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为促进漆酶在花生饼粕中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）脱除中的实际应用，以霉变花生饼为实验对象，利用漆酶降解AFB1，考察加酶量、体系pH、反应温度、反应时间及料液比对AFB1降解率的影响，优化漆酶降解花生饼中AFB1的工艺条件，并通过分子对接分析漆酶与AFB1的相互作用方式。结果表明：漆酶降解花生饼中AFB1的最优工艺条件为加酶量5 U/g、体系pH 6.0、反应时间48 h、反应温度45 ℃、料液比1∶ 10，在此条件下漆酶对花生饼中AFB1的降解率高达83.5%，AFB1残留量为15.8 μg/kg，符合国标要求（≤50 μg/kg）；分子对接分析表明AFB1与漆酶活性空腔中的氨基酸残基His109、Ser110、His111、Ser113、His452、Asp456间形成了氢键网络，漆酶降解AFB1的机制可能与该氢键网络有关。综上，漆酶对花生饼中AFB1具有高效的降解活性，在发霉花生饼脱毒处理中有较大应用前景。In order to promote the practical application of laccase in the removal of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut cake/meal, moldy peanut cake was used as the experimental object to degrade AFB1 by laccase. The effects of enzyme dosage, system pH, reaction temperature, reaction time and solid-liquid ratio on the degradation rate of AFB1 were investigated, and the process conditions for the degradation of AFB1 in peanut cake by laccase were optimized. The interaction model between laccase and AFB1 was analyzed by molecular docking. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the degradation of AFB1 in peanut cake by laccase were obtained as follows: enzyme dosage 5 U/g, system pH 6.0, reaction time 48 h, reaction temperature 45 ℃ and solid-liquid ratio 1∶ 10. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 in peanut cake was as high as 83.5%, and the residual amount of AFB1 was 15.8 μg/kg, which met the requirements of national standard(≤50 μg/kg). Molecular docking results showed that a hydrogen bond network was formed between AFB1 and the amino acid residues His109, Ser110, His111, Ser113, His452 and Asp456 in the active cavity of laccase. The mechanism of degradation of AFB1 by laccase might be related to the hydrogen bond network. In summary, laccase has high degradability to AFB1, which has great application prospect in detoxification treatment of moldy peanut cake.

BackgroundOur prior study in Han Chinese women has shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in our whole data set?MethodThree levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 6017 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 5983 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.ResultsWe confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new recurrent MD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD (OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.19-5.24]). This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.58-3.15), genital (OR 5.24, 95% CI 3.52-8.15) and intercourse (OR 10.65, 95% CI 5.56-23.71). Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes. Recurrent MD patients those with CSA had an increased risk for dysthymia (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.11-2.27) and phobia (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.09-1.80). Any form of CSA was significantly associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.20-1.89) and feelings of worthlessness or guilt (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-2.02). Intercourse (OR 3.47, 95%CI 1.66-8.22), use of force and threats (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.05-3.82) and how strongly the victims were affected at the time (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20-1.64) were significantly associated with recurrent MD.ConclusionsIn Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have some specific clinical traits. Some features of CSA were associated with greater likelihood of developing recurrent MD.

To investigate the risk factors that contribute to smoking in female patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the clinical features in depressed smokers.We examined the smoking status and clinical features in 6120 Han Chinese women with MDD (DSM-IV) between 30 and 60 years of age across China. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between clinical features of MDD and smoking status and between risk factors for MDD and smoking status.Among the recurrent MDD patients there were 216(3.6%) current smokers, 117 (2.0%) former smokers and 333(5.6%) lifetime smokers. Lifetime smokers had a slightly more severe illness, characterized by more episodes, longer duration, more comorbid illness (panic and phobias), with more DSM-IV A criteria and reported more symptoms of fatigue and suicidal ideation or attempts than never smokers. Some known risk factors for MDD were also differentially represented among smokers compared to non-smokers. Smokers reported more stressful life events, were more likely to report childhood sexual abuse, had higher levels of neuroticism and an increased rate of familial MDD. Only neuroticism was significantly related to nicotine dependence.Although depressed women smokers experience more severe illness, smoking rates remain low in MDD patients. Family history of MDD and environmental factors contribute to lifetime smoking in Chinese women, consistent with the hypothesis that the association of smoking and depression may be caused by common underlying factors.

