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A 55-year-old woman with atopic dermatitis was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of septic shock. She had multiple cerebral and left renal infarctions. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a 10 mm mobile verrucous lesion at the mitral valve. Emergency mitral valvuloplasty was performed, and the verrucous lesion was successfully removed. The patient was hemodynamically stable and was admitted to the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) under ventilatory support. On postoperative day 3, anemia progressed, and on postoperative day 4, the patient went into shock. Emergency embolization was performed for hemostasis, and the patient’s circulation improved. This is the first report of a case of renal hemorrhage after surgery for infective endocarditis. This case is valuable for the treatment of this disease in which various complications occur.

Hypoxia during one-lung ventilation is a significant problem in descending aortic surgery via left thoracotomy. Veno-arterio-pulmonary-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VAPa-ECMO), which consists of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and an additional arterial branch to perfuse a pulmonary artery (Pa), is useful.

Postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture (FWR) has been classified into blow-out type and oozing type. However, considering past papers, oozing type included the cases in which the bleeding had spontaneously stopped or sealed, and the distinction between blow-out type and oozing type was not always clear. We classified FWR into the BO type (combination of blow-out type and oozing type) with continuous bleeding and sealed type and clarified the pathophysiology of the sealed type. Thirty-five patients who underwent surgical treatment for FWR during the past 21 years were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-one patients (60%) were sealed. Comparing the sealed type with the BO type, the incidence of sudden collapse with acute onset was significantly lower (sealed type; 62%, BO type; 100%, P = 0.0118), and there were more cases of transport from outside the hospital (76%, 43%, P = 0.0453). Significantly few cases had electro-mechanical dissociation immediately before surgery (10%, 71%, P = 0.0001). In the sealed type, median sternotomy was performed in 9 patients (43%), and subxiphoid drainage was performed in 12 (57%). Fifteen patients (71%) were supported by IABP postoperatively, and re-rupture occurred in 3 patients without IABP. Long-term outcomes were significantly better in the sealed type than in the BO type. Sixty percent of postinfarction ventricular free wall rupture was the sealed type. Median sternotomy and sutureless repair with postoperative IABP support were reliable treatments. Subxiphoid drainage and strict blood pressure control with IABP may be acceptable surgical strategies in elderly, frail patients.

Hypoxia during one-lung ventilation is a significant problem in descending aortic surgery via left thoracotomy. Veno-arterio-pulmonary-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VAPa-ECMO), which consists of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and an additional arterial branch to perfuse a pulmonary artery (Pa), is useful.

CO2 emissions caused by urban residents' energy consumption arise from 1) transportation and 2) housing energy consumption. This energy consumption depends on the spatial population distribution of the city. The current study quantitatively examines the effectiveness of i) congestion tolls, ii) carbon tax, and iii) land use regulations on the social welfare and the reduction of urban CO2 emissions. Results show that the congestion tolls can increase the social welfare by about 85% of the increase in the first-best scenario, which is the best result among the three policies, and can reduce CO2 emissions from commuting and housing energy by about 22% and 3%, respectively. These results suggest that congestion tolling, which is primarily the Pigovian tax for congestion, not only internalizes congestion externalities, but also effectively reduces CO2 emissions through downsizing commuting distances and housing sizes. Nevertheless, we show that because any spending, including consumption of goods, generates CO2, how tax revenues are used is important for determining total CO2.

We investigated the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and related compounds, 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MeDBT), 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMeDBT), 2,8-dimethyldibenzothiophene (2,8-DMeDBT), and 1-benzothiophene (1-BT) from several oil media at room temperature under pressurized O2 (0.6 MPa) by means of a three-phase reaction system consisting of the oil phase, an aqueous phase containing the phosphorus-free polyoxotungstate catalyst Na4W10O32·8H2O, H2O2, and tetraoctylammonium bromide, and the gas phase. Under conditions in which the initial DBT concentration in octane was 10.1 mM, the desulfurization ratio reached 87% after reaction for 6.5 h. The sulfur atoms in the initial DBT were well accounted for by the sulfur atoms in the residual DBT, the dibenzothiophene sulfone and dibenzothiophene 5-oxide in the octane phase, and the dibenzothiophene sulfone that precipitated. Prolonged reaction time to 18 h resulted in 92% desulfurization. The desulfurization of octane decreased in the order 2,8-DMeDBT ~ DBT > 4-MeDBT >1-BT ~ 4,6-DMeDBT. Light oil and kerosene could also be desulfurized efficiently: after reaction for 6.5 h, the desulfurization ratios reached 77 and 78% for light oil and kerosene, respectively.

