education ,Genetics ,Molecular Epidemiology ,education.field_of_study ,Genetic diversity ,Molecular epidemiology ,Genetic heterogeneity ,Quebec ,Genetic Variation ,Mycobacteriology and Aerobic Actinomycetes ,medicine.disease ,Molecular Typing ,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ,Genetic marker ,Genetic structure ,Cattle - Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. A variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. In the present study, PCR-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and small sequence repeats (SSR) in addition to IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA), were used to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of 200 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from dairy herds located in the province of Quebec, Canada. The majority of strains were of the “cattle type,” or type II, although 3 strains were of the “bison type.” A total of 38 genotypes, including a novel one, were identified using a combination of 17 genetic markers, which generated a Simpson's index of genetic diversity of 0.876. Additional analyses revealed no differences in genetic diversity between environmental and individual strains. Of note, a spatial and spatiotemporal cluster was evidenced regarding the distribution of one of the most common genotypes. The population had an overall homogeneous genetic structure, although a few strains stemmed out of the consensus cluster, including the bison-type strains. The genetic structure of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis populations within most herds suggested intraherd dissemination and microevolution, although evidence of interherd contamination was also revealed. The level of genetic diversity obtained by combining MIRU-VNTR and SSR markers shows a promising avenue for molecular epidemiology investigations of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission patterns.
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- 2014
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11. Development and validation of a microarray for the confirmation and typing of norovirus RT-PCR products
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Erwin Duizer, Miguel O'Ryan, Nathalie Corneau, Kirsten Mattison, Alexander Martyres, Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre, Daisuke Sano, Sabah Bidawid, Yalda Lucero, Albert Bosch, Ulises Urzúa, Yvan L’Homme, Ingvild Berg, Zhiyao Luo, Sanela Svraka, Franco Pagotto, and Mette Myrmel
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Genetics ,Genotype ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,viruses ,Norovirus ,virus diseases ,Amplicon ,Microarray Analysis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Virus ,Caliciviridae ,Molecular Typing ,medicine ,Humans ,Typing ,DNA microarray ,Genotyping ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - Abstract
Noroviruses are implicated in many worldwide institutional, food and waterborne outbreaks each year. Genetic typing of isolates is valuable for monitoring outbreak spread as well as variation in circulating strains. Microarrays have the potential to provide rapid genotype information for norovirus samples. The NoroChip v3.0 provides an oligonucleotide hybridization platform to screen for over 600 potential interactions in each experiment. The NoroChip v3.0 was developed at Health Canada and validated in seven international partner laboratories. Each laboratory validated the NoroChip v3.0 using norovirus amplicons routinely characterized in their testing protocols. Fragments from the capsid region (region C) and a 2.4 kb amplicon spanning polymerase and capsid sequences (region AD) were validated in six of the partner laboratories and provided correct genogroup typing information (GI or GII) when hybridized to the NoroChip v3.0. Results indicate that the current limiting factor for implementing the NoroChip v3.0 as a strain typing tool is the difficulty obtaining a long, specific amplicon from all circulating norovirus strains. Data obtained with the longer region AD amplicon provided the best discrimination between norovirus strains.
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- 2011
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12. Multiple novel and prevalent astroviruses in pigs
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Marc-André Laurin, Margaux Dastor, Estelle Gallice, Stéphanie Roi, Yvan L’Homme, and Zhiyao Luo
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food.ingredient ,Swine ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cross-species transmission ,Zoology ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Article ,Astrovirus ,Feces ,Monophyly ,fluids and secretions ,food ,Phylogenetics ,Astroviridae Infections ,Genetic variation ,Prevalence ,Animals ,Phylogeny ,Taxonomy ,Swine Diseases ,Genetic diversity ,General Veterinary ,Phylogenetic tree ,Quebec ,Genetic Variation ,virus diseases ,Mamastrovirus ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Astroviridae ,Pigs ,Capsid Proteins - Abstract
Knowledge of porcine astrovirus diversity and epidemiology remains limited. We used a broad range PCR approach to investigate the presence and diversity of astroviruses in healthy pigs of different ages on 20 farms and in 3 slaughterhouses situated in the province of Quebec, Canada between 2005 and 2007. Our study unexpectedly revealed remarkable levels of genetic diversity and high prevalence of astroviruses in pigs of this province. Astroviruses were detected on every farm investigated and in all age groups of pigs, from suckling piglets to adults. In addition, we found that nearly 80% of healthy finisher pigs harbour astroviruses in their intestine at slaughter. Phylogenetic evidence based on partial polymerase and complete capsid sequences, suggests that porcine astroviruses do not form a monophyletic group but are rather found on separate branches across the mamastrovirus tree. In addition to type species strains, we found highly divergent strains that form two additional lineages, one of which falls outside existing taxonomic groups. The presence of diverse astroviruses in a majority of healthy pigs likely represents a continuous source of infection to piglets and possibly to other animal species including humans. Porcine astrovirus strains appeared phylogenetically related not only to prototypical human astroviruses, as was already known, but also to novel human strains recently discovered suggesting multiple cross species transmission events between these hosts and other animal species. Overall, the findings reported in this study suggest an active role of pigs in the evolution and ecology of the Astroviridae.