The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in those with low levels of educational attainment, the unemployed and those with low social status. However the extent to which these factors cause MDD is unclear. Most of the available data comes from studies in developed countries, and these findings may not extrapolate to developing countries. Examining the relationship between MDD and socio economic status in China is likely to add to the debate because of the radical economic and social changes occurring in China over the last 30 years.We report results from 3,639 Chinese women with recurrent MDD and 3,800 controls. Highly significant odds ratios (ORs) were observed between MDD and full time employment (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.25-0.46, logP = 78), social status (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77-0.87, logP = 13.3) and education attainment (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86-0.90, logP = 6.8). We found a monotonic relationship between increasing age and increasing levels of educational attainment. Those with only primary school education have significantly more episodes of MDD (mean 6.5, P-value = 0.009) and have a clinically more severe disorder, while those with higher educational attainment are likely to manifest more comorbid anxiety disorders.In China lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased rates of MDD, as it is elsewhere in the world. Significantly more episodes of MDD occur among those with lower educational attainment (rather than longer episodes of disease), consistent with the hypothesis that the lower socioeconomic position increases the likelihood of developing MDD. The phenomenology of MDD varies according to the degree of educational attainment: higher educational attainment not only appears to protect against MDD but alters its presentation, to a more anxious phenotype.

The relationship between suicidality and major depression is complex. Socio- demography, clinical features, comorbidity, clinical symptoms, and stressful life events are important factors influencing suicide in major depression, but these are not well defined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the associations between the above-mentioned factors and suicide ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt in 6008 Han Chinese women with recurrent major depression (MD). Patients with any suicidality had significantly more MD symptoms, a significantly greater number of stressful life events, a positive family history of MD, a greater number of episodes, a significant experience of melancholia, and earlier age of onset. Comorbidity with dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia, and animal phobia was seen in suicidal patients. The present findings indicate that specific factors act to increase the likelihood of suicide in MD. Our results may help improve the clinical assessment of suicide risk in depressed patients, especially for women.

Dysthymia is a form of chronic mild depression that has a complex relationship with major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we investigate the role of environmental risk factors, including stressful life events and parenting style, in patients with both MDD and dysthymia. We ask whether these risk factors act in the same way in MDD with and without dysthymia.We examined the clinical features in 5,950 Han Chinese women with MDD between 30-60 years of age across China. We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new MDD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. We identified sixteen stressful life events that significantly increase the risk of dysthymia, given the presence of MDD. Low parental warmth, from either mother or father, increases the risk of dysthymia. Highly threatening but short-lived threats (such as rape) are more specific for MDD than dysthymia. While for MDD more severe life events show the largest odds ratio versus controls, this was not seen for cases of MDD with or without dysthymia.There are increased rates of stressful life events in MDD with dysthymia, but the impact of life events on susceptibility to dysthymia with MDD differs from that seen for MDD alone. The pattern does not fit a simple dose-response relationship, suggesting that there are moderating factors involved in the relationship between environmental precipitants and the onset of dysthymia. It is possible that severe life events in childhood events index a general susceptibility to chronic depression, rather than acting specifically as risk factors for dysthymia.

Diagnostic information for psychiatric research often depends on both clinical interviews and medical records. Although discrepancies between these two sources are well known, there have been few studies into the degree and origins of inconsistencies.We compared data from structured interviews and medical records on 1,970 Han Chinese women with recurrent DSM-IV major depression (MD). Correlations were high for age at onset of MD (0.93) and number of episodes (0.70), intermediate for family history (+0.62) and duration of longest episode (+0.43) and variable but generally more modest for individual depressive symptoms (mean kappa = 0.32). Four factors were identified for twelve symptoms from medical records and the same four factors emerged from analysis of structured interviews. Factor congruencies were high but the correlation of factors between interviews and records were modest (i.e. +0.2 to +0.4).Structured interviews and medical records are highly concordant for age of onset, and the number and length of episodes, but agree more modestly for individual symptoms and symptom factors. The modesty of these correlations probably arises from multiple factors including i) inconsistency in the definition of the worst episode, ii) inaccuracies in self-report and iii) difficulties in coding medical records where symptoms were recorded solely for clinical purposes.