While the rent generation for harvesters in common property resource exploitation has been well studied, questions about the rent distribution between the resource users and the downstream sector remain. We study the effects of information asymmetry on the distribution of rent between harvesters and buyers in the ex-vessel fish market and discuss the implication on the outcomes of natural resource management. Under a first-price sealed-bid auction of the fish-by-fish firsthand market in Japan, the markdown gained by buyers is estimated using a structural auction model with a nonparametric method. The results suggest that auction winners enjoy considerably high markdown (48% on average) from market transactions in fish. In a market in which asymmetric information drives down the price, the markdown can work as a resource management tax and disincentivize harvesters from overfishing and overinvesting. This “unintended tax” should be recognized in the design of public policy because a policy that changes the equilibrium may affect the trade-off between marginalized low-income harvesters and the abundant resource stock.

The outcomes of emergency surgery for type A acute aortic dissection have improved. However, ascending aortic replacement sometimes leads to dilatation of the distal aorta. The present study reviewed our outcomes of ascending aortic replacement and total arch replacement in patients with type A acute aortic dissection.A total of 253 patients with type A acute aortic dissection underwent a central repair operation. Our standard technique was ascending aortic replacement. Total arch replacement was performed only when entry existed in the major curvature of the aortic arch and the proximal descending aorta. A total of 169 patients (67%) underwent ascending aortic replacement, and 84 patients (33%) underwent total arch replacement. Hospital death due to initial surgery, dilatation of the distal aorta greater than 5 cm, new occurrence of aortic dissection, any distal aortic surgery, and aortic-related deaths were defined as distal aortic events.The mortality was 7.1% in the ascending aortic replacement group and 6.0% in the total arch replacement group. Postoperative computed tomography was performed in 162 patients in the ascending aortic replacement group. The false lumen of the residual aortic arch had thrombosed and healed in 94 patients (58%) and remained present in 68 patients (42%). The distal aortic event-free rate in the ascending aortic replacement group decreased from 74% at 5 years to 51% at 9 years, and the rate in the total arch replacement group was 83% at 5 to 9 years (P .01). For the ascending aortic replacement group, more patients with a dissected arch had a distal aortic event compared with patients with a healed arch (P .01).Total arch replacement was associated with fewer distal aortic events. We may expand the indications for total arch replacement in stable patients.

We have reported "sandwich technique," via a right ventricular incision, to treat a post-infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD). This technique involves the placement of patches on both the left and right sides of the septum, pinching the VSD sealed with surgical adhesive between the two patches. In this study, we analyzed factors influencing 1-year mortality to determine the pitfalls in our procedure.We evaluated 24 consecutive patients with post-infarction VSD who underwent the "sandwich technique" via a right ventricular incision. One-year survival and major residual leak were used as the criteria for the analysis of survival and technical success, respectively. In protocol 1, clinical variables were evaluated as predictors of one-year mortality. In protocol 2, surgical techniques were evaluated as predictors of major residual leak, which was found to be related to one-year mortality in protocol 1.In protocol 1, the one-year mortality was higher in patients with major residual leak (75 %, 3/4) than in those without (15 %, 3/20) (p = 0.035). In protocol 2, the patients with major residual leak had smaller patches than those without (41.9 ± 3.8 vs. 47.8 ± 4.8 mm, p = 0.031) and a smaller size difference between the patches and the VSD (22.5 ± 6.5 vs. 30.0 ± 5.7 mm, p = 0.028).For the "sandwich technique" via a right ventricular approach to treat post-infarction VSD, the choice of patch size according to VSD size is an important variable for reducing major residual leak.