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- 2011
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13. Broad range RT-PCR assays targeting human noroviruses also detect swine noroviruses
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Raphaël Sansregret, Carole Simard, and Yvan L’Homme
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,Food Contamination ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Microbiology ,Genome ,law.invention ,Species Specificity ,stomatognathic system ,law ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,Molecular genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Caliciviridae Infections ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Norovirus ,Gene Amplification ,Virology ,Reverse transcriptase ,Gastroenteritis ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Food Microbiology ,RNA, Viral ,Primer (molecular biology) ,Sequence Alignment ,Food Science - Abstract
Conventional broad range RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR assays designed to detect human noroviruses (NoVs) also efficiently detect swine NoVs. Investigation of the primers and probe binding sites revealed strong homologies between swine NoVs genomic sequences and human primer sequences. These findings have a serious impact on food diagnostic methods and laboratories.
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- 2009
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14. Genomic characterization of swine caliciviruses representing a new genus of Caliciviridae
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Carole Simard, Yvan L’Homme, Anne-Marie Lamontagne, Étienne Plante-Fortier, Raphaël Sansregret, Geneviève Lacroix, and Mourad Ouardani
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Swine ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Sequence Homology ,Genome, Viral ,Genome ,Homology (biology) ,Open Reading Frames ,Viral Proteins ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Genetics ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,ORFS ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Swine Diseases ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Quebec ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,biology.organism_classification ,Caliciviridae ,Capsid ,RNA, Viral - Abstract
This study reports the molecular characterization of novel caliciviruses, the St-Valérien-like viruses, which were isolated from pig feces in the province of Quebec, Canada between 2005 and 2007. The genomes of St-Valérien-like viruses contain 6409 nucleotides and include two main open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the non structural (NS) polyprotein and the major capsid protein (VP1) while ORF2 encodes the putative basic minor capsid protein. Typical conserved amino acid motifs predict a gene order reminiscent of calicivirus genomes. Phylogenetic, pairwise homology, and distance analyses performed on complete genomic sequences and partial amino acid sequences from the NTPase, polymerase, and major capsid protein segregated the St-Valérien-like viruses in a unique cluster sharing a common root with the Tulane virus and the noroviruses. Based on the genomic analyses presented, the St-Valérien-like viruses are members of a new genus of Caliciviridae for which we propose the name Valovirus.
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- 2009
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15. Genetic diversity of porcine Norovirus and Sapovirus: Canada, 2005–2007
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Geneviève Lacroix, Étienne Plante-Fortier, Mourad Ouardani, Geneviève Simard, Jonathan Deschamps, Carole Simard, Yvan L’Homme, Raphaël Sansregret, and Anne-Marie Lamontagne
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Genotype ,Swine ,viruses ,animal diseases ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Sequence Homology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sapovirus ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Swine Diseases ,Genetic diversity ,Heterogeneous group ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Genetic heterogeneity ,Norovirus ,Quebec ,Genetic Variation ,virus diseases ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Caliciviridae ,RNA, Viral - Abstract
Noroviruses and sapoviruses are members of the family Caliciviridae and emerging enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Since their discovery and characterization in swine, relatively few strains have been described in detail. In order to investigate their genetic diversity, a total of 266 fecal samples collected in the province of Quebec, Canada, between 2005 and 2007 were screened for the presence of caliciviruses by RT-PCR using broadly reactive primers. Genetically heterogeneous caliciviruses were detected on the majority of farms. Typical noroviruses related to known swine genotypes were present on 20% of the farms. Sapoviruses were detected on 75% of the farms and were the most heterogeneous group. Further characterization of selected strains in their 3' end parts was carried out for their classification and unveiled possibly new clusters of sapoviruses. No human-like noroviruses or sapoviruses were detected in the present study.
