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Abstract Three-dimensional Spatial Transcriptomics has revolutionized our understanding of tissue regionalization, organogenesis, and development. However, existing approaches overlook either spatial information or experiment-induced distortions, leading to significant discrepancies between reconstruction results and in vivo cell locations, causing unreliable downstream analysis. To address these challenges, we propose ST-GEARS (Spatial Transcriptomics GEospatial profile recovery system through AnchoRS). By employing innovative Distributive Constraints into the Optimization scheme, ST-GEARS retrieves anchors with exceeding precision that connect closest spots across sections in vivo. Guided by the anchors, it first rigidly aligns sections, next solves and denoises Elastic Fields to counteract distortions. Through mathematically proved Bi-sectional Fields Application, it eventually recovers the original spatial profile. Studying ST-GEARS across number of sections, sectional distances and sequencing platforms, we observed its outstanding performance on tissue, cell, and gene levels. ST-GEARS provides precise and well-explainable ‘gears’ between in vivo situations and in vitro analysis, powerfully fueling potential of biological discoveries.

Abstract Climate warming disproportionately impacts countries in the Global South by increasing extreme heat exposure. However, geographic disparities in adaptation capacity are unclear. Here, we assess global inequality in green spaces, which urban residents critically rely on to mitigate outdoor heat stress. We use remote sensing data to quantify daytime cooling by urban greenery in the warm seasons across the ~500 largest cities globally. We show a striking contrast, with Global South cities having ~70% of the cooling capacity of cities in the Global North (2.5 ± 1.0 °C vs. 3.6 ± 1.7 °C). A similar gap occurs for the cooling adaptation benefits received by an average resident in these cities (2.2 ± 0.9 °C vs. 3.4 ± 1.7 °C). This cooling adaptation inequality is due to discrepancies in green space quantity and quality between cities in the Global North and South, shaped by socioeconomic and natural factors. Our analyses further suggest a vast potential for enhancing cooling adaptation while reducing global inequality.

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, necessitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Lysosome Associated Protein Transmembrane 4B (LAPTM4B) is involved in biological processes critical to cancer progression, such as regulation of solute carrier transporter proteins and metabolic pathways, including mTORC1. However, the metabolic processes governed by LAPTM4B and its role in oncogenesis remain unknown. In this study, we conducted unbiased metabolomic screens to uncover the metabolic landscape regulated by LAPTM4B. We observed common metabolic changes in several knockout cell models suggesting of a role for LAPTM4B in suppressing ferroptosis. Through a series of cell-based assays and animal experiments, we demonstrate that LAPTM4B protects tumor cells from erastin-induced ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LAPTM4B suppresses ferroptosis by inhibiting NEDD4L/ZRANB1 mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the cystine-glutamate antiporter SLC7A11. Furthermore, metabolomic profiling of cancer cells revealed that LAPTM4B knockout leads to a significant enrichment of ferroptosis and associated metabolic alterations. By integrating results from cellular assays, patient tissue samples, an animal model, and cancer databases, this study highlights the clinical relevance of the LAPTM4B-SLC7A11-ferroptosis signaling axis in NSCLC progression and identifies it as a potential target for the development of cancer therapeutics.

Abstract Fabry-Pérot (FP) microcavities have attracted tremendous attention in recent years due to their favorable optical characteristics of the high quality (Q) factor and small mode volume. In this work, we presented a novel approach that utilized the soft lithography and imprinting technology to incorporate the convex micro-lens array structure into the FP (FP-lens) cavity. A strong mode-profile restriction of the micro-lens simultaneously reduced the mode volume and enhanced the Q factor, exhibiting high tolerance to non-parallelism of mirrors compared with that of the plane-plane FP (PP-FP) microcavities. In the experiment, the Q factor of the FP-lens cavity was measured to be 8.145×104, which exhibited a 5.6-fold increase than that of the PP-FP cavity. Furthermore, we experimentally measured the refractive index sensing performance of the FP-lens cavity with the sensitivity of 594.7 nm/RIU and a detection limit of 4.26×10−7 RIU. On the basis of this superior sensing performance, the FP-lens cavity has the great potential for applications in biosensors.

Previous studies on the susceptibility assessment of regional landslides mainly focused on comparing and improving the results of different evaluation models, while neglected the preservation of information on selected disaster-causing factors and the issue of how to unify factor dimensions. To explore the correlation and dimensionality of disaster causing-factors and their impact on susceptibility assessment, this study selected 12 factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, and terrain undulation, and used new factors extracted from principal component analysis in susceptibility assessment in the northern Jingyuan County. Data standardization, landslide density, and information quantity substitution methods were used to unify the dimensionality of disaster-causing factors. The landslide susceptibility zoning map was drawn based on the GIS platform in the study area. The accuracy of the susceptibility assessment of each mode was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. The results show that among the information model, the logistic regression model, and the perceptron model, the accuracy of the model evaluation obtained by the factors processed by principal component analysis is the highest. Using the information value substitution method to unify the dimensions of factors can further improve the accuracy of the evaluation of the logistic regression model and the perceptron model. The perceptron model has the highest accuracy (AUC=0.936 7), which is superior to the information model (AUC=0.917 3) and the logistic regression model (AUC=0.927 2). This is an ideal model for the landslide susceptibility assessment in the study area and should be given priority. The results can provide the basic theoretical information for disaster prevention and mitigation in similar areas.

Highlights Evaporation and solution two-step hybrid process are used to fabricate conformal growth of perovskite film on textured silicon substrates. F-PMAI additive enlarged the perovskite grains, induced the (111) preferred orientation and passivated interface defects. We obtained a champion efficiency of 30.05% for a monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell based on a silicon thin film tunneling junction.

Abstract Mechano-sensitive hair-like sensilla (MSHS) have an ingenious and compact three-dimensional structure and have evolved widely in living organisms to perceive multidirectional mechanical signals. Nearly all MSHS are iontronic or electronic, including their biomimetic counterparts. Here, an all-optical mechano-sensor mimicking MSHS is prototyped and integrated based on a thin-walled glass microbubble as a flexible whispering-gallery-mode resonator. The minimalist integrated device has a good directionality of 32.31 dB in the radial plane of the micro-hair and can detect multidirectional displacements and forces as small as 70 nm and 0.9 μN, respectively. The device can also detect displacements and forces in the axial direction of the micro-hair as small as 2.29 nm and 3.65 μN, respectively, and perceive different vibrations. This mechano-sensor works well as a real-time, directional mechano-sensory whisker in a quadruped cat-type robot, showing its potential for innovative mechano-transduction, artificial perception, and robotics applications.