旨在为霉变花生粕中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）的脱除提供技术支持，以自然霉变花生粕为实验材料，用二乙烯三胺脱除花生粕中的AFB1。采用单因素实验优化脱毒条件，并对二乙烯三胺脱除AFB1的机制进行研究。结果表明：二乙烯三胺脱除花生粕中AFB1的最佳工艺条件为液料比5∶ 1、处理温度50 ℃、处理时间45 min、二乙烯三胺溶液质量浓度10 mg/mL，在此条件下AFB1脱除率为95.5%；高效液相色谱和高分辨质谱分析表明，AFB1可能的降解机制是其酮羰基与二乙烯三胺发生脱水反应，并且反应产物通过离心随着上清液被脱除。二乙烯三胺具有应用于花生粕中AFB1脱除的潜力。To provide a technical support for the removal of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from moldy peanut meal, with naturally moldy peanut meal as the experimental material, and diethylenetriamine was used to the removal of AFB1.Single factor experiment was used to optimize the detoxification conditions, and the mechanism of removing AFB1 by diethylenetriamine was studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the removal of AFB1 from peanut meal were obtained as follows: liquid-solid ratio 5∶ 1, reaction temperature 50 ℃, reaction time 45 min, mass concentration of diethylenetriamine 10 mg/mL. Under these conditions, the detoxification rate was 95.5%. The high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed that the possible degradation way of AFB1 was the dehydration reaction between the ketone carbonyl group in AFB1 and diethylenetriamine. In addition, in the process of detoxification, reaction products were removed by centrifugation with supernatant. In conclusion, diethylenetriamine has the potential to be used for the removal of AFB1 from peanut meal.

为提高1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（OPO）的含量，以化学酯交换联合酶法酸解反应制备的OPO为原料，采用单因素实验和正交实验考察干法分提条件（结晶温度、冷却速率、养晶时间）对OPO含量及提升率、sn-2位棕榈酸（PA）占总PA含量及提升率和分提液油得率的影响，确定干法分提的最优工艺条件。结果表明，干法分提的最优工艺条件为结晶温度6 ℃、冷却速率4 ℃/h、养晶时间3 h，在此条件下OPO含量为（38.84±0.39）%，OPO含量提升率为（46.07±147）%，sn-2位PA占总PA含量为（91.08±0.16）%，sn-2位PA占总PA含量提升率为（4761±0.25）%，分提液油得率为（31.26±0.34）%。综上，通过干法分提可以获得OPO纯度更高的甘油三酯。 In order to improve the content of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO), OPO prepared by chemical transesterification combined with enzymatic acid digestion reaction was used as raw material, the effects of dry fractionation conditions (crystallization temperature, cooling rate and crystal raising time) on the content and enhancement rate of OPO, the content and enhancement rate of sn-2 palmitic acid (PA) in total PA and the liquid oil yield of fraction were investigated by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the dry fractionation were as follows: crystallization temperature 6 ℃, cooling rate 4 ℃/h and crystal raising time 3 h. Under these conditions, the content and enhancement rate of OPO was （38.84±0.39）% and （46.07±1.47）% respectively, the content and enhancement rate of sn-2 PA in total PA was （91.08±0.16）% and（4761±0.25）% respectively, and the liquid oil yield was （31.26±0.34）%. In conclusion, triglyceride with higher purity of OPO can be obtained by dry fractionation.