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- 2009
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16. Propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) improve DNA array and high-throughput sequencing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus identification
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Steve J. Charette, Luke Masson, Carl A. Gagnon, Christian Bellehumeur, Yvan L’Homme, Brian Boyle, Josée Harel, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine vétérinaire
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Serum ,Azides ,Swine ,viruses ,Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Article ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Propidium monoazide ,EMA ,Ethidium ,Virology ,Animals ,Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ,Lung ,DNA array ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,PMA ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,High-throughput sequencing ,biology ,RNA ,Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Ethidium bromide monoazide ,Enzyme ,Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ,chemistry ,PRRSV ,Nucleic acid ,Respiratory virus ,Ethidium bromide ,Virus identification ,Propidium - Abstract
Pan-viral DNA array (PVDA) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) are useful tools to identify novel viruses of emerging diseases. However, both techniques have difficulties to identify viruses in clinical samples because of the host genomic nucleic acid content (hg/cont). Both propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) have the capacity to bind free DNA/RNA, but are cell membrane-impermeable. Thus, both are unable to bind protected nucleic acid such as viral genomes within intact virions. However, EMA/PMA modified genetic material cannot be amplified by enzymes. In order to assess the potential of EMA/PMA to lower the presence of amplifiable hg/cont in samples and improve virus detection, serum and lung tissue homogenates were spiked with porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) and were processed with EMA/PMA. In addition, PRRSV RT-qPCR positive clinical samples were also tested. EMA/PMA treatments significantly decreased amplifiable hg/cont and significantly increased the number of PVDA positive probes and their signal intensity compared to untreated spiked lung samples. EMA/PMA treatments also increased the sensitivity of HTS by increasing the number of specific PRRSV reads and the PRRSV percentage of coverage. Interestingly, EMA/PMA treatments significantly increased the sensitivity of PVDA and HTS in two out of three clinical tissue samples. Thus, EMA/PMA treatments offer a new approach to lower the amplifiable hg/cont in clinical samples and increase the success of PVDA and HTS to identify viruses.
- Published
- 2015
17. Characterisation of the clinical importance of porcine group C rotavirus in a swine nursery production network in Quebec
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Virginie Lachapelle, Julie Brassard, Ann Letellier, J. Arsenault, Yvan L’Homme, P. Hélie, and Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
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Veterinary medicine ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology - Published
- 2015
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18. First report of kobuvirus detection in swine in the Province of Quebec
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Ann Letellier, Yvan L’Homme, Julie Brassard, Virginie Lachapelle, and Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
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Geography ,biology ,Kobuvirus ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology - Published
- 2015
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19. Genetic diversity of group A rotavirus in swine in Canada
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Ann Letellier, Philippe Fravalo, Julie Brassard, Virginie Lachapelle, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Yvan L’Homme, Marie-Christine Lambert, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine vétérinaire
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Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ,Rotavirus ,Canada ,Swine ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Rotavirus A ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Group A ,Rotavirus Infections ,Genetic diversity ,Feces ,Virology ,Zoonoses ,Genotype ,medicine ,Animals ,Pig farms ,Antigens, Viral ,Phylogeny ,Swine Diseases ,Base Sequence ,Quebec ,Genetic Variation ,General Medicine ,Strain distribution ,Group A rotaviruses ,Capsid Proteins ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) in pigs have been poorly investigated in Canada. In a continued effort to fill this gap, ten finisher swine farms in Quebec, Canada, were sampled over a nine-month period. The presence of RVA was detected in healthy pigs on all farms investigated during the entire sampling period. The genotypes detected included G2, G5, G9 and G11; P[6], P[7], P[13], P[27] and P[34]; and I5 and I14. The predominant types were G2, P[13] and I5, which is different from previous global reports. Various fomites were consistently contaminated by RVA, suggesting that a resident viral flora remains in the farm environment and may play a role in the infection of incoming pigs. The results also suggest temporal or geographical specificities regarding strain distribution on pig farms.