In low-power electronics, there is a substantial demand for high-performance p-type oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) that are capable of efficient operation at low voltages. In this study, we employ anodization to form an aluminum oxide gate dielectric layer, enabling the fabrication of p-type tin oxide (SnO) TFTs that effectively operate at a low voltage of 1 V. Under optimal device fabrication conditions, the SnO TFT demonstrates an on/off current ratio exceeding 103 and a saturation mobility of 1.94 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 1 V operation. The optimal SnO TFT fabrication conditions are subsequently used to fabricate a complementary inverter, comprising a SnO TFT and an n-type indium gallium zinc oxide TFT, achieving a gain of up to 38 at a 1 V supply voltage. Notably, the inverter’s switching point voltage is finely tuned to the ideal value, precisely half of the supply voltage. This oxide-based complementary inverter showcases promising potential in low-power electronics.

The Grain for Green Program and soil and water conservation engineering initiatives are crucial for controlling erosion in steep-slope agriculture. However, it is still unclear how these two management methods should be carried out in respect to the situation in mountainous areas. Therefore, taking a typical mountainous area in southwest China as an example, we simulated six scenarios in order to compare the food provisioning service (FPS) and soil conservation service of the Grain for Green Program (converting to grassland) and Construction Measures (converting to sloping terrace) under different slopes. Results showed that when farmland with a >25° slope was converted into grassland, the amount of soil erosion (M) decreased by 21.0%, while FPS decreased by only 0.7%. However, when farmland with a >25° slope was converted into sloping terrace, M decreased by 31.3% while FPS increased by 18.7%. With the increases of farmland slope ranges in the Construction Measures scenario, M gradually decreased and FPS gradually increased. Particularly when farmland >15° was converted into sloping terrace, M decreased by 63.9% and FPS increased by 52.7%. Furthermore, the trade-offs of Construction Measures are lower than that of Grain for Green on different slope ranges. Therefore, we conclude that Construction Measures are a more suitable method in mountainous areas than the Grain for Green, and we suggest that further research be conducted to consider the ecological risks of construction engineering measures.

Abstract Background Many patients during manual therapy after anterior ligament reconstruction will experience severe pain, which has a negative impact on their rehabilitation. However, there is rarely an analgesic method for these patients during rehabilitation. Nitrous oxide with rapid analgesic and sedative effects is often used to relieve pain in minor procedures. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not nitrous oxide analgesia decreases pain compared to oxygen during manual therapy after anterior ligament reconstruction. Methods/design This single-center, randomized, double-blind and controlled trial will recruit 120 patients. Patients ≥ 18 years old undergoing manual therapy after anterior ligament reconstruction (1 month post-operative) with acute pain (VAS ≥ 4) are included. The main exclusion criteria included the following: pulmonary embolism, intestinal obstruction, pneumothorax. Patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention group (A) and the control group (B) in a ratio of 1:1. Doctors, therapists, patients, and data collectors are all blind to the study. The manual therapy will be performed by therapists. Nurses who implemented the intervention handed the doctors envelopes containing the patients’ codes and allocation of A or B. Group A will receive a pre-prepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture plus conventional treatment (no analgesic) given as 30-min treatment sessions, once daily, and group B will receive oxygen plus conventional treatment (no analgesic) under the same conditions. Assessments will be taken 2 min before the intervention (T0), 5 min after the beginning of the intervention (T1), and 5 min after the intervention finished (T2). The primary outcome is pain score. Secondary outcomes include vital signs, side effects, joint range of motion, adjuvant analgesia need, therapist and patient satisfaction, and whether willing to receive the same gas again. Expected outcomes We expect nitrous oxide inhalation to have a beneficial effect on the pain of patients who receive manual therapy after anterior ligament reconstruction. Discussion If this treatment appears beneficial, it could improve patients’ satisfaction and quality of life potentially and even be implemented widely in hospital and rehabilitation settings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, ChiCTR2200061175 (Version 2.0 June 15, 2022), https://www.chictr.org.cn .

Highlights Alkyl-tailored Y-SMAs named YR-SeNF series with near-infrared absorption, different molecular crystallinity and self-assembly abilities are developed. The related organic solar cells (OSCs) with an active layer processed from halogen-free solvents and spin-coating-free technologies achieve a ~ 19% efficiency. Ternary OSCs offer a robust operating stability under MPP tracking and well-keep > 80% of the initial efficiency for even over 400 h.

Pipelines extend thousands of kilometers to transport and distribute oil and gas. Given the challenges often faced with corrosion, fatigue, and other issues in steel pipes, the demand for glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) pipes is increasing in oil and gas gathering and transmission systems. However, the medium that is transported through these pipelines contains multiple acid gases such as CO2 and H2S, as well as ions including Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, CO32−, and HCO3−. These substances can cause a series of problems, such as aging, debonding, delamination, and fracture. In this study, a series of aging damage experiments were conducted on V-shaped defect GFRP pipes with depths of 2 mm and 5 mm. The aging and failure of GFRP were studied under the combined effects of external force and acidic solution using acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It was found that the acidic aging solution promoted matrix damage, fiber/matrix desorption, and delamination damage in GFRP pipes over a short period. However, the overall aging effect was relatively weak. Based on the experimental data, the SSA-LSSVM algorithm was proposed and applied to the damage pattern recognition of GFRP. An average recognition rate of up to 90% was achieved, indicating that this method is highly suitable for analyzing AE signals related to GFRP damage.