Objectives: We report the pathophysiology and treatment results of type A acute aortic dissection from our 20-year experience. Methods: We studied 673 patients with type A acute aortic dissection who underwent initial treatment from 1994 through July 2014. We divided these patients into two groups. The former group comprised 448 patients from 1994 through 2008, and the latter group comprised 225 patients from 2009 onward, when the current strategy of initial treatment and surgical technique including the early organ reperfusion therapies were established. Results: Women were significantly often presented than men in patients over 60 years of age. Thrombosed-type dissection accounted for more than half in patients over 70 years, and significantly often complicated pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade than patent type. Malperfusion occurred in 26% of patients. Central repair operations were performed in 579 patients. In-hospital mortality for all patients was 15%, and for the patients who underwent central repair operations was 10%. Former period of operation, malperfusion, and preoperative cardiopulmonary arrest were significant risk factor of in-hospital death. Preoperative left main trunk (LMT) stents were placed in eight patients and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) intervention was performed in five, they were effective to improve the outcome. From 2009 onward, in-hospital mortality was 5.0% and there was no significant risk factor. Conclusion: Surgical results of type A acute aortic dissection were dramatically improved in the past 20 years. Early reperfusion strategy for the patients with malperfusion improved the outcomes. (This article is a translation of Jpn J Vasc Surg 2015; 24: 127–134.)

A novel trititanium(IV)-substituted Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate (POM)-based organometallic complex, i.e., a dimeric POM containing two bridging Cp*Rh(2+) groups (Cp* = C5Me5) or [{α-P2W15Ti3O60(OH)2}2(Cp*Rh)2](16-) (D-1) with Ci symmetry, was synthesized in an analytically pure form by a 1:2 -molar ratio reaction of the organometallic precursor [Cp*RhCl2]2 with the separately prepared, monomeric trititanium(IV)-substituted Wells-Dawson POM, "[P2W15Ti3O59(OH)3](9-)" (M-1). The crystalline sample (NaK-D-1) of the water-soluble, mixed sodium/potassium salt of D-1 was obtained in the 14.7% yield, which has been characterized by complete elemental analysis, TG/DTA, FTIR, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, and solution ((183)W, (31)P, (1)H and (13)C{(1)H}) NMR spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that the two species of the protonated Wells-Dawson subunits, "[P2W15Ti3O60(OH)2](10-)" were bridged by the two Cp*Rh(2+) groups, resulting in the an overall Ci symmetry. The Cp*Rh(2+) groups were linked to the two terminal oxygen atoms of the titanium(IV) sites and one edge-sharing oxygen atom of the surface Ti-O-Ti bond. The (183)W NMR of D-1 dissolved in D2O showed that its solution structure was represented as a dimeric POM with a formula of [{α-P2W15Ti3O60(OH)3}2{Cp*Rh(OH)}2](16-) (D-2) with Ci (or S2) symmetry. A trititanium(IV)-substituted Wells-Dawson POM-supported organometallic complex has never been reported so far, and thus D-1 in the solid state and D-2 in solution are the first example of this type of complex.

Coronary malperfusion is one of the most dreadful complications of acute aortic dissection because it causes catastrophic acute myocardial infarction in patients who are already severely ill. Our strategy was as follows. After the administration of heparin, emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was urgently performed at the same time as starting to prepare the operating room. A stent was then placed to cover the full length of dissected coronary artery. Patients whose cardiac function improved after successful coronary artery reperfusion were transferred to the operating room to undergo central repair surgery. If the cardiac function did not recover even after coronary reperfusion, and the patient required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, we considered the best supportive care without performing central repair surgery. In patients with left coronary malperfusion, we believe that preoperative PCI must be performed immediately. Preoperative PCI might delay central repair surgery and potentially increase the risk of catastrophic cardiac tamponade. However, the benefit of PCI in preserving cardiac function exceeds the risk of cardiac tamponade. The indications of PCI before central repair in patients with right coronary malperfusion should be considered after assessing each patient’s condition, including the presence or absence of cardiac tamponade and right ventricular infarction, left ventricular function, the immediate availability of cardiologists or cardiac surgeons, and the speed of preparing the operating room.