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- 2014
20. Analysis of the ORF2 of human astroviruses reveals lineage diversification, recombination and rearrangement and provides the basis for a novel sub-classification system
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Tibor Farkas, Balasubramanian Ganesh, Krisztián Bányai, Ferenc Jakab, Simona De Grazia, Maria Cristina Medici, Vito Martella, Pierfrancesco Pinto, Yvan L’Homme, Fabio Tummolo, Giovanni M. Giammanco, Martella, V, Pinto, P, Tummolo, F, De Grazia, S, Giammanco, G, Medici, MC, Ganesh, B, L’Homme, Y, Farkas, T, Jakab, F, and Bányai, K
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Gene Rearrangement ,Recombination, Genetic ,Genetics ,Settore MED/07 - Microbiologia E Microbiologia Clinica ,Genotype ,Phylogenetic tree ,Sequence analysis ,Computational Biology ,Sequence Homology ,RNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,Gene rearrangement ,Biology ,Astrovirus, classification, recombination, rearrangement ,Hypervariable region ,Viral Proteins ,Capsid ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,Phylogeny ,Mamastrovirus - Abstract
Canonical human astroviruses (HAstVs) are important enteric pathogens that can be classified genetically and antigenically into eight types. Sequence analysis of small diagnostic regions at either the 5' or 3' end of ORF2 (capsid precursor) is a good proxy for prediction of HAstV types and for distinction of intratypic genetic lineages (subtypes), although lineage diversification/classification has not been investigated systematically. Upon sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the full-length ORF2 of 86 HAstV strains selected from the databases, a detailed classification of HAstVs into lineages was established. Three main lineages could be defined in HAstV-1, four in HAstV-2, two in HAstV-3, three in HAstV-4, three in HAstV-5 and two in HAstV-6. Intratypic (inter-lineages) ORF2 recombinant strains were identified in type 1 (1b/1d) and type 2 (2c/2b) with distinct crossover points. Other potential intratypic recombinant strains were identified in type 3, type 5 and type 6. In addition, a type-1b strain with a large insertion (~600 bp) of heterologous RNA in the N-terminal region and a type-6 strain with a large RNA rearrangement in the hypervariable region were identified. The classification scheme was integrated in a novel nomenclature system suitable for designation of HAstV strains.
- Published
- 2014
21. Different classes of retrotransposons in coniferous spruce species
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Yvan L'Homme, Armand Séguin, and Francine M Tremblay
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fungi ,Genetics ,General Medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
We have used the conservation of reverse transcriptase and integrase domains among retroelements to PCR-amplify three well-known types of these mobile genetic elements. Reverse transcriptase sequences from Ty1-copia were identified in spruce in this way, as well as integrase sequences from the Ty3-gypsy group. Using these sequences as probes against a Picea glauca genomic bank, individual members from the LTR (long terminal direct repeat) groups were obtained. A partial Ty1-copia-type element named Spcl was isolated along with a Ty3-gypsy-type element named Spdl. Genomic Southern hybridizations revealed the complexity and high copy number of LTR retrotransposons in black and white spruce.Key words: copia, gypsy, Picea, PCR.
- Published
- 2000
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22. Post‐transcriptional and developmental regulation of a CMS‐associated mitochondrial gene region by a nuclear restorer gene
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Gregory G. Brown, Rima Menassa, and Yvan L'Homme
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Cell Nucleus ,Genetics ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Base Sequence ,Molecular Sequence Data ,fungi ,Cytoplasmic male sterility ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,food and beverages ,RNA ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Nucleotidyltransferases ,Sepal ,Ribonucleases ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Transcription (biology) ,Gene expression ,Petal ,RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ,Gene ,Plant Proteins - Abstract
Summary Transcripts of the mitochondrial gene region orf224/atp6, which is associated with the Polima or pol cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of Brassica napus, differ among fertile, sterile and nuclear-restored plants. We show here that the effects of the restorer gene Rfp on orf224/atp6 transcripts varies among different floral organs. Relative to monocistronic atp6 transcripts, levels of the dicistronic transcripts spanning orf224 and atp6 are dramatically reduced in petals, stamens and carpels, but not sepals, of restored flowers. In pol CMS plants, the relative levels of different orf224/atp6 transcripts are similar among the floral organs. Analysis of guanylyltransferase-labeled mtRNA indicates that only the dicistronic 2.2 and 1.9 kb orf224/atp6 transcripts carry an initiator 59 terminus; hence the 1.4 and 1.3 kb transcripts of restored plants, as well as the 1.1 kb atp6 transcript common to all genotypes, are generated by RNA processing and not de novo initiation. Although steady-state levels of dicistronic transcripts in flower buds are lower in restored than in sterile plants, run-on transcription experiments show that these transcripts are synthesized at the same rate in both types of flowers. These findings imply that the restorer gene acts by conditioning the removal of sequences from the 59 end of dicistronic transcripts in a developmentally regulated manner. Run-on transcription experiments indicate that the single 1.1 kb atp6 transcript of nap cytoplasm is also generated by removal of sequences from the 59 end of a precursor. We suggest that specific endonucleolytic cleavage of a precursor RNA, followed by non-specific 39 to 59 exonuclease action, may represent a common mechanism for tailoring transcripts in plant mitochondria.