Film mulching technology has greatly improved the efficiency of agricultural production. However, it also causes environmental problems such as soil contamination. Biodegradable mulch films, which represent environmentally friendly alternatives, present different characteristics depending on regional differences and crop growth differences. This review was based on the literature and data collected from databases such as the Web of Science. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the development, types and degradation characteristics of biodegradable mulch films. The following conclusions are presented: (1) Applying biodegradable mulch films can conserve water, maintain the soil temperature, improve soil nutrition, increase the soil respiration rate, and promote soil microbial activity. (2) Biodegradable mulch films promote crop root system development, suppress weeds, shorten the crop growth cycle, improve crop emergence rates, and expand the planting range of crops. (3) At present, the incomplete degradability of biodegradable mulch films, their relatively high cost and the potential harm to soil from their degradation products still limit their widespread use in agricultural production. The aim of this study is to provide a reference for future research and for the application of biodegradable mulch films in the hope of promoting their role in the sustainable development of agriculture.

BackgroundThe study of disease progression relies on clinical data, including text data, and extracting valuable features from text data has been a research hot spot. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), semantic-based extraction pipelines are gaining acceptance in clinical research. However, the security and feature hallucination issues of LLMs require further attention. ObjectiveThis study aimed to introduce a novel modular LLM pipeline, which could semantically extract features from textual patient admission records. MethodsThe pipeline was designed to process a systematic succession of concept extraction, aggregation, question generation, corpus extraction, and question-and-answer scale extraction, which was tested via 2 low-parameter LLMs: Qwen-14B-Chat (QWEN) and Baichuan2-13B-Chat (BAICHUAN). A data set of 25,709 pregnancy cases from the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, was used for evaluation with the help of a local expert’s annotation. The pipeline was evaluated with the metrics of accuracy and precision, null ratio, and time consumption. Additionally, we evaluated its performance via a quantified version of Qwen-14B-Chat on a consumer-grade GPU. ResultsThe pipeline demonstrates a high level of precision in feature extraction, as evidenced by the accuracy and precision results of Qwen-14B-Chat (95.52% and 92.93%, respectively) and Baichuan2-13B-Chat (95.86% and 90.08%, respectively). Furthermore, the pipeline exhibited low null ratios and variable time consumption. The INT4-quantified version of QWEN delivered an enhanced performance with 97.28% accuracy and a 0% null ratio. ConclusionsThe pipeline exhibited consistent performance across different LLMs and efficiently extracted clinical features from textual data. It also showed reliable performance on consumer-grade hardware. This approach offers a viable and effective solution for mining clinical research data from textual records.

In spatially resolved transcriptomics, Stereo-seq facilitates the analysis of large tissues at the single-cell level, offering subcellular resolution and centimeter-level field-of-view. Our previous work on StereoCell introduced a one-stop software using cell nuclei staining images and statistical methods to generate high-confidence single-cell spatial gene expression profiles for Stereo-seq data. With advancements allowing the acquisition of cell boundary information, such as cell membrane/wall staining images, we updated our software to a new version, STCellbin. Using cell nuclei staining images, STCellbin aligns cell membrane/wall staining images with spatial gene expression maps. Advanced cell segmentation ensures the detection of accurate cell boundaries, leading to more reliable single-cell spatial gene expression profiles. We verified that STCellbin can be applied to mouse liver (cell membranes) and Arabidopsis seed (cell walls) datasets, outperforming other methods. The improved capability of capturing single-cell gene expression profiles results in a deeper understanding of the contribution of single-cell phenotypes to tissue biology. Availability & Implementation The source code of STCellbin is available at https://github.com/STOmics/STCellbin.

The basic analysis steps of spatial transcriptomics require obtaining gene expression information from both space and cells. The existing tools for these analyses incur performance issues when dealing with large datasets. These issues involve computationally intensive spatial localization, RNA genome alignment, and excessive memory usage in large chip scenarios. These problems affect the applicability and efficiency of the analysis. Here, a high-performance and accurate spatial transcriptomics data analysis workflow, called Stereo-seq Analysis Workflow (SAW), was developed for the Stereo-seq technology developed at BGI. SAW includes mRNA spatial position reconstruction, genome alignment, gene expression matrix generation, and clustering. The workflow outputs files in a universal format for subsequent personalized analysis. The execution time for the entire analysis is ∼148 min with 1 GB reads 1 × 1 cm chip test data, 1.8 times faster than with an unoptimized workflow.

The corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel and two new low-alloy, corrosion-resistant steels containing Cu-Sb and Cu was studied in a simulated seawater environment. The effects of Cu and Sb on corrosion resistance were analyzed by an electrochemical test and accelerated corrosion test. The results show that Cu and Sb reduce the corrosion current density by increasing the corrosion potential and increasing the polarization resistance. Sb can promote the formation of Cu-containing compounds with a strong corrosion inhibition performance, and it can enhance the overall corrosion resistance of steel. In addition, Sb can also promote the conversion of Fe2+ ions into a corrosion-resistant compound, α-FeOOH, and it also further improves the corrosion resistance of steel.

BackgroundRetroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is an effective treatment for testicular tumors. In recent years, with the development of robotics, many urological procedures performed via standard laparoscopy have been replaced by robots. Our objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R-RPLND) versus Non-robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (NR-RPLND) in testicular cancer.MethodsPubmed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for literature on robotic surgery for testicular germ cell tumors up to April 2023. The statistical and sensitivity analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate mean difference (MD), odds ratio(OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) effect indicators.ResultsEight studies with 3875 patients were finally included in this study, 453 with R-RPLND and 3422 with open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (O-RPLND)/laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L-RPLND). The results showed that R-RPLND had lower rates of intraoperative blood loss (MD = -436.39; 95% CI -707.60 to -165.19; P = 0.002), transfusion (OR = 0.06; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.26; P = 0.0001), total postoperative complication rates (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.70; P = 0.002), and length of stay (MD=-3.74; 95% CI -4.69 to -2.78; P

Brucella infection often involves multiple organ systems with non-specific clinical manifestations, and cutaneous involvement is uncommon. Splenic infarction and leukocytoclastic vasculitis also rarely occur together in the course of brucellosis infection. We report the case of a 47-year-old man with Brucella combined with splenic infarction. The patient presented with fever; large liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; muscle and joint pain; positive laboratory tests for blood cultures (Brucella abortus); and imaging suggestive of splenic infarction. After treatment with streptomycin, doxycycline, and rifampicin, the patient’s clinical symptoms and splenic damage improved. Detailed history taking, correct interpretation of laboratory results, and knowledge of rare complications of human brucellosis facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

The development of spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies has transformed genetic research from a single-cell data level to a two-dimensional spatial coordinate system and facilitated the study of the composition and function of various cell subsets in different environments and organs. The large-scale data generated by these ST technologies, which contain spatial gene expression information, have elicited the need for spatially resolved approaches to meet the requirements of computational and biological data interpretation. These requirements include dealing with the explosive growth of data to determine the cell-level and gene-level expression, correcting the inner batch effect and loss of expression to improve the data quality, conducting efficient interpretation and in-depth knowledge mining both at the single-cell and tissue-wide levels, and conducting multi-omics integration analysis to provide an extensible framework toward the in-depth understanding of biological processes. However, algorithms designed specifically for ST technologies to meet these requirements are still in their infancy. Here, we review computational approaches to these problems in light of corresponding issues and challenges, and present forward-looking insights into algorithm development.