A novel compound containing a hexacalcium cluster cation, one carbonate anion, and one calcium cation assembled on a trimeric trititanium(IV)-substituted Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate (POM), [{Ca6(CO3)(μ3-OH)(OH2)18}(P2W15Ti3O61)3Ca(OH2)3]19- (Ca7Ti9Trimer), was obtained as the Na7Ca6 salt (NaCa-Ca7Ti9Trimer) by the reaction of calcium chloride with the monomeric trititanium(IV)-substituted Wells–Dawson POM species “[P2W15Ti3O59(OH)3]9–” (Ti3Monomer). Ti3Monomer was generated in situ under basic conditions from the separately prepared tetrameric species with bridging Ti(OH2)3 groups and an encapsulated Cl– ion, [{P2W15Ti3O59(OH)3}4{μ3-Ti(H2O)3}4Cl]21– (Ti16Tetramer). The Na7Ca6 salt of Ca7Ti9Trimer was characterized by complete elemental analysis, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA), FTIR, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, and solution 183W and 31P NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography revealed that the [Ca6(CO3)(μ3-OH)(OH2)18]9+ cluster cation was composed of six calciu...

This article investigates the nexus between suicide and socio-economic factors in Japan using municipality-level data using Poisson-based regression methods. We demonstrate the advantage of this method over the OLS approach and show that our method yields reasonable results compared to OLS. Our results show that economic difficulty and social isolation are significantly associated with suicide rate, and accessibility to hospitals can reduce suicide rates.

Sol–gel reactions of fluoroalkyl end-capped trimethoxyvinylsilane oligomer in the presence of low molecular weight aromatic compounds (ArH) such as 1,1′-bi(2-naphthol) (BINOL) and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (HMB) were found to proceed smoothly under alkaline conditions at room temperature to give the corresponding fluorinated oligomeric silica nanocomposites-encapsulated aromatic compounds (BINOL and HMB) [RF-(VM-SiO2)n-RF/ArH nanocomposites]. UV light irradiation (λmax: 254 nm) toward RF-(VM-SiO2)n-RF/ArH nanocomposites showed that photodegradation of encapsulated ArH was not observed at all in the fluorinated nanocomposites cores, although the parent ArH can exhibit an effective photodegradation behavior under similar conditions. Especially, encapsulated ArH can exhibit no weight loss corresponding to the contents of the aromatic compounds in the fluorinated nanocomposites even after calcination at 800°C. Therefore, fluoroalkyl end-capped trimethoxyvinylsilane oligomer has high potential for not only the thermal resistance but also the UV resistance fluorinated polymeric materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper describes the syntheses and crystal structures of a set of novel 2:2-type ZrIV/HfIV-containing Keggin complexes with edge-sharing and face-sharing linkages prepared under different pH conditions, each consisting of di-ZrIV/HfIV cluster cations sandwiched between two mono-lacunary α-Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) with an Si heteroatom, i.e., (Et2NH2)10[(α-SiW11O39M)2(μ-OH)2]·4H2O (M = Zr, Zr-edge; Hf, Hf-edge) and (Et2NH2)11[(α-SiW11O39M)2(μ-OH)3]·15H2O (M = Zr, Zr-face; Hf, Hf-face). The two central Zr and Hf atoms of the Zr-edge and Hf-edge are linked by two μ-OH groups, i.e., an edge-sharing linkage, whereas those of the Zr-face and Hf-face are linked by three μ-OH groups, i.e., a face-sharing linkage. Previously reported Zr/Hf-containing POM dimers were generally linked by edge-sharing M(OH)2M (M = Zr, Hf) bonds. Therefore, the present Zr-face and Hf-face are the first examples of Zr/Hf-containing POM dimers linked in a face-sharing fashion.