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- 1999
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23. Brassica nap cytoplasmic male sterility is associated with expression of a mtDNA region containing a chimeric gene similar to the pol CMS-associated orf224 gene
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Yvan L'Homme, Amina Hameed, Richard J. Stahl, Gregory G. Brown, and Xiu-Qing Li
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Cytoplasm ,Transcription, Genetic ,Sequence analysis ,RNA Splicing ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Brassica ,Chimeric gene ,Biology ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Mitochondrial Proteins ,Open Reading Frames ,Exon ,mental disorders ,Genetics ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Gene Rearrangement ,Base Sequence ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,fungi ,Cytoplasmic male sterility ,Chromosome Mapping ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,Gene rearrangement ,Nap ,Proton-Translocating ATPases ,Open reading frame ,Fertility ,Genome, Plant - Abstract
Two different cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) systems, nap and pol, are found in the oilseed rape (canola) species Brassica napus. Physical mapping studies have previously shown that organizational differences between the sterile pol and fertile cam mitochondrial genomes are restricted to a relatively small region immediately upstream of the atp6 gene. An approximately 4.5-kb pol mtDNA segment containing a chimeric open reading frame (orf224) co-transcribed with atp6 is missing from cam mtDNA and located at a different site on nap mtDNA; expression of the orf224/atp6 gene region is highly correlated with the pol CMS trait. Sequence analysis now shows that the transposed nap segment contains an open reading frame (ORF) related to, but distinct from, pol orf224. This open reading frame (orf222) potentially encodes a protein of 222 amino acids possessing 79% sequence similarity to the predicted product of the pol orf224 gene. nap orf222 is co-transcribed with the third exon of the trans-spliced nad5 gene and another ORF. orf222 transcripts are several times more abundant in nap CMS than in fertility restored nap-cytoplasm plants and qualitative transcript differences for the region between CMS and restored plants are found as well. Expression of the orf222/nad5c/orf139 region is specifically correlated with nap CMS: of 21 mitochondrial gene regions examined, including all the sites of rearrangement between the nap and fertile cam mitochondrial genomes and 22 known genes, only the orf222/nad5c/orf139 region detected transcript differences between maintainer cam cytoplasm, nap CMS- and fertility restored nap cytoplasm-plants. Our results suggest that expression of the orf222/nad5c/orf139 region may be associated with nap CMS, and, more generally, that different forms of CMS may be associated with genes encoding structurally similar proteins.
- Published
- 1997
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24. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in mixed flocks: multiple evidence of dual infection and natural transmission of types A2 and B1 between sheep and goats
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Marion Fras, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Anne Leboeuf, François-Mikaël Labrie, Yvan L’Homme, and Marc-André Laurin
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Microbiology (medical) ,Zoology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,law ,Phylogenetics ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Phylogeny ,Sheep ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Coinfection ,Goats ,Lentivirus ,Lentivirus Infections ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,DNA, Viral ,Herd ,Flock - Abstract
Previous molecular analyses of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) populations in single species herds in Quebec, Canada, have revealed a relatively simple structure where goats and sheep appeared exclusively infected with B1 and A2 subtypes respectively. The present work aimed at extending these earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks. Molecular analyses revealed a more complex picture of SRLV population structure in mixed herds compared to single species herds. Notably, phylogenetic analyses of long gag sequences strongly support transmission of A2 subtype from sheep to goats as well as transmission of B1 subtype from goats to sheep. Hence, this work uncovered for the first time natural transmission between sheep and goats of North American subtype A2. In addition, multiple evidences of mixed infection of sheep and goats with A2 and B1 subtypes were found. The data reported in this study reinforces the concept of a genetic continuum of SRLVs where strains are exchanged between sheep and goats under favourable conditions and in the absence of specific species barriers. Most interestingly, this study suggests that dual infection, which is a hallmark of the lentivirus paradigm HIV, may not be such rare events in small ruminants but may simply be understudied and underreported. Overall, the present data shows that sheep and goats in Canada can be infected with both SRLV A and B types, sometimes simultaneously, and that mixed flocks may represent a breeding ground for their evolution.