This paper investigates a two-dimensional chemotaxis-haptotaxis model $ \begin{eqnarray*} \left\{\begin{array}{lll} u_t = \Delta u-\chi\nabla\cdot(u\nabla v)-\xi\nabla\cdot(u\nabla w),&{} x\in\mathbb{R}^2,\ t>0,\\ v_t = \Delta v-v+u,&{}x\in\mathbb{R}^2,\ t>0,\\ w_t = -vw,&{}x\in\mathbb{R}^2,\ t>0, \end{array}\right. \end{eqnarray*} $ where $ \chi $ and $ \xi $ are positive parameters. It is proved that, for any suitable smooth initial data $ (u_0, v_0, w_0) $, this model admits a unique global strong solution if $ \left\|u_0\right\|_{L^1} < \frac{8 \pi}{\chi} $. Compared to the result by Calvez and Corrias (Calvez and Corrias, 2008 [1]), we can see that the haptotaxis effect is almost negligible in terms of global existence, which is consistent with the result of bounded domain (Jin and Xiang, 2021 [2]). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical work for the well-posedness of chemotaxis-haptotaxis system in the whole space.

In order to explore the extraction and activity of macroalge glycolipids, six macroalgae (Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria sp. and Pyropia yezoensis) glycolipids were extracted with five different solvents firstly. Considering the yield and glycolipids concentration of extracts, Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gracilaria sp. and Pyropia yezoensis were selected from six species of marine macroalgae as the raw materials for the extraction of glycolipids. The effects of the volume score of methanol, solid–liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time and ultrasonic power on the yield and glycolipids concentration of extracts of the above three macroalgae were analyzed through a series of single-factor experiments. By analyzing the antioxidant activity in vitro, moisture absorption and moisturizing activity, the extraction process of Bangia fusco-purpurea glycolipids was further optimized by response surface method to obtain suitable conditions for glycolipid extraction (solid-liquid ratio of 1:27 g/mL, extraction temperature of 48 °C, extraction time of 98 min and ultrasonic power of 450 W). Bangia fusco-purpurea extracts exhibited a certain scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals, as well as good moisture-absorption and moisture retaining activities. Two glycolipids were isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea by liquid–liquid extraction, silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, and they showed good scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and total antioxidant capacity. Their scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals were about 60% at 1600 µg/mL, and total antioxidant capacity was better than that of Trolox. Among them, the moisturizing activity of a glycolipid was close to that of sorbierite and sodium alginate. These two glycolipids exhibited big application potential as food humectants and antioxidants.

Plants live in constantly changing environments that are often unfavorable or stressful. Root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity, and the developmental plasticity of roots helps plants to survive under abiotic stress conditions. This review summarizes the progress being made in understanding the regulation of the phtyohormone ethylene in rice root development in response to abiotic stresses, highlighting the complexity associated with the integration of ethylene synthesis and signaling in root development under adverse environments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of ethylene in regulating root architecture and response to environmental signals can contribute to the genetic improvement of crop root systems, enhancing their adaptation to stressful environmental conditions.

In this study, we propose a wavelet-transform-based light curve representation method and a CNN model based on Inception-v3 for fast classification of light curves, enabling the quick discovery of potentially interesting targets from massive data. Experimental results on real observation data from the TESS showed that our wavelet processing method achieved about a 32-fold dimension reduction, while largely removing noise. We fed the wavelet-decomposed components of light curves into our improved Inception-v3 CNN model, achieving an accuracy of about 95%. Furthermore, our model achieves F1-scores of 95.63%, 95.93%, 95.65%, and 89.60% for eclipsing binaries, planet candidates, variable stars, and instrument noise, respectively. The precision rate of planet candidates identification reaches 96.49%, and the recall rate reaches 95.38% in the test set. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for light curve.

Comprehensive annotating of cell types in spatially resolved transcriptomics to understand biological processes at the single cell level remains challenging. Here the authors introduce Spatial-ID, a supervision-based cell typing method, that combines the existing knowledge of reference single-cell RNA-seq data and the spatial information of spatially resolved transcriptomics data.

Unlike microbes and mammals, cistrome dynamics in plants remains unclear. Here, using GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factor as an example, the authors find that most GLK binding sites are species-specific and the binding divergence is caused by cis-variations through inter-species transformation experiment.

Cell type epigenetic and topographic information of primate brain is lacking. Here, authors identified transcriptional regulatory network, gradient expression pattern and disease vulnerability at cell type level in PFC, M1 and V1 of monkey brain by snRNAseq, snATAC-seq and Stereo-seq.

Demand-side adjustment is efficient to reduce the investment costs of distribution expansion planning, especially when the three phases are unbalanced. However, the rationality of pre-set allowance paid for load adjustment cannot be guaranteed. To help reflect the true contribution of consumer behaviors when making incentive plans, a planning-oriented value quantification method for the demand-side adjustment is proposed. Based on a linear three-phase expansion planning model, optimization problems are constructed to determine the investment decisions and the corresponding feasible regions of adjustment levels successively. The simulation results of the three-phase IEEE 33-bus distribution network demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

【Objective】In order to provide a reference basis for the evaluation of soil environmental qualityand potential risks in the Illicium verum production areas, the heavy metal pollution levels of forest soil in the main production areas of I. verum in Yunnan were detected.【Method】The soil of I. verum forest land in seven counties of Wenshan County, Yunnan Province was studied. Eight heavy metal indexes of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn and Ni were determined, and the pollution risks of soil heavy metals in forest land were evaluated by using individual and comprehensive pollution indexes.【Result】The coefficients of variation of heavy metals ranged from 7.11% to 18.75% in the test areas, and the average content of heavy metals Hg, As, Pb and Cr exceeded the background value of soil heavy metals in Yunnan Province, and that of As, Pb, and Cu exceeded the risk screening value. Pollution evaluation showed that the average value of single factor pollution index of As was 1.99, which was the alert level, and the Nemero comprehensive pollution index was evaluated as light pollution. The potential ecological risk factor and potential ecological risk index were both at low risk level, among which the ecological risk factor of Cd was the highest. The geological accumulation index values of Hg and As were between 1 and 2, and the pollution level was classified as moderate. Cluster analysis indicated that the soil heavy metals As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg of the forest land were mainly influenced by soil parent matter and human activities, and the Cr and Ni were of similar sources, mainly from natural sources.【Conclusion】The contents of heavy metals of soil in I. verum planting area of Yunnan Province were significantly different, which were jointly influenced by human activities and soil parent matter, and part of heavy metals in some areas exceed the standard to a certain extent.

Polarizers are an essential optical element for tailoring the polarization state of electromagnetic waves in a wide range of optical devices. Such polarizers, which exhibit a wide operating bandwidth and high performance, are attracting increasing attention, due to their extensive prospects for use in applications ranging from polarization imaging, to optical communications and detection, among others. However, achieving both broadband performance and ultra-high extinction ratio (ER), and that simultaneously, is still challenging in the design of effective polarizers. To tackle that demand, in this work, an Au-on-silica grating structure has been proposed as the basis of the design of a miniaturized high-efficiency polarizer that practically can cover the entire visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. The single-layer polarizer thus designed can show an ER of 60 dB in this spectral domain, and it has been shown that the geometrical parameters selected have a significant effect on the performance characteristics of the polarizer. Furthermore, an ER of ∼150 dB could be achieved merely by regulating the thickness of the grating to achieve the optimum performance. By integrating the high-performance polarizer proposed in this work with an optical fiber “meta-tip,” a refractive polarizer with a value of the ER of >45 dB, and that over the entire spectral domain considered, has been demonstrated. Such an approach offers an alternative route to achieving a broadband, powerful, and flexible processing polarizer design.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been employed extensively for remote-sensing missions. However, due to their energy limitations, UAVs have a restricted flight operating time and spatial coverage, which makes remote sensing over huge regions that are out of UAV flight endurance and range challenging. PAD is an autonomous wireless charging station that might significantly increase the flying time of UAVs by recharging them in the air. In this work, we introduce PADs to simplify UAV-based remote sensing over a huge region, and then we explore the UAV route planning problem once PADs have been predeployed throughout a huge remote sensing region. A route planning scheme, named PAD-based remote sensing (PBRS), is proposed to solve the problem. The PBRS scheme first plans the UAV’s round-trip routes based on the location of the PADs and divides the whole target region into multiple PAD-based subregions. Between adjacent subregions, the UAV flight subroute is planned by determining piggyback points to minimize the total time for remote sensing. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by conducting several sets of simulation experiments based on the digital orthophoto model of Hutou Village in Beibei District, Chongqing, China. The results show that the PBRS scheme can achieve excellent performance in three metrics of remote sensing duration, the number of trips to charging stations, and the data-storage rate in UAV remote-sensing missions over huge regions with predeployed PADs through effective planning of UAVs.

The operation of nuclear power plants generates a large amount of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste liquid. Zeolite-rich geopolymers, which are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions from industrial waste fly ash, can effectively immobilize radioactive nuclides. In this study, the synthesis law of zeolite-rich geopolymers and the adsorption/desorption performances of radioactive nuclide Cs+ were researched using XRD, SEM and ICP. The results show that the increase in curing temperatures and NaOH concentrations leads to the transformation of Y-type zeolite to chabazite and cancrinite at low NaNO3 concentrations. However, at high NaNO3 concentrations, NaOH above 2 M has no obvious effect on the phase transformation of the main zeolite of chabazite and cancrinite. In the adsorption and desorption experiment of Cs+ on the chabazite/garronite-rich geopolymer, it was found that the adsorption of Cs+ in the low initial concentration range is more suitable for the Freundlich equation, while the Langmuir equation fits in the adsorption process at the high initial concentration range. Moreover, the desorption kinetics of Cs+ are in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order rate equation. Thus, the adsorption of Cs+ on chabazite/garronite-rich geopolymers is controlled by both physical and chemical reactions, while desorption is a chemical process.

Drip irrigation under plastic film mulching is an important technique to achieve water-conserving and high-efficiency rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in arid areas, but the grain yield of drip-irrigated rice is much lower than the expected yield (10.9-12.05 t·hm-2) in practical production applications. Therefore, we hope to further understand the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of drip-irrigated rice yield formation by optimizing water and nitrogen management during the growth period and provide a scientific reference for improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of drip-irrigated rice in arid areas. In 2020 and 2021, T-43 (a drought-resistant; V1) and Liangxiang-3 (a drought-sensitive cultivar; V2) were cultivated under two water treatments (W1: limited drip irrigation, 10200 m3·hm-2; W2: deficit drip irrigation, 8670 m3·hm-2) and three nitrogen fertilization modes with different ratios of seedling fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer:grain fertilizer (N1, 30%:50%:13%:7%; N2, 20%:40%:30%:10%; and N3, 10%:30%:40%:20%). The photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen metabolism, yield, and NUE were analysed. The results showed that compared with other treatments, the W1N2 resulted in 153.4-930.3% higher glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) contents and 19.2-49.7% higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) in the leaves of the two cultivars at 20 days after heading, as well as higher yields and NUE. The two cultivars showed no significant difference in the physiological changes at the panicle initiation stage, but the Pn, abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and zeatin riboside (ZR) levels of V1 were higher than those of V2 by 53.1, 25.1, 21.1, 46.3 and 36.8%, respectively, at 20 days after heading. Hence, V1 had a higher yield and NUE than V2. Principal component analysis revealed that Pn and GDH were the most important physiological factors affecting rice yield performance. In summary, the W1N2 treatment simultaneously improved the yield and NUE of the drought-resistant rice cultivar (T-43) by enhancing the photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen transport capacity and coordinating the balance of endogenous hormones (ABA, IAA, GA3, and ZR) in the leaves.

