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Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary, as a UNESCO natural heritage site, is a critical habitat for migratory birds along the East Atlantic Flyway (EAF). The bird habitat has undergone the dramatic variations of the Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) under the influence of climate change and human activities, posing a serious threat to the survival of migratory birds along the EAF. In order to explore the spatio-temporal variations of LUCC in Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary during 1984 to 2023, this study employs multitemporal satellite image data to extract the LUCC of this heritage site and adjacent region, and comprehensively analyze the impact factors induced the variations of LUCC. Our results show that it went through two stages of the significant change in LUCC over the past 40 years. The first stage of significant change is from 1984 to 1990, when the areas of soil land and saline soil land had largely transformed into water bodies, vegetation, and wetlands. The areas of soil and saline soil land were decreased by 28.86% and 8.96%, respectively. Meanwhile, the areas of wetland, water body and vegetation increased to 30.53%, 4.92% and 2.37%, separately. The second stage of significant change in LUCC is from 2000 to 2010, while the area of vegetation (including the invasive plants) increased significantly to 54.02%, and the areas of water bodies, wetlands, and saline soil areas decreased to 6.19%, 10.37%, and 10.05% respectively. At the same time, the area of agricultural land around the heritage site rapidly increased from 13.292 km2 in 2006 to 114.2603 km2 in 2023. These significant variations of LUCC led to a decrease in the number of migratory birds, and the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary had been listed as List of World Heritage in Danger twice by the World Heritage Committee. The major factors contributing to these significant changes in LUCC are mainly caused by human activities, such as the construction of the Diama Dam and improper use of upstream of the dam, as well as the expansion of agricultural land around the heritage site. Thus, we suggest that the heritage administrative authorities should make relevant measures to scientifically minimize the impact of human activities on ecosystem of the heritage site, and conduct regularly an integrated “space-to-ground” monitoring and assessment of water usage of the dam, controlling of invasive plants, strictly regulating the expansion of agricultural land within the heritage site and adjacent region.

Multiphase flow in low permeability porous media is involved in numerous energy and environmental applications. However, a complete description of this process is challenging due to the limited modeling scale and the effects of complex pore structures and wettability. To address this issue, based on the digital rock of low permeability sandstone, a direct numerical simulation is performed considering the interphase drag and boundary slip to clarify the microscopic water-oil displacement process. In addition, a dual-porosity pore network model (PNM) is constructed to obtain the water-oil relative permeability of the sample. The displacement efficiency as a recovery process is assessed under different wetting and pore structure properties. Results show that microscopic displacement mechanisms explain the corresponding macroscopic relative permeability. The injected water breaks through the outlet earlier with a large mass flow, while thick oil films exist in rough hydrophobic surfaces and poorly connected pores. The variation of water-oil relative permeability is significant, and residual oil saturation is high in the oil-wet system. The flooding is extensive, and the residual oil is trapped in complex pore networks for hydrophilic pore surfaces; thus, water relative permeability is lower in the water-wet system. While the displacement efficiency is the worst in mixed-wetting systems for poor water connectivity. Microporosity negatively correlates with invading oil volume fraction due to strong capillary resistance, and a large microporosity corresponds to low residual oil saturation. This work provides insights into the water-oil flow from different modeling perspectives and helps to optimize the development plan for enhanced recovery.

To date, despite extensive research, the prognosis of advanced osteosarcoma has not improved significantly. Thus, patients experience a reduced survival rate, suggesting that a reevaluation of current treatment strategies is required. Recently, in addition to routine surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, researchers have explored more effective and safer treatments, including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, metabolic targets therapy, and nanomedicine therapy. The tumorigenesis and development of osteosarcoma is closely related to angiogenesis. Thus, anti-angiogenesis therapy is crucial to treat osteosarcoma; however, recent clinical trials found that it has insufficient efficacy. To solve this problem, the causes of treatment failure and improve treatment strategies should be investigated. This review focuses on summarizing the pathophysiological mechanisms of angiogenesis in osteosarcoma and recent advances in anti-angiogenesis treatment of osteosarcoma. We also discuss some clinical studies, with the aim of providing new ideas to improve treatment strategies for osteosarcoma and the prognosis of patients.