- Published
- 2013
25. Full-length genome analysis of G2, G9 and G11 porcine group A rotaviruses
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Olivier Martel-Paradis, Marc-André Laurin, Yvan L’Homme, Vito Martella, and Jagdip Singh Sohal
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Rotavirus ,Genotype ,Sequence analysis ,Swine ,viruses ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Genome ,Rotavirus Infections ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phylogenetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,Swine Diseases ,General Veterinary ,Strain (biology) ,General Medicine ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Virology ,chemistry ,Cattle ,DNA - Abstract
Group A rotaviruses with G2 and G9 VP7 specificity are common in humans, while G11 strains have been detected only sporadically. G2, G9 and G11 rotaviruses also circulate in pigs and swine rotaviruses have been suspected of interspecies and zoonotic transmissions in numerous studies. However, the complete gene constellation of G2 and G9 porcine rotaviruses has not yet been determined. In order to start filling this gap, the genomic make up of two G2, one G9 and one G11 porcine rotavirus strains, detected in Canada in 2005-2007, was determined. With the exception of a G2P[34] strain, with E9 NSP4 type and mixed I5+I14 VP6 type, the constellation of genomic segments was rather conserved and were closely related to prototype porcine strains in the four viruses characterized (I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1). Most notably, all the viruses displayed a rare NSP3 genotype, T7, which has also been identified in rare human reassortant strains and in the reference strain RVA/Cow-tc/GBR/UK/1973/G6P[5]. This study provides crucial genetic data on these complex viruses and will help understand the origin and ecological niche of gene segments and the role played by pigs in their evolution.
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- 2012
26. Detection and genetic characterization of a novel pig astrovirus: relationship to other astroviruses
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Marc-André Laurin, Margaux Dastor, and Yvan L’Homme
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food.ingredient ,Swine ,viruses ,Lineage (evolution) ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Sus scrofa ,Biology ,Astrovirus ,fluids and secretions ,food ,Phylogenetics ,Astroviridae Infections ,Virology ,Genetic variation ,Animals ,Humans ,Phylogeny ,Diarrheic Piglet ,ORF2 Gene ,Swine Diseases ,Phylogenetic tree ,Brief Report ,Complete Capsid ,Genetic Variation ,virus diseases ,Mamastrovirus ,Outbreak ,General Medicine ,Mini Spin Column ,biology.organism_classification ,Capsid Code Region ,Astroviridae ,Henipavirus - Abstract
Emerging viruses represent a continuous threat to human health and to farmed animals, as evidenced on multiple occasions by outbreaks of influenza, henipavirus and SARS. Knowledge about the diversity of viromes present in reservoir species can lead to a better understanding of the origin of emerging pathogens. In this study, we extend the knowledge of astrovirus diversity in pigs by reporting the genetic characterization of an unknown astrovirus lineage. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that this porcine astrovirus lineage is unique and does not appear to share a recent common ancestor with any known mamastrovirus. The data reported in this study extend the number of porcine astrovirus lineages to a total of five, all of which most likely represent distinct species of different origins.
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- 2011
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27. Organizational differences between cytoplasmic male sterile and male fertile Brassica mitochondrial genomes are confined to a single transposed locus
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Gregory G. Brown and Yvan L'Homme
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Adenosine Triphosphatases ,Genetics ,Cytoplasm ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Transcription, Genetic ,viruses ,Restriction Mapping ,Cytoplasmic male sterility ,Chromosome Mapping ,Locus (genetics) ,Brassica ,Chimeric gene ,Biology ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Genome ,Fertility ,Gene mapping ,DNA Transposable Elements ,Gene ,Genomic organization - Abstract
Comparison of the physical maps of male fertile (cam) and male sterile (pol) mitochondrial genomes of Brassica napus indicates that structural differences between the two mtDNAs are confined to a region immediately upstream of the atp6 gene. Relative to cam mtDNA, pol mtDNA possesses a 4.5 kb segment at this locus that includes a chimeric gene that is cotranscribed with atp6 and lacks an approximately 1kb region located upstream of the cam atp6 gene. The 4.5 kb pol segment is present and similarly organized in the mitochondrial genome of the common nap B.napus cytoplasm; however, the nap and pol DNA regions flanking this segment are different and the nap sequences are not expressed. The 4.5 kb CMS-associated pol segment has thus apparently undergone transposition during the evolution of the nap and pol cytoplasms and has been lost in the cam genome subsequent to the pol-cam divergence. This 4.5 kb segment comprises the single DNA region that is expressed differently in fertile, pol CMS and fertility restored pol cytoplasm plants. The finding that this locus is part of the single mtDNA region organized differently in the fertile and male sterile mitochondrial genomes provides strong support for the view that it specifies the pol CMS trait.