Abstract The recently reported efficient polymerized small‐molecule acceptors (PSMAs) usually adopt a regioregular backbone by polymerizing small‐molecule acceptors precursors with a low‐reactivity 5‐brominated 3‐(dicyanomethylidene)indan‐1‐one (IC) end group or its derivatives, leading to low molecular weight, and thus reduce active layer mechanical properties. Herein, a series of newly designed chlorinated PSMAs originating from isomeric IC end groups are developed by adjusting chlorinated positions and copolymerized sites on end groups to achieve high molecular weight, favorable intermolecular interaction, and improved physicochemical properties. Compared with regioregular PY2Se‐Cl‐o and PY2Se‐Cl‐m, regiorandom PY2Se‐Cl‐ran has a similar absorption profile, moderate lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, and favorable intermolecular packing and crystallization properties. Moreover, the binary PM6:PY2Se‐Cl‐ran blend achieves better ductility with a crack‐onset strain of 17.5% and improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.23% in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) due to the higher molecular weight of PY2Se‐Cl‐ran and optimized blend morphology, while the ternary PM6:J71:PY2Se‐Cl‐ran blend offers an impressive PCE approaching 17% and excellent device stability, which are all crucial for potential practical applications of all‐PSCs in wearable electronics. To date, the efficiency of 16.86% is the highest value reported for the regiorandom PSMAs‐based all‐PSCs and is also one of the best values reported for the all‐PSCs. Our work provides a new perspective to develop efficient all‐PSCs, with all high active layer ductility, impressive PCE, and excellent device stability, towards practical applications.

BackgroundNitrous oxide (N2O) with rapid analgesic effect is often used to relieve pain induced by diagnostic procedures. This review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of N2O in patients undergoing puncture biopsy.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and the ClinicalTrials.gov up to March, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they investigated the effect of N2O in adults undergoing puncture biopsy. The primary outcome was pain score. Secondary outcomes included anxiety score, patient satisfaction and side effects.ResultsTwelve RCTs with 1070 patients were included in the qualitative review, of which eleven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis suggested that compared with the controls (placebo, lidocaine and midazolam), N2O had better analgesic effect (MD -1.12, 95% CI -2.12 to -0.13, P = 0.03; I2 = 94%). In addition, N2O significantly alleviated patient anxiety (MD = -1.79, 95% CI -2.41 to -1.18, PConclusionThe present review suggested that N2O might be effective for pain management in patients undergoing puncture biopsy.

In order to study the dynamic response of parallel mountain tunnels under the oblique incidence of seismic waves, based on the display finite element method and using viscoelastic artificial boundary, the oblique incidence of three-way seismic waves was realized by angular incident mode. The displacement and stress distribution characteristics of the tunnel lining under different propagation angles and vibration angles of SV waves were studied. The results show that the oblique incidence of SV wave has a certain effect on the displacement of the double tunnel, the forces in the tunnel are symmetrical and the axis displacement increases with the increase of incident angle, and the vertical displacement changes greatly. The stress of the tunnel lining under the oblique incidence of the SV wave is elliptical. The peak value of the maximum principal stress appears at the maximum span on both sides, and the maximum principal stress decreases with the increase of the vibration angle. The maximum principal stress of the right tunnel is flat. The minimum principal stress of the left and right holes decreases with the increase of vibration angle, and the minimum principal stress of the left hole is 90°∼270°. The distribution of the minimum principal stress in the range is large. Mises stress increases with the increase of the incidence angle of seismic waves.

For the purpose of investigating the damage mechanism and failure characteristics of tunnel lining under the strike-slip fault movements, a three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element model was established in the present study including a railway tunnel across an active strike-slip fault. With the assistance of this numerical model, the tensile and compressive damage, plastic strain development process, and shear failure of the secondary lining at different fault plane positions were analyzed, and further, the damage laws of the secondary lining at different fault displacement and tunnel-fault intersection angles were summarized. The simulation results showed that when the maximum imposed fault displacement is 30 cm, the most unfavorable fault plane appears at the junction between the moving block and the fracture zone, and serious tensile cracks and shear failures occur on each fault rupture plane. Besides, the maximum plastic strain and compressive damage are distributed in the vault and invert. In addition, with the increase of the fault displacement, the axial strain of the secondary lining increases as well, of which the main part shows the tensile strain. Interestingly, with the decrease of the crossing angle, the axial strain gradually changes from the tensile strain to the compressive strain, which is consistent with the direction of the fault angle. Furthermore, the tensile and compressive damage of the secondary lining increases with the increase of movement distance. At the same time, the tensile damage along the tunnel ring develops, and the compressive damage propagates mainly in tunnel vault and invert. With the decrease of the crossing angle, the degree of the tensile damage in the lining reduces, as well as its range. The compressive damage area of the lining develops from the vault and inverted arch to the tunnel wall on both sides, which has a trend of penetrating the side walls on both sides. The distribution area and maximum value of the overall lining damage indices in tensile (OLDT) and overall lining damage indices in compressive (OLDC) increase with the increase of fault movement distance. With the decrease of the crossing angle, the distribution range and maximum value of OLDT decrease, and the distribution range of OLDC increases, while the maximum value basically remains the same. The research results of the present work can provide reference for the antidislocation design of railway tunnels crossing strike-slip faults.

BackgroundTelomeres have an essential role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the human chromosomal genome and preserving essential DNA biological functions. Several articles have been published on the association of STL with male semen parameters and clinical pregnancy. The results, however, are either inconclusive or inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the accuracy and clinical value of sperm telomere length (STL) as a new marker for diagnosing male infertility and predicting the quality of embryonic development.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive systematic search for relevant publications in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Ovid, from database build to August 2022. All experimental studies exploring the association of STL with male semen quality, male infertility, or embryonic development were included.ResultsOverall, Twelve prospective observational cohort studies (1700 patients) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed a positive linear correlation between STL and semen parameters. The optimal cut-off value for STL diagnosing male infertility was 1.0, with a sensitivity and specificity of 80%. Regarding STL and embryonic development, the clinical pregnancy rate was associated with longer STL, and there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding fertilization rate.ConclusionOur study showed that STL has good diagnostic and predictive value for male fertility and clinical pregnancy and could be used as a new biomarker for diagnosing male infertility and predicting embryonic development.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022303333.

Background: Hydrogen is a chemical substance that has yet to be widely used in medicine. However, recent evidence indicates that hydrogen has multi-faceted pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. An increased number of studies are being conducted on the application of hydrogen in various diseases, especially those affecting the renal system. Summary: Hydrogen can be inhaled, as a gas or liquid, and can be administered orally, intravenously, or locally. Hydrogen can rapidly enter suborganelles such as mitochondria and nucleus by simple diffusion, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering DNA damage. Hydrogen can selectively scavenge hydroxyl radical (•OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), but not other reactive oxygen radicals with physiological functions, such as peroxyanion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Although the regulatory effect of hydrogen on the signal transduction pathway has been confirmed, the specific mechanism of its influence on signal molecules remains unknown. Although many studies have investigated the therapeutic and preventive effects of H2 in cellular and animal experiments, clinical trials are few and still far behind. As a result, more clinical trials are required to investigate the role of hydrogen in kidney disease, as well as the effect of its dose, timing, and form on the overall efficacy. Large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials will be required before hydrogen can be used to treat renal illnesses. Key Messages: This article reviews the mechanisms of hydrogen in the treatment of renal disease and explores the possibilities of its use in clinical practice.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and the multifaceted response strategies to curb its spread both have devastating effects on mental and emotional health. Social distancing, and self-isolation have impacted the lives of students. These impacts need to be identified, studied, and handled to ensure the well-being of the individuals, particularly the students.AimThis study aims to analyze the role of coping strategies, family support, and social support in improving the mental health of the students by collecting evidence from post COVID-19.MethodsData was collected from deaf students studying in Chinese universities of Henan Province, China. A survey questionnaire was designed to collect data from 210 students. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS 21 while hypothesis testing was carried out using Mplus 7.ResultsThe results demonstrated that family support was strongly positively linked to mental health and predicted coping strategies. The direct relationship analysis showed that coping strategy strongly predicted mental health. Furthermore, coping strategies significantly mediated the relationship between family support and mental health. Additionally, the results highlighted that PSS significantly moderated the path of family support and coping strategies only.ConclusionFamily support and coping strategies positively predicted mental health, whereas, family support was also found to be positively associated with coping strategies. Coping strategies mediated the positive association between family support and mental health. However, perceived family and other support only moderated the relationship between family support and coping strategies.

In severe nuclear power plant accidents, when the containment is in a serious challenging state, the gas mixture in the containment can be injected into the spent fuel pool through the multihole injector by the containment depressurization measure, to reduce the risk of containment overpressure failure and the release of radioactivity to the environment. The pool scrubbing efficiency of aerosol under the jet regime is studied on the small-scale aerosol pool scrubbing facility, focusing on the influence of mass flux, steam fraction, submergence, particle diameter, and pool initial temperature on the aerosol decontamination factor (DF). The results show that under the jet regime, the DF value is significantly greater than that in the bubble regime and the effect of jet flow on the mechanism of steam condensation and aerosol removal of the rising zone is weak under the conditions explored. DF increases with the increase of mass flux owing to the droplet interception and inertial collision aerosol removal mechanisms. Because the high pool temperature weakens the aerosol removal by steam condensation, DF decreases with the increase of initial pool temperature under the conditions explored. Based on the experimental data and the analysis of the removal mechanism under the jet regime, an empirical model of aerosol DF considering mass flux, steam fraction, pool temperature, submergence, and particle size is established and verified by the international experiments. The proposed model can be used to calculate DF in the process of containment overpressure discharge.

As a high-quality building material exhibiting excellent toughness and durability, ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is increasingly being used in the construction industry and as building reinforcement. During the reinforcement of existing concrete structures with UHPC, their interface is the weakest part of a structure. Interface bonding ensures the operation of two types of materials together. However, existing studies rarely report the bonding of the UHPC–normal concrete (NC) interface. Herein, the existing test methods and interface bonding mechanisms are summarized. Subsequently, the differences among relevant design codes are investigated by comparing different theoretical formulas. Important influencing factors of the reinforcement method, namely, interface roughness, fiber type and content, interface agent type and content, moisture content, existing concrete strength, cementitious material content, curing conditions, freeze–thaw cycles, and chloride ions, are also considered. Further, the enhancement mechanism of the characteristics of the UHPC–NC interface is clearly described. Finally, the shortcomings and application prospects of the interfacial bonding properties are highlighted.

This paper explores the effects of water and nitrogen management on drip irrigated rice root morphology, nitrogen metabolism and yield, clarifies the relationship between root characteristics and yield formation. Normal irrigation (W1, 10,200 m3/hm2) and limited irrigation (W2, 8670 m3/hm2, 85% of W1) were set with nitrogen-efficient variety (T-43) and nitrogen-inefficient variety (LX-3) as the materials. Under the condition of a total nitrogen application rate of 300 kg/hm2, three kinds of nitrogen management methods were applied, N1: a seedling: tiller: panicle: grain ratio of 30%:50%:13%:7%; N2: a ratio of 20%:40%:30%:10%; and N3: 10%:30%:40%:20%. Their effects on root morphology, root architecture, and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities were studied. The results showed, drip irrigated rice yields were highest under W1N2, reaching 9.0 t/hm2 for T-43 and 7.3 t/hm2 for LX-3. Compared with W2, the root length density (RLD), surface area density (SAD), and root volume density (RVD) of finely branched roots, coarsely branched roots and adventitious roots increased by 49.5%, 44.6%, and 46.7%; the RLD, SAD, RVD, and root architecture RLD β values of the 0–30-cm soil layer increased significantly (p < 0.05); and the yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased by 20.7% and 23.3%, respectively, under W1. Compared with N1, RLD, SAD and RVD in 0–10 cm soil layer under N2 increased significantly by 24.8%, 35.6% and 31.4%, and RLDβ decreased significantly (p < 0.05); Leaf GS, GOGAT and GDH were increased by 37.9%, 17.0% and 40.9%; all indexes showed a downward trend under N3. Compared with LX-3, T-43 RLD, SAD, RVD increased significantly (p < 0.05), nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity increased, and yield increased by 21.8%. Rational water and nitrogen management can optimize the root growth and distribution characteristics and achieve simultaneous improvement of rice yield, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen utilization efficiency under drip irrigation.

Natural gas venting will have a significant impact on the gas sources and users, and great safety risks may exist in engineering practice. Therefore, gas venting is one of the important tasks in the maintenance and construction of the gas pipeline. Determining the key parameters of venting with scientific tools based on the actual conditions of gas pipelines and requirements of the related standards and codes is critical to ensure the safety and economy of venting. Definitely, the initial pressure of venting was determined, a feasible venting method was selected, the venting time was calculated and its impact on the environment was evaluated through in-depth analysis of the China Myanmar Natural Gas Pipeline. Additionally, the practice of venting the China Myanmar main pipeline was discussed to provide important practical basis and technical support for reasonably organizing the maintenance and construction of gas pipelines and improving the decision-making level of gas production scheduling.

In this paper, the Fe-Cr-Ni-Si powder was used in a 3D plasma spray welding machine to perform spray welding repair tests on continuous casting segmented rollers for service life improvement. The phase composition, hardness distribution, abrasion resistance and thermal stability of the spray welding layer were analyzed. Results indicated that the spray welding layer produced by 160 A welding current was more uniform and was with finer organization. The main phase zone was a single γ -Fe and the fusion zone was metallurgically combined with the base metal in a planar grain manner. The hardness of the spray welding layer was the maximum when the welding current was 160 A. The abrasion resistance for each position of the spray welding layer was uniform. The γ -Fe phase zone decreased and the α -Fe phase zone increased with reduction of average hardness after the thermal stability test. In industrial tests, the optimum spray welding parameters were verified and the service life of the continuous casting segmented rollers with spray welding was 2 longer than rollers using surfacing welding process.

We consider the Keller-Segel system with gradient dependent chemotactic sensitivity $$\displaylines{ u_t =\Delta u-\nabla\cdot(u|\nabla v|^{p-2}\nabla v),\quad x\in\Omega,\; t>0,\cr v_t =\Delta v-v+u,\quad x\in\Omega,\; t>0,\cr \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial\nu}=0,\quad x\in\partial\Omega,\; t>0,\cr u(x,0)=u_0(x),\quad v(x,0)=v_0(x), \quad x\in\Omega }$$ in a smooth bounded domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n$, $n\geq2$. We shown that for all reasonably regular initial data $u_0\geq 0$ and $v_0\geq0$, the corresponding Neumann initial-boundary value problem possesses a global weak solution which is uniformly bounded provided that $1

Abstract All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have received attention due to their morphological stability under thermal and mechanical stresses. Currently, the highest reported power conversion efficiency of all‐PSCs is over 17%, achieved by utilizing polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs). However, the need for higher regiospecificity to avoid forming isomers during polymerization of SMAs still challenges the further applications of all‐PSCs. From this perspective, we focus on some recent studies and highlight the importance of controlling the regioregularity of PSMAs. In particular, integrating PSMAs with regioregularity endows the polymer acceptors with good absorption, superior backbone ordering, and optimal blend morphology compared with those obtained from regiorandom one. Moreover, the distinctive features that are derived from these regioregular PSMAs, such as the possibility of repeatable synthesis and reproducible device performance, herald a brighter future for scaling‐up and commercializing all‐PSCs. We expect this integrated strategy will inspire researchers to devote more efforts to further narrow the efficiency gap between the PSCs based on SMAs and PSMAs. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future prospects of PSMAs as new platform for further advancing all‐PSCs.

Due to its high retention capacity and well durability, fly ash-based geopolymers rich of zeolites are considered to be potential solidified materials for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste stream. This study mainly focused on the phase transformation, pore structure, and leaching characteristic of Sr2+ and Cs+ in solidified fly ash/cement matrices under different sodium hydroxide contents or sodium nitrate concentrations after thermal curing of 28 d. The results obtained from the experiments indicated that the geopolymers prepared from pure fly ash had the potential to transform into ordered structures at high temperatures of 90°C instead of room temperature, such as Na-P1 zeolite and chabazite. With the increase in sodium hydroxide contents, more sodium nitrate participated in the reaction to form a zeolite phase in solidified fly ash/cement matrices, while the coexistence phenomenon of chabazite and Na-P1 zeolite appeared under the condition of high sodium hydroxide contents of more than 5%. Just a proper number of zeolites can effectively inhibit the leaching of radionuclides Sr2+, as too many zeolites would lead to the increase in porosity, which was harmful to the retention of radionuclides. Solidified fly ash/cement matrices at a sodium hydroxide content of 5% or at a sodium nitrate concentration of 300 g/L obtained the lowest cumulative leaching fraction of Sr2+. Moreover, sodium hydroxide increased the cumulative leaching fraction of Cs+ which reversely decreased significantly with the increase in sodium nitrate concentrations.

The utilization of cement waste forms with high content of fly ash is a potential method in large-volume immobilization of low- and intermedium-level radioactive waste at near-surface. However, the migration behavior of radionuclides in fly ash/cement waste forms under geological environment is still unclear. This study researched the transformation of products, pore structure as well as the leachability of Ca2+, Na+, and simulated radioactive nuclides (Sr2+ and Cs+) in fly ash/cement waste forms under simultaneous effect through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Furthermore, the relationship between the decalcification and the leaching of Sr2+ and Cs+ was established by the fitting curves of apparent diffusion coefficient. The results indicated that the products of fly ash/cement waste forms were kept stable under simultaneous effect and the pore structure has excellent resistance to temperature. The increasing salt concentrations of leachant and temperature promoted the leaching of radionuclides while the protection layer formed at 60–80°C inhibited this phenomenon. The relationship of apparent diffusion coefficient between Sr2+ and Ca2+ was quadratic nonlinear, while the relationship between Cs+ and Ca2+ showed a linear relationship. Compared to cement waste forms, fly ash/cement waste forms were more stable. In addition, the long-term retention ability of fly ash/cement waste forms to Cs+ was more outstanding than Sr2+.