Abstract Pore structure is a crucial factor affecting the physical properties of porous materials, and understanding the mechanisms and laws of these effects is of great significance in the fields of geosciences and petroleum engineering. However, it remains a challenge to accurately understand and quantify the relationship between pore structures and effective properties. This paper improves a workflow to focus on investigating the effect of pore structure on physical properties. First, a hybrid modeling approach combining process-based and morphology-based methods is proposed to reconstruct 3D models with diverse pore structure types. Then, the characteristics and differences in pore structure in these models are compared. Finally, the variation laws and pore-scale mechanisms of the influence of pore structure on physical properties (permeability and elasticity) are discussed based on the reconstructed models. The relationship models between pore structure parameters and permeability/elastic parameters in the grain packing model are established. The effect of pore structure evolution on permeability/elasticity and the microscopic mechanism in three types of morphology-based reconstruction models are explored. The influence degree of pore structure on elastic parameters (bulk modulus, shear modulus, P-wave velocity, and S-wave velocity) is quantified, reaching 29.54%, 51.40%, 18.94%, and 23.18%, respectively. This work forms a workflow for exploring the relationship between pore structures and petrophysical properties at the microscopic scale, providing more ideas and references for understanding the complex physical properties in porous media.

Credit evaluation has always been an important part of the financial field. The existing credit evaluation methods have difficulty in solving the problems of redundant data features and imbalanced samples. In response to the above issues, an ensemble model combining an advanced feature selection algorithm and an optimized loss function is proposed, which can be applied in the field of credit evaluation and improve the risk management ability of financial institutions. Firstly, the Boruta algorithm is embedded for feature selection, which can effectively reduce the data dimension and noise and improve the model’s capacity for generalization by automatically identifying and screening out features that are highly correlated with target variables. Then, the GHM loss function is incorporated into the XGBoost model to tackle the issue of skewed sample distribution, which is common in classification, and further improve the classification and prediction performance of the model. The comparative experiments on four large datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to the existing mainstream methods and can effectively extract features and handle the problem of imbalanced samples.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been referred to as the “green cancer,” and its progression to colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant challenge for the medical community. A common factor in their development is glycolysis, a crucial metabolic mechanism of living organisms, which is also involved in other diseases. In IBD, glycolysis affects gastrointestinal components such as the intestinal microbiota, mucosal barrier function, and the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and neutrophils, while in CRC, it is linked to various pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transcription factors such as p53, Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and c-Myc. Thus, a comprehensive study of glycolysis is essential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of both IBD and CRC. This paper reviews the role of glycolysis in diseases, particularly IBD and CRC, via its effects on the intestinal microbiota, immunity, barrier integrity, signaling pathways, transcription factors and some therapeutic strategies targeting glycolytic enzymes.

The choice of torque curve in lower-limb enhanced exoskeleton robots is a key problem in the control of lower-limb exoskeleton robots. As a human–machine coupled system, mapping from sensor data to joint torque is complex and non-linear, making it difficult to accurately model using mathematical tools. In this research study, the knee torque data of an exoskeleton robot climbing up stairs were obtained using an optical motion-capture system and three-dimensional force-measuring tables, and the inertial measurement unit (IMU) data of the lower limbs of the exoskeleton robot were simultaneously collected. Nonlinear approximations can be learned using machine learning methods. In this research study, a multivariate network model combining CNN and LSTM was used for nonlinear regression forecasting, and a knee joint torque-control model was obtained. Due to delays in mechanical transmission, communication, and the bottom controller, the actual torque curve will lag behind the theoretical curve. In order to compensate for these delays, different time shifts of the torque curve were carried out in the model-training stage to produce different control models. The above model was applied to a lightweight knee exoskeleton robot. The performance of the exoskeleton robot was evaluated using surface electromyography (sEMG) experiments, and the effects of different time-shifting parameters on the performance were compared. During testing, the sEMG activity of the rectus femoris (RF) decreased by 20.87%, while the sEMG activity of the vastus medialis (VM) increased by 17.45%. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of this control model in assisting knee joints in climbing up stairs.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to study the problem of nonlinear six-degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) trajectory tracking. MethodsTo this end, the line-of-sight (LOS) guidance law of three-dimensional trajectory with variable forward-looking distance is designed, and the stability of the guidance law is proved by Lyapunov stability criterion, and the adaptive S-plane control is used to control the heading, trim angle and longitudianal velocity of AUV. Moreover, taking the REMUS 100 AUV as an example, Matlab-based simulation on the control of the heading, trim angle and longitudinal velocity and the space straight line and curve trajectory tracking are carried out to verify the validity of the proposed LOS guidance law. ResultsThe results show that, for the nonlinear AUV control, compared with the traditional S-plane control, the adaptive S-plane control can reduce the difficulty of tuning control parameters and has stronger anti-jamming ability. Compared with the traditional LOS guidance law, the designed LOS guidance law can make AUV track the reference trajectory faster. ConclusionsThe designed trajectory tracking control algorithm can realize the three-dimensional trajectory tracking for AUV, and be used to improve the vehicle's maneuverability.