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- 1993
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28. Genetically heterogeneous and prevalent caliciviruses detected in Canadian swine
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Yvan L’Homme
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Genetics - Published
- 2009
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29. RNA editing of transcripts of a chimeric mitochondrial gene associated with cytoplasmic male-sterility in Brassica
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Troy Ketela, Sophie Sun, Gregory G. Brown, Yvan L'Homme, and Richard J. Stahl
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Mitochondrial DNA ,Cytoplasm ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Brassica ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Open Reading Frames ,Genetics ,Amino Acid Sequence ,RNA, Messenger ,Cloning, Molecular ,Gene ,Peptide sequence ,Plant Proteins ,Recombination, Genetic ,Base Sequence ,Oligonucleotide ,Chimera ,Reproduction ,Cytoplasmic male sterility ,DNA ,Mitochondria ,Open reading frame ,chemistry ,RNA editing ,RNA Editing - Abstract
The orf224 gene is a chimeric open reading frame associated with the Polima or pol cytoplasmic male sterility of Brassica napus. The first 58 codons and 5' upstream region of orf224 are derived from a conventional mitochondrial gene, orfB, while the origin of the remaining portion of the gene is unknown. Transcripts of the orf224 gene were found to be edited at a single site in the region of the gene that does not correspond to a known sequence. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the edited and unedited forms were shown to hybridize specifically to respective in vitro orf224 transcripts. Analysis of floral mtRNA by this method indicated that virtually all orf224 transcripts of both sterile and fertile, nuclear-restored pol cytoplasm plants are edited. Our results indicate that transcripts of novel, CMS-associated genes may be edited, but that, at least in this case, the degree of editing does not appear to be directly related to the male-sterile phenotype.
- Published
- 1994
30. Genomic characterization of swine caliciviruses representing a new genus of Caliciviridae.
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Yvan L’Homme, Raphaël Sansregret, Étienne Plante-Fortier, Anne-Marie Lamontagne, Mourad Ouardani, Geneviève Lacroix, and Carole Simard
- Abstract
Abstract This study reports the molecular characterization of novel caliciviruses, the St-Valérien-like viruses, which were isolated from pig feces in the province of Quebec, Canada between 2005 and 2007. The genomes of St-Valérien-like viruses contain 6409 nucleotides and include two main open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the non structural (NS) polyprotein and the major capsid protein (VP1) while ORF2 encodes the putative basic minor capsid protein. Typical conserved amino acid motifs predict a gene order reminiscent of calicivirus genomes. Phylogenetic, pairwise homology, and distance analyses performed on complete genomic sequences and partial amino acid sequences from the NTPase, polymerase, and major capsid protein segregated the St-Valérien-like viruses in a unique cluster sharing a common root with the Tulane virus and the noroviruses. Based on the genomic analyses presented, the St-Valérien-like viruses are members of a new genus of Caliciviridae for which we propose the name Valovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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31. Group A rotaviruses in children with gastroenteritis in a Canadian pediatric hospital: The prevaccine era
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Estelle Chetrit, Yvan L’Homme, Jagdip Singh Sohal, and Caroline Quach
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Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Group A ,QR1-502 ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Rotavirus ,Pediatric hospital ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Group A rotaviruses ,Original Article ,business ,Genotyping ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
A publicly funded, group A rotavirus (RVA) vaccination program was implemented in Quebec in November 2011.To evaluate trends in RVA infections and describe circulating genotypes before the implementation of a publicly funded vaccination program.The Montreal Children's Hospital (Montreal, Quebec) virology laboratory database was reviewed for RVA ELISA performed between July 2006 and June 2011. A five-week moving average was used to follow the proportion of positive RVA ELISA test results. A season was defined as starting with the first two and ending with the final two consecutive weeks in which the percentage of specimens testing positive for RVA was ≥10%. Duplicate tests were excluded. A random sample of 39 RVA-positive fecal samples from the final season (2010/2011) was genetically characterized: VP4, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 gene segments