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In this paper, a novel reinforcement learning adaptive risk-sensitive fault-tolerant stochastic non-affine integrated guidance and control (NAIGC) method is proposed for a class of skid-to-turn (STT) missiles. The cost standard of the risk-sensitive index we coveted can be arbitrarily small, ensured by solving a specific inequality. Firstly, an extended integration system is introduced to solve the challenging control problem posed by the non-affine form of the control signal, taking into account the non-affine nature in the missile. Secondly, for random noise and unknown non-linearities in NAIGC systems, a reinforcement learning actor-critic adaptive risk-sensitive control method is proposed to ensure the input-state stability of the system. Subsequently, hyperbolic tangent functions and adaptive boundary estimation are used to reduce disturbance-induced jitter and actuator fault-induced bias in the control system. In addition, the proposed control strategy improves the missile's interception performance against maneuvering targets and reduces the conservatism of existing adaptive robust control methods. Ultimately, not only is the stability of the NAIGC closed-loop system demonstrated using Lyapunov theory, but the effectiveness and superiority of the method is also verified through numerical simulations.

To date, various Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been prepared for biomedical applications due to their unique structural advantages. However, the safety and effectiveness of tumor treatment still need further exploration. This contribution reports a facile synthesis of PBA with superior tumor synergetic therapeutic effects and a detailed mechanistic evaluation of their intrinsic tumor metastasis inhibition activity. The as-synthesized PBA has a uniform cube structure with a diameter of approximately 220 nm and shows high near-infrared light (NIR) photoreactivity, photothermal conversion efficiency (41.44%), and photodynamic effect. Additionally, PBA could lead to a chemodynamic effect, which is caused by the Fenton reaction and ferroptosis. The combined therapy strategy of PBA exhibits notable tumor ablation properties due to photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT)/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) effects without obvious toxicity

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all around the world, especially in many countries in Asia. However, antitumor drugs with unique curative effects and low toxic side-effects have not been found yet. Warangalone is an isoflavone extracted from the Cudrania tricuspidata fruit, and is reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warangalone on breast cancer cells. In this study, we found that warangalone decreased the viability of breast cancer cells by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in mitochondrial damage and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Warangalone induced mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Warangalone activated mitophagy via upregulation of PINK1 and Parkin expression and co-localization. The combination of warangalone and autophagy inhibitors or PINK1 siRNA increased the degree of cell apoptosis compared to treatment with warangalone alone. Warangalone damages mitochondria via ROS, thereby triggering PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. However, autophagy/mitophagy protects against warangalone-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. A combination of warangalone and autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors may be a potential treatment for breast cancer.

The effects of a novel Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide (FVP) on intestinal microbiota, immune repertoire and heart transcriptome were investigated in this study. The results showed that FVP treatment could effectively regulate the abundance of colonic microbiota. And FVP exhibited obvious immunoregulatory effect by influencing V gene and J gene fragments usage on TCRα chain. The usage frequency of TRBV1, TRBJ1-6 and TRBJ1-5 were significantly altered, and 41 V-J pairs were identified with obvious difference after FVP treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA of mice heart was analyzed by transcriptome assay. Total 525 genes and 1587 mRNA were significantly changed after FVP treatment. KEGG annotation indicated that the up-regulated mRNA was enriched in 17 pathways including adherens junction, mTOR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, mitophagy, tight junction, PPAR signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway, etc. Meanwhile, the down-regulated mRNA was gathered in AMPK signaling pathway, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, apelin signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, cardiac muscle contraction, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, etc. The great potential exhibited by FVP could make it an ideal candidate as complementary medicine or functional food for promotion of health.

Age-related sarcopenia probably leads to chronic systemic inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of the complications of the disease. Gut microbiota, an environmental factor, is the medium of nutritional support to muscle cells, having significant impact on sarcopenia. Consequently, a significant amount of studies explored and showed the presence of gut microbiome-muscle axis (gut-muscle axis for short), which was possibly considered as the disease interventional target of age-related sarcopenia. However, a variety of nutrients probably affect the changes of the gut-muscle axis so as to affect the healthy balance of skeletal muscle. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of intestinal-muscle axis, and nutrients play a role in the treatment of senile sarcopenia through this mechanism. This review summarizes the available literature on mechanisms and specific pathways of gut-muscle axis and discusses the potential role and therapeutic feasibility of gut microbiota in age-related sarcopenia to understand the development of age-related sarcopenia and figure out the novel perspective of the potential therapeutic interventional targets.

Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVP) can improve gut health through gut microbiota and metabolism regulation. In this study, the 28-days fed experiment was used to investigate gut microbime and metabolic profiling induced by FVP. After treatment, intestinal tissue section showed the higher villus height and villus height/crypt depth (V/C) value in FVP-treated group. The 16 s rRNA gene sequencing revealed microbiota composition alteration caused by FVP, as the Firmicutes phylum increased while Bacteroidetes phylum slightly decreased. The metabolic profiling was detected by LC/MS and results showed 56 and 99 compounds were dramatically changed after FVP treatment in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. Annotation in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways displayed the adjustment of energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and other related basic pathways after FVP treatment. Our study suggested that FVP can be developed as a dietary supplement for intestine health promotion.

We investigated visual working memory (VWM) with a whole-report task, where participants were asked to sequentially recall all the items in an order either chosen by themselves (free recall) or randomly chosen by the computer (forced recall). Comparisons between free and forced recalls helped us understand important but largely neglected aspects of VWM, such as inhomogeneity (different levels of precision) and between-item interference. One unique part of our task was the introduction of a separate item-selection stage before each recall, during which participants located the next item to recall. Their mouse trajectory was recorded and served as a dynamic measure of between-item interference over time. We found a free-recall benefit: the overall precision of all items is higher in free recall than in forced recall. Meanwhile, during item-selection, free recall is associated with faster localization of the target and less interference from the other items in memory. We also found evidence for inhomogeneity and discuss the connection of inhomogeneity and between-item interference to the free-recall benefit.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including a series of pathological disorders, severely affect millions of people all over the world. To address this issue, several potential therapies have been developed for treating CVDs, including injectable hydrogels as a minimally invasive method. However, the utilization of injectable hydrogel is a bit restricted recently owing to some limitations, such as transporting the therapeutic agent more accurately to the target site and prolonging their retention locally. This review focuses on the advances in injectable hydrogels for CVD, detailing the types of injectable hydrogels (natural or synthetic), especially that complexed with stem cells, cytokines, nano-chemical particles, exosomes, genetic material including DNA or RNA, etc. Moreover, we summarized the mainly prominent mechanism, based on which injectable hydrogel present excellent treating effect of cardiovascular repair. All in all, it is hopefully that injectable hydrogel-based nanocomposites would be a potential candidate through cardiac repair in CVDs treatment.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious female malignancies worldwide. Despite intensive efforts being made to overcome ovarian cancer, there still remain limited optional treatments for this disease. Nobiletin, a prospective food-derived phytochemical extracted from citrus fruits, has recently been reported to suppress ovarian cancer cells, but the role of pyroptosis in ovarian carcinoma with nobiletin still remains unknown. In this study, we aim to explore the effect of nobiletin on ovarian carcinoma and further expound the underlying mechanisms of nobiletin-induced ovarian cancer cell death. Our results showed that nobiletin could significantly inhibit cell proliferation, induce DNA damage, and also lead to apoptosis by increasing the cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) level of human ovarian cancer cells (HOCCs) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we revealed that nobiletin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and autophagy of HOCCs, contributing to gasdermin D-/gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis. Taken together, nobiletin as a functional food ingredient represents a promising new anti-ovarian cancer candidate that could induce apoptosis and trigger ROS-mediated pyroptosis through regulating autophagy in ovarian cancer cells.

Background To date, various Prussian blue analogues (PBA) have been prepared for biomedical applications due to their unique structural advantages. However, the safety and effectiveness of tumor treatment still need further exploration. Results This contribution reports a facile synthesis of novel PBA with superior tumor synergetic therapy effects and a detailed mechanistic evaluation of their intrinsic tumor metastasis inhibition activity. The as-synthesized PBA have a uniform cube structure with a diameter of approximately 220 nm and showed high near infrared light (NIR) photoreactivity, photothermal conversion efficiency (41.44%) and photodynamic effect. Additionally, PBA could lead to chemodynamic effect which caused by Fenton reaction and ferroptosis. The combined therapy strategy of PBA exhibit notable tumor ablation properties due to photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT)/ chemodynamic therapy (CDT) effect without obvious toxicity in vivo. The PBA also demonstrate potential as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. More importantly, careful investigations reveal that PBA displays excellent biodegradation and anti-metastasis properties. Further exploration of this PBA implies that its underlying mechanism of intrinsic tumor metastasis inhibition activity can be attributed to modulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) expression. Conclusions The considerable potential exhibits by as-synthesized PBA make it an ideal candidate as a synergetic therapeutic agent for tumor treatment.