A micro-nano pore three-dimensional visualized real-time physical simulation of natural gas charging, in-situ pore-scale computation, pore network modelling, and apparent permeability evaluation theory were used to investigate laws of gas and water flow and their distribution, and controlling factors during the gas charging process in low-permeability (tight) sandstone reservoir. By describing features of gas-water flow and distribution and their variations in the micro-nano pore system, it is found that the gas charging in the low permeability (tight) sandstone can be divided into two stages, expansion stage and stable stage. In the expansion stage, the gas flows continuously first into large-sized pores then small-sized pores, and first into centers of the pores then edges of pores; pore-throats greater than 20 μm in radius make up the major pathway for gas charging. With the increase of charging pressure, movable water in the edges of large-sized pores and in the centers of small pores is displaced out successively. Pore-throats of 20–50 μm in radius and pore-throats less than 20 μm in radius dominate the expansion of gas charging channels at different stages of charging in turn, leading to reductions in pore-throat radius, throat length and coordination number of the pathway, which is the main increase stage of gas permeability and gas saturation. Among which, pore-throats 30–50 μm in radius control the increase pattern of gas saturation. In the stable stage, gas charging pathways have expanded to the maximum, so the pathways keep stable in pore-throat radius, throat length, and coordination number, and irreducible water remains in the pore system, the gas phase is in concentrated clusters, while the water phase is in the form of dispersed thin film, and the gas saturation and gas permeability tend stable. Connected pore-throats less than 20 μm in radius control the expansion limit of the charging pathways, the formation of stable gas-water distribution, and the maximum gas saturation. The heterogeneity of connected pore-throats affects the dynamic variations of gas phase charging and gas-water distribution. It can be concluded that the pore-throat configuration and heterogeneity of the micro-nanometer pore system control the dynamic variations of the low-permeability (tight) sandstone gas charging process and gas-water distribution features.

The welding residual stress re-distribution behavior during fatigue crack propagation in butt-welded high-strength steel plates for ship construction is investigated based on experimental test results and numerical analyses. The specimens’ initial welding residual stresses are obtained from X-ray for middle tensile (MT) specimens cut from butt-welded high-strength steel plates. Then, fatigue crack propagation experiments on MT specimens are conducted, and a strain gauge is used to measure the residual stress re-distribution field around cracks. A practical fatigue crack propagation simulation procedure is developed with a dynamic update of in-situ welding residual stress, where the residual stress intensity factor Kres of the MT specimen is deduced. The stress ratio effect on Kres during fatigue crack propagation is analyzed and a good agreement between experimental and numerical results is achieved.