were genotyped using sequence analysis.Of the 3403 nonduplicate tests, 433 were RVA positive: 15.1% (2006/2007) to 9.3% (2010/2011) of the samples were positive during the study period, with a proportionally larger decrease in the percentage of positive tests compared with the decrease in the number of tests performed. The most common RVA strain types detected were G9P[8]I1 (n=19) and G1P[8]I1 (n=14), followed by G2P[4]I2 (n=4), G3P[6]I1 (n=1) and G4P[8]I2 (n=1). Mixed RVA infection was observed in two samples.Before the implementation of the vaccination program, the proportion of positive RVA tests had already begun to steadily decline. The present study was the first to report the genetic makeup of human RVA collected from a Canadian hospital based on the genotyping of four gene segments. The present study provided a baseline with which to monitor the impact of the universal vaccination program.En novembre 2011, le Québec a commencé à financer un programme de vaccination contre le rotavirus du groupe A (RVA).Évaluer les tendances des infections par le RVA et décrire les génotypes en circulation avant la mise en œuvre d’un programme de vaccination financé par le gouvernement.Les chercheurs ont analysé la base de données du laboratoire de virologie de L’Hôpital de Montréal pour enfants de Montréal, au Québec, pour en extraire les tests ELISA du RVA effectués entre juillet 2006 et juin 2011. Ils ont utilisé une moyenne mobile de cinq semaines pour suivre la proportion de résultats de tests ELISA positifs au RVA. Ils ont défini une saison comme commençant avec les deux premières semaines consécutives au cours desquelles au moins 10 % des échantillons étaient positifs au RVA et se terminant avec les deux dernières semaines présentant ces caractéristiques. Ils ont exclu les tests dédoublés. Ils ont procédé à la caractérisation génétique d’un échantillon aléatoire de 39 coprocultures positives au RVA de la dernière saison (2010-2011) : ils ont génotypé les segments de gèneSur les 3 403 tests non dédoublés, 433 étaient positifs au RVA : de 15,1 % (2006-2007) à 9,3 % (2010-2011) des échantillons étaient positifs pendant la période de l’étude, la diminution étant proportionnellement plus importante en matière de pourcentage de tests positifs que de nombre de tests effectués. Les types de souches de RVA les plus décelés étaient le G9P[8]I1 (n=19) et le G1P[8]I1 (n=14), suivis du G2P[4]I2 (n=4), du G3P[6]I1 (n=1) et du G4P[8]I2 (n=1). Dans deux échantillons, les chercheurs ont observé une infection à RVA mixte.Avant la mise en œuvre du programme de vaccination, la proportion de tests positifs au RVA avait déjà commencé à subir une baisse constante. La présente étude est la première à avoir rendu compte de la constitution génétique du RVA humain prélevé dans un hôpital canadien d’après le génotypage de quatre segments de gène. Elle fournit un point de départ pour surveiller les répercussions du programme de vaccination universelle.
32. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from Canadian sheep and goats
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Giuseppe Bertoni, Giuliano Pisoni, Mourad Ouardani, Carole Simard, Valérie Lévesque, and Yvan L’Homme
- Subjects
Canada ,Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine ,Visna-maedi virus ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Short Report ,Sheep Diseases ,Cross-species transmission ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus ,Phylogeny ,Genetic diversity ,Goat Diseases ,Sheep ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Goats ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,Infectious Diseases ,Lentivirus Infections ,RNA, Viral ,Flock - Abstract
Background Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are widespread in Canadian sheep and goats and represent an important health issue in these animals. There is however no data about the genetic diversity of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) or Maedi Visna Virus (MVV) in this country. Findings We performed a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of sheep and goat lentiviruses from a small geographic area in Canada using long sequences from the gag region of 30 infected sheep and 36 infected goats originating from 14 different flocks. Pairwise DNA distance and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all SRLV sequences obtained from sheep clustered tightly with prototypical Maedi visna sequences from America. Similarly, all SRLV strains obtained from goats clustered tightly with prototypical US CAEV-Cork strain. Conclusions The data reported in this study suggests that Canadian and US SRLV strains share common origins. In addition, the molecular data failed to bring to light any evidence of past cross species transmission between sheep and goats, which is consistent with the type of farming practiced in this part of the country where single species flocks predominate and where opportunities of cross species transmissions are proportionately low.
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