Powder and crystalline samples of the monomer (Et2NH2)5[α-PW11TiO40]·2H2O (EtN-1) and a crystalline sample of the μ-oxo dimer (Et2NH2)8[(α-PW11TiO39)2O]·6H2O (EtN-2) of mono-titanium(IV)-containing α-Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), FTIR, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) 31P NMR and solution (31P and 183W) NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the dimeric polyoxoanion with a μ-oxo group in 2 was determined for the first time. The monomer–dimer equilibrium in solution was clarified by pH-varied 31P NMR spectroscopy.

A 77-year-old woman underwent emergency ascending aortic replacement for type A acute aortic dissection. Fifteen days after the operation, she had motor and sensory disturbances in the lower limbs. Computed tomography revealed multiple aortic thrombi and disrupted blood flow in the right external iliac and left common iliac arteries. She underwent an emergency thrombectomy for acute limb ischemia. Because heparin- induced-thrombocytopenia (HIT) was suspected to have caused the multiple aortic thrombi, we postoperatively changed the anticoagulant therapy from heparin to argatroban. Seventeen days after the first operation, gastrointestinal bleeding developed, and the patient died of mesenteric ischemia caused by HIT. Arterial embolization caused by HIT after cardiovascular surgery is a rare, but fatal event. To avoid fatal complications, early diagnosis and early treatment are essential. Use of a scoring system would probably facilitate early diagnosis.

Two kinds of fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer [RF-(VM)n-RF] silica nanocomposites containing biphenylene units were prepared by the sol-gel reactions of the corresponding oligomer with biphenylene-bridged ethoxysilanes or 4,4′-biphenol under alkaline conditions, respectively. One is the fluorinated oligomer/silica nanocomposites containing biphenylene units [RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Ar-SiO2], of whose biphenylene units were incorporated into nanocomposite cores through the siloxane bondings, and the other is the fluorinated oligomer/silica nanocomposites containing biphenylene units [RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Biphenol], of whose biphenylene units were directly encapsulated into nanocomposite cores through the sol–gel process. Interestingly, the shape of RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Ar-SiO2 nanocomposites is morphologically controlled cubic particles; although the shape of RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Biphenol nanocomposites is spherically fine particles. Thermogravimetric analyses 2H magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, Ultraviolet visible, and fluorescent spectra showed that biphenylene units in RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Ar-SiO2 nanocomposites have a flammable characteristic after calcinations at 800 °C; in contrast, biphenylene units in RF-(VM-SiO2)n–RF/Biphenol nanocomposites have a nonflammable characteristic even after calcination at 800 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of these two kinds of fluorinated nanocomposites showed that nonflammable characteristic toward biphenylene units in the silica gel matrices is due to the formation of ammonium hexafluorosilicate during the sol–gel process.

Novel cross-linked fluoroalkyl end-capped trimethoxyvinylsilane oligomeric nanoparticles [RF–(VM-SiO2)n–RF]-encapsulated 1,1′-bi(2-naphthol) (BINOL) were prepared by the hydrolysis of fluoroalkyl e...

We describe a technique of partial translocation with an autologous pericardial patch reinforcement of the left atrial wall in patients with extensive mitral annular calcification (MAC) who require mitral valve replacement. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12175 (J Card Surg 2013;28:648–650)

An infected thoracoabdominal aneurysm is a rare, life-threatening condition with high mortality. We performed an in situ graft replacement and applied a rectus abdominis muscle flap transfer technique in a case of infected thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm after distal gastrectomy. A rectus abdominis muscle flap transfer might be a good alternative when the omental flap technique is not feasible.

Reports of recurrent constrictive pericarditis are scarce. We report a re-do case of recurrent constrictive pericarditis 35 years after pericardiectomy. The calcified pericardium was thick and severely adhesive. We performed pericardiectomy on pump, using Harmonic Scalpel and rib scissors for a safe and secure operation. The calcified pericardium looked like a crab's shell. The patient was discharged on 14th post-operative day. Long-term follow-up is necessary for this patient.

Compounds (III) and (IV) are characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR, CPMAS 31P NMR, and solution 31P and 183W NMR spectroscopy.

Observation of a living plant was performed by a laser speckle microscopy. The merit of this technique is that it is possible to easily obtain information of organisms without any special preparations, such as staining and gene transfection. In this study, a living leaf was observed for half a day at intervals of one hour. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a long-term tissue observation by the laser speckle. It was possible to visualize the fading process of the leaf cut off from the living plant. It was found that the temporal fluctuation of the speckles on the leaf completely ceased within 10 hours after cutting off the leaf from the plant body.

We describe a technique of partial translocation with an autologous pericardial patch reinforcement of the left atrial wall in patients with extensive mitral annular calcification (MAC) who require mitral valve replacement.

This paper investigates the impact of the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake on plant input, output, total factor productivity (TFP) and exit using Japanese plant-level manufacturing data. We employ the difference-in-differences (DID) estimation method to identify the effects of the quake and find that the quake had an impact on manufacturing. The results suggest that production was influenced by the quake, particularly in the first year after the quake. Furthermore, the quake did not influence manufacturing industries uniformly. The effects are different based on specifications, variables, and industries. However, the quake had little impact on the exit of plants.

The [(P2W15Ti3O60.5)4 (NH4)]35- Dawson tetramer with encapsulated NH4+ cation is synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 15N{1H}, 31P, and 183W NMR spectroscopy.

Preparation and structural characterization of a novel polyoxometalate (POM), [(P(2)W(15)Ti(3)O(60.5))(4)(NH(4))](35-) 1, i.e., an encapsulated NH(4)(+) cation species in the central cavity of a tetramer (called the Dawson tetramer) constituted by trititanium(IV)-substituted α-Dawson POM substructure, are described. POM 1 was synthesized by several different methods and unequivocally characterized by complete elemental analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), FTIR spectroscopy, solution ((15)N{(1)H}, (31)P, (183)W) NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. First, POM 1 was synthesized by a reaction of NH(4)Cl in aqueous solution with a precursor, which was derived by thermal treatment of a monomeric triperoxotitanium(IV)-substituted Dawson POM, [α-1,2,3-P(2)W(15)(TiO(2))(3)O(56)(OH)(3)](9-) 2, for 3 h in an electric furnace at 200 °C. The encapsulated NH(4)(+) cation in 1 was confirmed by (15)N{(1)H} NMR measurement and X-ray crystallography. As another synthesis of 1, a direct exchange of the Cl(-) anion encapsulated in [{α-1,2,3-P(2)W(15)Ti(3)O(57.5)(OH)(3)}(4)Cl](25-) 3 with the NH(4)(+) cation was attained by neutralizing an aqueous solution containing 3 with the addition of aqueous NH(3) (the initial pH of ca. 2-2.5 was changed to 6.4), followed by adding NH(4)Cl. It has been clarified that the conditions as to whether the anion or the cation is encapsulated in the central cavity of the Dawson tetramer were significantly related to the protonation/deprotonation of the bridging oxygen atoms on the intramolecular surface, Ti-O-Ti/Ti-OH-Ti sites constituting the Dawson subunits.

A 54-year-old-man on hemodialysis was admitted to the hospital because of effort angina. A coronary angiography revealed multiple stenoses including 90% stenosis in the left main trunk. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed with Y-composite grafts constructed by the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) and the free gastroepiploic artery (GEA) which were anastomosed to left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the diagonal branch (D1) using the off-pump technique. After completion of anastomosis, Photo Dynamic Eye (PDE) system showed fluorescence not in the free GEA but at the anastomotic site of GEA to D1. Because the graft spasm of GEA was diagnosed by PDE, papaverine solution was sprayed to the graft, which resolved the spasm and re-anastomosis was avoided. PDE system is a useful tool for the diagnosis of graft spasm, and may contribute to improvement of quality of CABG.

We extract the mood of disquiet on street corners in real-time with stereo video camera systems. Last year we proposed a novel stereo measurement algorithm to detect moving people, which was focusing on moving region in video data. In this paper, we report our prototype of probabilistic inference engine that can detect contexts of individual pedestrian and groups of pedestrians. We demonstrated that the real-time extraction of higher-level pedestrian contexts using the Bayesian network model was effective for extracting several pedestrianspsila context.