Content-aware based image retargeting methods aim at visualizing source images on diverse display devices with different aspect ratios while preventing the incurrence of visual distortions as far as possible. An objective retargeting assessment method, which has a high consistency with subjective perception, can measure the retargeting effects of different retargeting methods, thus promoting the development of retargeting technology. However, the correlation between the existing objective evaluation methods and subjective evaluation is not strong enough. In this paper, we propose an objective retargeting assessment method by fusing multiple features to quantify the content loss and structural deformation caused by retargeting. In order to measure the global deformation, there are two features are proposed which are elastic registration based on B-spline function and foreground retention ratio. Moreover, improved Aspect Ratio Similarity (IARS) and concentrated deletion ratio make for better detection of local deformation. These features are fused to obtain the objective retargeting assessment method. Compared with the state-of-art objective assessment methods on three public datasets, the proposed method has a better correlation with subjective perception.

Using polystyrene spheres (PS) as a template, a kind of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Ag/CeO2-ZrO2 material was synthesized by the sol–gel combined with the decompression filling method. A series of characterization methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis/DRS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements were used to study its composition, structure, morphology, and surface physicochemical properties. The synthesized composite material 3DOM Ag/CeO2-ZrO2 shows a good crystal structure, open and transparent arrangement in a three-dimensional space. Meanwhile, compared with the sample without PS treatment, the composite material has a smaller band gap energy value, which means under the excitation of light, it is easier to produce electron–hole pairs and enables to absorb more reactive molecules on the surface of the catalyst, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the composite. And after loading Ag metal on the composite, the light absorption of the catalyst is extended to the visible region by the surface plasmon resonance effect (SPR), resulting in promoting the absorption efficiency of light. During multimode photocatalytic degradation experiments of Congo Red (CR), 3DOM Ag/CeO2-ZrO2 composite exhibited an excellent photocatalytic performance. Under ultraviolet light, its catalytic performance was much better than that of both commercial catalyst P25 and the sample without loading Ag. At the same time, in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiment, 3DOM Ag/CeO2-ZrO2 showed a stronger ability of water splitting into hydrogen, whose hydrogen yield (53 μmol in 8 h) was about 4 times than that of P25, indicating 3DOM Ag/CeO2-ZrO2 had the ability of photodegradation and photolysis of water. In addition, superoxide free radical ( O2−), hydroxyl radical ( OH), and hole (h+) were considered as main reactive groups in the photocatalytic process according to capture experimental results. Moreover, the transfer effect of Ag as Z-Scheme in the photocatalytic reaction was speculated as well.

Novel Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6 heterostructured materials with enhanced visible-light catalytic performance were successfully synthesized by assembly combined with a hydrothermal treatment. The microstructures, morphologies, and optical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by multiple techniques. The irregular Ag3PO4 nanospheres dispersed on the surface of Bi2WO6 nanoflakes, and their catalytic performances were evaluated via the degradation of organic pollutants including rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), methyl orange (MO), and phenol (Phen) under visible-light irradiation. The resulting Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6 heterostructured materials displayed higher photocatalytic activity than that of either pure Bi2WO6 or Ag3PO4. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was due to the good formation of heterostructures, which could not only broaden the spectral response range to visible light but also effectively promoted the charge separation. Meanwhile, the reasonable photoreactive plasmonic Z-scheme mechanism was carefully investigated on the basic of the reactive species scavenging tests, photoelectrochemical experiments, and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. In addition, the excellent photostability of Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6 was obtained, which Ag formed at the early photocatalytic reaction acted as the charge transmission-bridge to restrain the further photoreduction of Ag3PO4.

7075 aluminum (Al) alloy has been widely used in aircraft structures and other high-end electronic products owing to its excellent mechanical and chemical properties, while its damage-free and highly efficient surface finishing remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a systematic study of the anodic behaviors of 7075 Al alloy during the electrochemical polishing (ECP) process in phosphoric acid under different applied potentials, and the changes of surface morphology, roughness, electric current, and resistance are studied intensively. According to the surface morphology and current density, the ECP of 7075 Al alloy can be divided into 4 stages including the negative leveling stage, leveling and corrosion stage, leveling and brightening stage, and pitting and corrosion stage. Different factors influencing each stage and the effects of impurity phases in the ECP process are experimentally validated. Under optimized conditions, a mirror surface with a roughness (Ra) of 46.7 nm (decreased from an initial value of 153.2 nm) can be obtained by ECP for 10 min. The presented findings are of great value for the further development of ECP process of multiphase alloys.