Background: B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is an important transcription factor of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which regulate the humoral response by supporting the maturation of germinal center B cells and plasma cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the expansion of T follicular helper cells and the effect of the BCL6 inhibitor FX1 in acute and chronic cardiac transplant rejection models.Methods: A mouse model of acute and chronic cardiac transplant rejection was established. Splenocytes were collected at different time points after transplantation for CXCR5+PD-1+ and CXCR5+BCL6+ Tfh cells detection by flow cytometry (FCM). Next, we treated the cardiac transplant with BCL6 inhibitor FX1 and the survival of grafts was recorded. The hematoxylin and eosin, Elastica van Gieson, and Masson staining of cardiac grafts was performed for the pathological analysis. Furthermore, the proportion and number of CD4+ T cells, effector CD4+ T cells (CD44+CD62L−), proliferating CD4+ T cells (Ki67+), and Tfh cells in the spleen were detected by FCM. The cells related to humoral response (plasma cells, germinal center B cells, IgG1+ B cells) and donor-specific antibody were also detected.Results: We found that the Tfh cells were significantly increased in the recipient mice on day 14 post transplantation. During the acute cardiac transplant rejection, even the BCL6 inhibitor FX1 did not prolong the survival or attenuate the immune response of cardiac graft, the expansion of Tfh cell expansion inhibit. During the chronic cardiac transplant rejection, FX1 prolonged survival of cardiac graft, and prevented occlusion and fibrosis of vascular in cardiac grafts. FX1 also decreased the proportion and number of splenic CD4+ T cells, effector CD4+ T cells, proliferating CD4+ T cells, and Tfh cells in mice with chronic rejection. Moreover, FX1 also inhibited the proportion and number of splenic plasma cells, germinal center B cells, IgG1+ B cells, and the donor-specific antibody in recipient mice.Conclusion: We found BCL6 inhibitor FX1 protects chronic cardiac transplant rejection and inhibits the expansion of Tfh cells and the humoral response, which suggest that BCL6 is a potential therapeutic target of the treatment for chronic cardiac transplant rejection.

Vascular interventional surgery is the most common method for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Interventional surgical robot has attracted extensive attention because of its precise control and remote operation. However, conventional force sensors in surgical robots can only detect the axial thrust pressure of the catheter. Inspired by the function of insect antennae, we designed a structure with a thin-film force sensing device in the catheter head. Combined with the pressure sensor in the catheter clamping device, multiple sensor data were fused to predict and classify the current vascular environment using the LSTM network with 94.2% accuracy. During robotic surgery, real-time feedback of current pressure information and vascular curvature information can enhance doctors’ judgment of surgical status and improve surgical safety.

Natural gas hydrate is a kind of environmentally friendly unconventional energy with large reserves, which attract increasing attention in recent years. The microscopic pore structure and mineral composition of natural gas hydrate reservoir have a great influence on its seepage characteristics during exploitation. In this study, computed tomography and scanning electron microscope are used to obtain digital images of three clayey-silt natural gas hydrate reservoir samples in the Shenhu area of South China Sea, and then, the pore structure and the mineral composition of the samples are obtained after image processing. The result indicates that the clayey-silt samples show strong hydrophilic characteristics, small particles, good sorting properties, variable pore distribution, small average pore and throat radius, large porosity, and a large content of submicron pores. The mineral composition of the reservoir is mainly quartz and contains a certain amount of clay minerals, mainly illite, while the mineral composition of reservoir rich in microbial fossils is mainly carbonate. The results indicate that the pore structure and mineral composition of natural gas hydrate reservoirs in Shenhu area lay a foundation for the efficient development of the clayey-silt reservoir.

The classification of lower limb gait phase is very important for the control of exoskeleton robots. In order to enable the exoskeleton to determine gait phase and provide appropriate assistance to the wearer, we propose a compound network based on CNN-BiLSTM. The method uses data from inertial measurement units placed on the leg and pressure sensor arrays placed on the sole as inputs to the model. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to obtain the local key features of gait data, and then the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network is used to extract the serialized gait phase information from the local key features to obtain the high-level feature expression. Finally, the seven phases of both feet were obtained through the classification of the softmax layer. We designed a gait acquisition system and collected the gait data from seven subjects at varying walking speeds. In the test set, the highest gait phase classification accuracy can reach 95.09%. We compared the proposed model with the long short-term memory (LSTM) network and gated recurrent unit (GRU) network. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of CNN-BiLSTM network from seven subjects is 0.417% higher than that of the LSTM network and 0.596% higher than that of the GRU network. Therefore, the ability of the CNN-BiLSTM network to classify gait phases can be applied in designing exoskeleton controllers that can better assist for different gait phases correctly to assist the wearer to walk.

The gas-water two-phase seepage process is complex during the depressurization process of natural gas hydrate in a clayey silt reservoir in the South China Sea, the transport mechanism of which has not been clarified as it is affected by the pore structure. In this study, we select six clayey silt samples formed after the dissociation of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, employing CT scanning technology to observe the pore structure of clayey silt porous media directly. The original CT scanning images are further processed to get the binarized images of the samples, which can be used for simulation of the porosity and absolute permeability. Based on the fractal geometry theory, pore structures of the samples are quantitatively characterized from the aspect of pore distribution, heterogeneity, and anisotropy (represented by three main fractal geometric parameters: fractal dimension, lacunarity, and succolarity, respectively). As a comparison, the binarized CT images of two conventional sandstone cores are simulated with the same parameters. The results show that the correlation between porosity and permeability of the hydrate samples is poor, while there is a strong correlation among the succolarity and the permeability. Fractal dimension (represents complexity) of clayey silt samples is higher compared with conventional sandstone cores. Lacunarity explains the difference in permeability among samples from the perspective of pore throat diameter and connectivity. Succolarity indicates the extent to which the fluid in the pore is permeable, which can be used to characterize the anisotropy of pore structures. Therefore, these three fractal parameters clarify the relationship between the microstructure and macroscopic physical properties of clayey silt porous media.

Robot-assisted interventional surgery can greatly reduce the radiation received by surgeons during the operation, but the lack of force detection and force feedback is still a risk in the operation which may harm the patient. In those robotic surgeries, the traditional force detection methods may have measurement losses and errors caused by mechanical transmission and cannot identify the direction of the force. In this paper, an interventional surgery robot system with a force detection device is designed and a new force detection method based on strain gauges is proposed to detect the force and infer the bending direction of the catheter in the vessel by using BP neural network. In addition, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the BP neural network, and the error between the calculated results and the actual results is reduced by 37%, which improves the accuracy of catheter bending recognition. Combining this new method with traditional force sensors not only reduces the error caused by the traditional mechanical transmission, but also can detect the bending direction of the catheter in the blood vessel, which greatly improves the safety of the operation.

(1) Background: In the case of quick picking and heavy lifting, the carrying action results in a much more active myoelectric signal in the lower back than in an upright stationary one, and there is a high risk of back muscle injury without proper handling skills and equipment. (2) Methods: To reduce the risk of LBP during manual handing tasks, a hip active exoskeleton is designed to assist human manual lifting. A power control method is introduced into the control loop in the process of assisting human transportation. The power curve imitates the semi-squat movement of the human body as the output power of the hip joint. (3) Results: According to the test, the torque can be output according to the wearer’s movement. During the semi-squat lifting process, the EMG (electromyogram) signal of the vertical spine at L5/S1 was reduced by 30–48% and the metabolic cost of energy was reduced by 18% compared the situation of without EXO. (4) Conclusion: The exoskeleton joint output torque can change in an adaptive manner according to the angular velocity of the wearer’s joint. The exoskeleton can assist the waist muscles and the hip joint in the case of the reciprocating semi-squat lifting movement.

The effect of shear displacement on the directivity of permeability in fractures is studied in this paper. The studied fracture surface has 3D self-affine fractal characteristics that are created using the modified successive random addition (SRA) method. Fluid flow through the fracture is simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics code based on the finite element method (FEM) by changing the angle between the shear direction and macroscopic flow direction. The evolutions of the aperture distribution and flow paths with changes in shear displacement are investigated, and the change in the equivalent permeability is evaluated. The results show that the mean aperture and its deviation for rough fractures increase as the shear displacement increases, and this change is accompanied by an increase in void spaces and decreasing contact areas between the upper and lower fracture surfaces. The flow paths become more tortuous, and the channeling flow effect occurs during the shear process. The equivalent permeability of the fractures varies as the inclination between the shear direction and macroscopic flow direction changes. The permeability with the largest magnitude exists in the direction perpendicular to the shear direction, and the permeability with the smallest magnitude exists in the direction parallel to the shear direction. The equivalent permeability of the fractures at other inclinations varies between the smallest and greatest values. Notably, larger inclinations correspond to higher permeability magnitudes. The ratio of the directional permeability to the permeability in the direction parallel to the shear direction varies between 1.03 and 2.71. This ratio tends to decrease as the shear displacement and JRC increase, which indicates that the directivity of the permeability is more obvious for fractures with smaller JRCs and smaller shear displacement.