以米糠蛋白（RBP）为碳源，采用水热合成法制备碳量子点，通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对制备的米糠蛋白碳量子点（RBP-CDs）的光学性能、形貌结构及表面官能团进行表征，并探究RBP-CDs在不同环境下的稳定性及应用于传感、细胞成像、荧光染色等领域的效果。结果表明：RBP-CDs在286 nm下有紫外吸收峰，其发射波长具有激发依赖性；RBP-CDs的形状近似球形，分散性好，尺寸均一，粒径为2~4 nm；RBP-CDs表面富含羟基、羧基，亲水性好；在pH 4～10及不同盐浓度条件下，RBP-CDs的荧光性能良好；在365 nm紫外灯长时间照射下，也表现出良好的光学稳定性，但在不同化学环境中RBP-CDs的荧光强度差别较大，主要与其表面缺陷态有关。荧光传感实验表明，RBP-CDs可作为Fe3+的“Turn-Off”型荧光传感器，检出限可达15.2 nmol/L。RBP-CDs具有较低的细胞毒性，可用于HepG-2细胞的染色成像。RBP-CDs可作为一种新型荧光标记材料，应用于细胞标记和细胞成像领域。 The carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by hydrothermal method using rice bran protein(RBP) as the carbon source. The optical properties, morphology and surface functional groups of the prepared rice bran protein carbon dots (RBP-CDs) were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the stability of RBP-CDs in different environments and their application in sensing, cell imaging and fluorescent staining were investigated. The results showed that RBP-CDs had a UV absorption peak at 286 nm, and its fluorescence emission wavelength was excitation-dependent. RBP-CDs were approximately spherical with good dispersibility and the uniform size, mainly concentrated in 2-4 nm. The surface of RBP-CDs was rich in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, so the hydrophilic property was better. In the pH 4-10 or high-salt environment, RBP-CDs had good fluorescence performance; under the long-term irradiation of 365 nm ultraviolet lamp, the fluorescence intensity did not change much, showing good optical stability; but the fluorescence intensity was different under different chemical environments, which was mainly related to the defect state of the RBP-CDs surface. The fluorescence sensing experiments showed that the RBP-CDs could be used as a “Turn-Off” fluorescence sensor for Fe3+, with a detection limit of 15.2 nmol/L,and it had lower cytotoxicity and could be used for staining and imaging of HepG-2 cells. RBP-CDs could be used as a new type of fluorescent labeling material for the cell labeling and cell imaging.

以玉米醇溶蛋白和乳清蛋白为原料，利用反溶剂共沉淀法制备玉米醇溶蛋白/乳清蛋白纤维核复合纳米粒，并与玉米油高速剪切制备Pickering乳液。探究了复合纳米粒在不同pH下的乳化性，以及复合纳米粒添加量对Pickering乳液粒径、微观形貌、储藏稳定性及流变学特性的影响。结果表明：玉米醇溶蛋白与乳清蛋白纤维核复合后乳化性显著提高，制备的Pickering乳液类型为水包油型；随着复合纳米粒添加量的增加，Pickering乳液粒径先减小后稍增大，添加量大于3 g（100 mL玉米油）后无显著性差异；在复合纳米粒添加量为4 g（100 mL玉米油）时，Pickering乳液油滴大小均一，储藏稳定性最好；Pickering乳液为假塑性流体，随复合纳米粒添加量的增加，表观黏度先减小后增大。 Using zein and whey protein as raw materials, the zein/whey protein fiber core complex nanoparticle were prepared by anti-solvent co-precipitation method and used for the preparation of corn oil loaded Pickering emulsions by high-speed shearing method. The emulsification property of complex nanoparticle was evaluated at different pH, and the effects of different nanoparticle dosages on the particle size, microscopic morphology, storage stability and rheological properties of Pickering emulsions were studied. The results showed that the emulsification property of zein/whey protein fiber core complex nanoparticle was significantly improved, and the prepared Pickering emulsions were oil-in-water emulsions. The particle size of Pickering emulsions reduced as the increase of complex nanoparticle dosage, and there was no significant difference above 3 g(100 mL corn oil). When the dosage was 4 g(100 mL corn oil), the Pickering emulsions had uniform oil droplets and the best storage stability. The Pickering emulsions were pseudoplastic fluid, and the apparent viscosity first decreased and then increased as the increase of complex nanoparticle dosage.

The present study was to investigate the anti-diabetic activities of Swertia bimaculata. Based on the glucose consumption of S. bimaculata extractsand different fractions (petroleum, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extracts) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte assay, ethanol (ETH) and dichloromethane (DTH) extracts had the most effective potency. Furthermore, ETH, DTH and corymbiferin (the most abundant component of DTH) were evaluated for anti-diabetic effects in high fat and sucrose fed combined with low dose streptozocin induced diabetic rats. DTH and corymbiferin displayed remarkable anti-diabetic activities. The fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased, while the serum insulin levels were obviously increased. The oral glucose tolerance was also improved. The lowed serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride levels and increased ratio of HDL (high density lipoprotein)/LDL were observed. The insulin sensitivity was improved on the basis of increased expressions of insulin-receptor substrate-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ser/Thr kinase AKT2. And also DTH and corymbiferin improved antioxidant capacity and carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats, along with the improvement of histopathology of livers and pancreatic β cells. Corymbiferin was one of active constituents, responsible for anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, S. bimaculata could be considered as an alternative agent against diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]