The anti-digestibility and anti-oxidation of propyl gallate (PG) complexion with rice starch was improved by a twin-screw system under hot-melt extrusion. The relationship of digestibility, predicted glycemic index (pGI), and antioxidant activity in the multi-structures of the complexes were studied in our work. The results suggested that the extruded rice starch/propyl gallate (ERS/PG) complexes showed increases in slowly digestible starch (6.6%−8.9%) and resistant starch (11.2%−25.7%) contents and a decline in pGI (80.3%−74.0%), although the anti-oxidation was significantly increased. Moreover, the addition of PG complexation with hot-melt extrusion diminished the occurrence of double helical and A-type crystalline structures while increasing the prevalence of single helical and V-type crystalline structures, which is consistent with the increases in breakdown viscosity (ηbd), R1045/1022 and fractal dimension (α) and decrease of correlation length (ξ) of ERS/PG with increasing PG content. Interestingly, the long-order structure (single helical and V-type crystalline structure) and short-order structure (indicated by R1045/1022, α, and ξ) of the complexes exhibited positive correlations with digestibility. These points indicate that the ordered structure of the ERS/PG complexes plays the dominant role in determining starch digestibility, thereby allowing it to serve as a carrier to deliver PG to the human lower gastrointestinal tract and achieve the goal of increasing strong antioxidant activity. Taken together, the results show that compounds with PG formed under hot-melt extrusion can improve the synergism of starch digestion and anti-oxidation, thereby improving the postprandial glucose response and oxidative stress.

Using polystyrene spheres and EO20PO70EO20 as double templates, a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CeO2-ZrO2 material was synthesized by the sol–gel method combined with the decompression filling method. The composition, structure, morphology, and surface physicochemical properties of the material were characterized by XRD, XPS, UV–vis/DRS, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The results show that the material has a good crystal structure with neat and ordered macroporous multilayered, open, and transparent structure and a clear shape of the dendritic crosslinking. Moreover, the walls of the material are formed by accumulating smaller particles, thus improving the light absorption efficiency. The unique morphology of 3DOM CeO2-ZrO2 significantly increased its activity during the multimode photocatalytic experiments. In the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiment, 3DOM CeO2-ZrO2 showed a stronger ability of water splitting into hydrogen. This indicates the dendritic crosslinked 3DOM CeO2-ZrO2 can simultaneously enhance the photodegradation and photolysis of water.

Background Former evidence regarding reference values of abdominal fat percentage (AFP) and optimal anthropometric indicators in predicting abdominal obesity measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan in Chinese children were scarce. Methods A total of 452 Chinese children aged 6–9 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Abdominal fat and lean mass were measured by a DXA scan, and AFP were calculated. Anthropometric indicators including body mass index (BMI), chest circumference (CC), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was also calculated. Results By defining abdominal obesity as those with an AFP ≥ 85th percentile, the cutoffs values are 24.80, 30.29, 31.58, 31.86% in boys, and 25.02, 30.32, 31.66, 31.79% in girls, for children aged 6, 7, 8, and 9 years old, respectively. All anthropometric indicators were independently and positively associated with AFP (P all

Hydrogel is a new class of functional polymer materials with a promising potential in the biomedical field. The purpose of this article is to review recent advancements in several types of biomedical hydrogels, including conductive hydrogels, injectable hydrogels, double network hydrogels, responsive hydrogels, nanocomposite hydrogels, and sliding hydrogels. In comparison with traditional hydrogels, these advanced hydrogels exhibit significant advantages in structure, mechanical properties, and applications. The article focuses on different methods used to prepare advanced biomedical hydrogels and their diversified applications as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, biosensors, contact lenses, and tissue replacement. These advances are rapidly overcoming current limitations of hydrogels, and we anticipate that further research will lead to the development of advanced hydrogels with ubiquitous roles in biomedicine and tissue replacement and regeneration.