The sediment of the hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu Area is mainly clayey silt. Its characteristic small particles and poor cementation challenge the quantification of the reservoir permeability during gas production. An accurate description of the seepage mechanism of the clayey-silt reservoir is the basis, and also a difficulty, of effective development of gas in the South China Sea. In this study, four sets of water seepage experiments under different pressure gradients are carried out using the clayey-silt reservoir sediments, in which the fourth sample was subjected to computed tomographic (CT) scans. The experimental results shows that the clayey-silt reservoir has a compression of the pore structure and decreasing permeability with the increasing pressure gradient. CT images are used to show the reduction of pore spaces for fluid flow. When the pressure gradient is less than 3 MPa per meter, the pore structure of the reservoir has minor changes. When the pressure gradient is greater than this value, the pore structure of the reservoir will be quickly compressed. This leads to a rapid decrease in permeability, and the process of permeability reduction is irreversible. The decrease of permeability can be predicted directly by establishing a power law model with the change of porosity. Our experimental results preliminarily reveal the dynamic evolution law of pore structure and permeability of clayey-silt reservoir in the process of gas hydrate exploitation via depressurization. The permeability evolution law at various pressure gradients provides a scientific and reasonable basis of a productivity control system for clayey-silt gas hydrate in depressurized gas production.

In this paper, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is applied to exploring the spontaneous imbibition mechanism in tight sandstones under all face open (AFO) boundary conditions, which will benefit a better understanding of spontaneous imbibition during the development of oil & gas in tight formations. The advantages of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) and NMR T2 are used to define the distribution of remaining oil, evaluate the effect of micro structures on imbibition and predict imbibition recovery. NMR T2 results show that pore size distributions around two peaks are not only the main oil distributions under saturated condition but also fall within the main imbibition distributions range. Spontaneous imbibition mainly occurs in the first 6 h and then slows down and even ceases. The oil signals in tiny pores stabilize during the early stage of imbibition while the oil signal in large pores keeps fluctuating during the late stage of imbibition. NMRI results demonstrate that spontaneous imbibition is a replacement process starting slowly from the boundaries to the center under AFO and ending with oil-water mixing. Furthermore, the wetting phase can invade the whole core in the first 6 h, which is identical with the main period of imbibition occurring according to NMR T2 results. Factors influencing the history of oil distribution and saturation differ at different periods, while it is dominated by capillary imbibition at the early stage and allocated by diffusion at later time. Two imbibition recovery curves calculated by NMRI and NMR T2 are basically consistent, while there still exists some deviations between them as a result of the resolutions of NMRI and NMR T2. In addition, the heterogeneity of pore size distributions in the two samples aggravates this discrepancy. The work in this paper should prove of great help to better understand the process of the spontaneous imbibition, not only at the macroscopic level but also at the microscopic level, which is significant for oil/gas recovery in tight formations.

In this paper, a simple and efficient fractal-based approach is presented for capturing the effects of initial void ratio on the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) in a deformable unsaturated soil. In terms of testing results, the SWCCs (expressed by gravimetric water content) of the unsaturated soils at different initial void ratios were found to be mainly controlled by the air-entry value (Ψa), while the fractal dimension (D) could be assumed to be constant. As a result, in contrast to the complexity of existing models, a simple and efficient model with only two parameters (i.e., D and Ψa) was established for predicting the SWCC considering the effects of initial void ratio. The procedure for determining the model parameters with clear physical meaning were then elaborated. The applicability and accuracy of the proposed model were well demonstrated by comparing its predictions with four sets of independent experimental data from the tests conducted in current work, as well as the literature on a wide range of soils, including Wuhan Clay, Hefei and Guangxi expansive soil, Saskatchewan silt, and loess. Good agreements were obtained between the experimental data and the model predictions in all of the cases considered.