On the basis of a self-assembly technique with polystyrene (PS) spheres as colloidal template, the composite TiO2–ZrO2 hollow spheres are synthesized by combining a water bath with a calcining postprocessing method. XRD, UV–vis/DRS, XPS, SEM–EDS, TEM, HR-TEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements are employed to characterize the composition, structure, and morphology of TiO2–ZrO2 hollow spheres. The results show that TiO2–ZrO2 hollow spheres are mainly TiO2 anatase and retain well the spherical structure of the PS crystal template, whose shell is closely packed by TiO2–ZrO2 nanoparticles, with thickness of ca. 24 nm. The combination of TiO2 and ZrO2 and the special hollow structure are beneficial to improve the photocatalytic activity. TiO2–ZrO2 hollow spheres have remarkable photocatalytic properties under UV light, simulated sunlight, and microwave-assisted three different modes, which can also degrade organic pollutants of different structures. In addition, the H2 evolution quantity in 8 h, which i...

A three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) composite, 3DOM Ag/ZrO2, was prepared by polystyrene (PS) colloidal spheres as a template, combined with the one-step method of vacuum impregnation. The composition, crystalline structure, morphology and surface physicochemical properties were characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, UV-Vis/DRS, XPS, SEM and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The results showed that the 3DOM Ag/ZrO2 crystal type was mainly the tetragonal ZrO2 phase, and Ag was present in the form of metallic silver, which resulted in strong absorption in the visible region due to the effect of surface plasmon absorption (SPA). The composite exhibited a honeycomb-like, three-dimensionally ordered macroporous structure that was permeable, open, arranged in order, with holes closely connected with each other, which was a good reproduction of the PS crystal template. The photocatalytic activity of 3DOM Ag/ZrO2 was investigated using Congo red as the model molecule. Compared to ZrO2, P25 and Ag/ZrO2, 3DOM Ag/ZrO2 exhibited better photocatalytic activity under multi-modes including UV, visible light, simulated solar light and microwave-assisted irradiation. Moreover, the 3DOM Ag/ZrO2 composite had a positive effect on the degradation of different types of organic pollutants under UV light. In addition, during the study of photocatalytic hydrogen production, the hydrogen yield of the 3DOM Ag/ZrO2 composite was 18 times that of commercial P25, which also showed excellent photocatalytic activity.

Using polystyrene (PS) spheres as the template, the component ratio and synthetic methods are changed to develop a series of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO2–ZrO2 composites with diversified design. XRD, ICP-AES, XPS, UV–vis/DRS, SEM-EDS and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements are employed to analyze and compare the crystal phase structure, morphology, surface physicochemical and optical absorption properties of 3DOM TiO2–ZrO2. Results show 3DOM TiO2–ZrO2 (Ti:Zr = 3:1) prepared by the decompression filling method (S) possess thick and rough pore walls closely packed by particles, and present with “hexagonal net” structure. In this structure, the pores are closely linked, and the layers are highly ordered. For 3DOM TiO2–ZrO2 (Ti:Zr = 4:1), the pore wall is thick and compact, and the mutual extrusion between the pores leads to a slight deformation and a “fish scale” structure. A vacuum impregnation method (M) is also used to produce the 3DOM TiO2–ZrO2 (Ti:Zr = 4:1), which has thin and smooth pore walls with open and transparent pore windows. The pores are arranged highly ordered “bowl-like” structure. Compared with direct photolysis, P25, ZrO2 and TiO2–ZrO2, 3DOM TiO2–ZrO2 composites show higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MO under multi-modes irradiation. Moreover, the activities have a little difference attributed to the diversified design. Keywords: Decompression filling method, Vacuum impregnation method, Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous material, TiO2–ZrO2, Photocatalysis

Novel Ag

Mesoporous Co3O4 rugby balls were firstly obtained by utilizing a facile two-step method. This unique morphology together with the mesoporous feature manifests excellent capacitive performance an energy density (14.3 W h kg−1), a power density (7503 W kg−1) and no decay after 10 000 cycles for constructing the Co3O4 rugby balls//graphene hydrogels asymmetric supercapacitor.

Graphitized carbon electrode material was prepared from wastepaper by graphitization in molten sodium metal. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural change of resulted carbons, both of which well proved the formation of graphite structure. Graphitized carbons have surface area that is nearly 26 times larger than initial carbonized paper and exhibit better electrochemical performances. The electrochemical performances of graphitized carbons were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge–discharge methods. The cyclic voltammetry results show a maximum specific capacitance of 194 F g−1. Therefore, wastepaper can be a promising electrode material for high-performance electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs).