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Rainfall expected to occur in a given period is defined as dependable rainfall. The increasing pressure on freshwater resources necessitates efficient water use in the agricultural sector, where water is used the most globally. Therefore, dependable rainfall values in dry (80%), normal (50%) and wet (20%) periods, which are used in the planning and operation stages of irrigation networks, can be determined by analysis. In this study, the change in the irrigation water requirement of apple trees was investigated based on the dependable rainfall of Warsaw and Isparta, two important apple production regions of Poland and Turkey. For this purpose, dependable rainfall values in both locations between 1984 and 2021 were calculated monthly and annually with the Rainbow program. Then, using the climate parameters of the relevant years, plant water consumption and irrigation water requirements were calculated with the help of Cropwat software. As a result of the research, rainfall values expected to occur in the dry, normal and rainy years in Warsaw are 466 mm, 532 mm and 604 mm, respectively, while, in Isparta, these values are 422 mm, 520 mm and 602 mm, respectively. Crop water requirements calculated based on dependable rainfall are 363 mm, 237 mm and 108 mm in Warsaw during the dry, normal and wet periods, while these values are 452 mm, 367 mm and 277 mm, respectively, in Isparta. The application of appropriate irrigation rates that take into account water requirements will optimize the use of water resources and also improve apple yields. This is extremely important for these research areas in particular, as Turkey and Poland are among the largest apple producers in the world.

The basic idea of this article is to investigate the numerical solutions of Gardner Kawahara equation, a particular case of extended Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, by means of finite element method. For this purpose, a collocation finite element method based on trigonometric quintic B-spline basis functions is presented. The standard finite difference method is used to discretize time derivative and Crank-Nicolson approach is used to obtain more accurate numerical results. Several numerical examples are presented and discussed to exhibit the feasibility and capability of the finite element method and trigonometric B-spline basis functions. More specifically, the error norms $L_{2}$ and $L_{\infty }$ are reported for numerous time and space discretization numbers in tables. Graphical representations of the solutions which describe motion of wave are presented.

In the present study, the coupled Burgers’ equation is going to be solved numerically by presenting a new technique based on collocation finite element method in which trigonometric cubic and quintic B-splines are used as approximate functions. In order to support the present study, three test problems given with appropriate initial and boundary conditions are studied. The newly obtained results are compared with some of the other published numerical solutions available in the literature. The accuracy of the proposed method is discussed by computing the error norms L₂ and L_{∞}. A linear stability analysis of the approximation obtained by the scheme shows that the method is unconditionally stable.

This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses on flower and oil yields and water use in Rosa damascene in Isparta which is located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Different water and nitrogen doses were applied to the Rosa damascena plant, and the drip irrigation method was used at 10-day intervals. The treatments included four different irrigation water amounts [To (K-cp0 : 0.00), T-1 (k(cp1) : 0.40), T-2 (k(cp2) : 0.80), and T-3 (k(cp3) : 1.20) as crop-pan coefficients] and four different nitrogen doses (N-0 : 0 kg ha(-1), N-1 : 80 kg ha(-1), N-2 : 160 kg ha(-1), N-3 : 240 kg ha(-1,) and pure substance). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block factorial design with 3 replicates. The seasonal evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and yield response factor (k(y)) varied between 346.2 and 614.7 mm, between 4.87 and 13.86 kg m(-3), between 8.05 and 32.18 kg m(-3), and between 0.92 and 1.59, respectively. The different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses did not have a significant effect on flower yield in 2010, but had a significant effect (P < 0.01) in 2011 and 2012. The flower yield ranged from 2339 to 3046 kg ha(-1), 2215 to 6373 kg ha(-1), 2104 to 6616 kg ha(-1) in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Similarly, the effects of different irrigation amounts and nitrogen doses on the rose oil yield were significant in 2011 and 2012 (P < 0.01) but not in 2010. The rose oil yield was 1.10-1.66 kg ha(-1), 1.13-3.42 kg ha(-1), 0.72-2.89 kg ha(-1) in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The results of this study showed that the increasing irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses significantly increased the flower yield. Considering yield and water use efficiency, it was concluded that the most efficient irrigation scheduling was T-1 and that the most efficient nitrogen doses were N-2 and N-3. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Many research projects require accurate delineation of the different land cover type of the agricultural area. Especially it is critically important for the definition of specific plants like cannabis. However, the complexity of vegetation stands structure, abundant vegetation species, and the smooth transition between different seconder section stages make vegetation classification difficult when using traditional approaches such as the maximum likelihood classifier. Most of the time, classification distinguishes only between trees/annual or grain. It has been difficult to accurately determine the cannabis mixed with other plants. In this paper, a mixed distribution models approach is applied to classify pure and mix cannabis parcels using Worldview-2 imagery in the Lakes region of Turkey. Five different land use types (i.e. sunflower, maize, bare soil, and cannabis) were identified in the image. A constrained Gaussian mixture discriminant analysis (GMDA) was used to unmix the image. In the study, 255 reflectance ratios derived from spectral signatures of seven bands (Blue-Green-Yellow-Red-Rededge-NIR1-NIR2) were randomly arranged as 80% for training and 20% for test data. Gaussian mixed distribution model approach is proved to be an effective and convenient way to combine very high spatial resolution imagery for distinguishing cannabis vegetation. Based on the overall accuracies of the classification, the Gaussian mixed distribution model was found to be very successful to achieve image classification tasks. This approach is sensitive to capture the illegal cannabis planting areas in the large plain. This approach can also be used for monitoring and determination with spectral reflections in illegal cannabis planting areas.

Bu çalışma, farklı sulama aralıkları SA1:2 gün, SA2:4 gün ve SA3:6 gün ve sulama suyu miktarlarının S1:Tr×1.50, S2:Tr×1.25, S3:Tr×1.00, S4:Tr×0.75, S5:Tr×0.50, S6:Tr×0.25 sera koşullarında yetiştirilen krizantem bitkisinin kalite parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2011 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat türüne ait sprey krizantem çeşidi olan ‘Bacardi’ kullanılmıştır. Sera dışı radyasyon değerleri kullanılarak hesaplanan potansiyel bitki su tüketiminin Tr farklı oranları bitkilere sulama suyu olarak uygulanmıştır. Deneme konularına göre sulama suyu miktarı 192.1-469.4 mm arasında, ölçülen bitki su tüketimi ETa ise 300.9-510.9 mm arasında değişmiştir. Farklı sulama suyu miktarları ve sulama aralıkları, çiçek sapı uzunluğunu, çiçek sapı kalınlığını, ikincil dal sayısını, bitki başına çiçek sayısını, dal ağırlığını, yaprak alan indeksini, vazo ömrünü ve kök uzunluğunu istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde etkilemiştir P, This study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation intervals SA1: 2-d, SA2: 4-d, SA3 6-d and water amounts S1:Tr×1.50, S2:Tr×1.25, S3:Tr×1.00, S4:Tr×0.75, S5:Tr×0.50, S6:Tr×0.25 on quality parameters of chrysanthemum grown in the greenhouse in 2011. The spray chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv.1. Giriş‘Bacardi’ plant was used as plant material in this study. Different ratios of the potential evapotranspiration Tr , calculated using radiation values in outside the greenhouse, was applied as irrigation water. The irrigation water amounts applied to the experimental treatments ranged from 192.1 to 469.4 mm, and seasonal evapotranspiration Eta measured from 300.9 to 510.9 mm. Different irrigation water amounts and irrigation intervals had statistically significant effects on flower stem length, stem diameter, the number of secondary lateral branches, the number of flowers, stem weight, leaf area index, vase life root length of chrysanthemum P

In this study, the interaction between crop load and irrigation level on yield, fruit size, skin color and stem-end splitting fruit ratio in the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ grafted on rootstock M9 were investigated. Six irrigation programs were applied during the whole growth season: deficit irrigation (rates of 0.25 kc, 0.50 kc, 0.75 kc), full irrigation (rate of 1.00 kc), excess irrigation (rate of 1.25 kc) and non-irrigation (rates of 0.00 kc of “Class A” pan evaporation coefficient). Four crop loads in each irrigation application were performed by hand thinning after the June drop as a- a low crop load (3 fruits cm−2 TCA), b- a medium crop load (5 fruits cm−2 TCA), c- a heavy crop load (7 fruits cm−2 TCA), and d- an un-thinned crop load (> 7 fruits cm−2 TCA). The total tree yield increased with crop load and irrigation levels. Fruit size was significantly increased by the low crop load. Irrigation increased the fruit size compared to non-irrigation treatment. Further 0.75 kc, 1.00 kc and 1.25 kc irrigation treatments significantly increased the fruit length. Irrigation reduced the fruit flesh firmness. While the low crop load increased the skin red color, it decreased the fruit skin brightness. The yellowness of skin decreased with increasing in the irrigation amount. Irrigation reduced the skin brightness and yellowness, but it increased red color. Crop load and irrigation significantly affected the stem-end splitting fruit ratio. While the splitting fruit ratio increased with a decrease in the crop load, it decreased with an increase in irrigation amount, relatively. Consequently, the low and medium crop load treatments would be beneficial to increase the ratio of marketable fruits without any significant losses in yield for ‘Gala’ apple, especially under 0.75 kc deficit irrigation treatment.

This study was carried out to determine the optimum irrigation water amount and interval for carnation plants (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) using the pan evaporation method. The values of class A pan, located inside the greenhouse, were used to determine the irrigation water amount. Irrigation treatments consisted of three irrigation intervals (I1: 1-, I2: 2-, and I3: 3-day) and five crop-pan coefficients (kcp1: 0.25, kcp2: 0.50, kcp3: 0.75, kcp4: 1.00, and kcp5: 1.25). Irrigation water amounts applied to the experimental treatments ranged from 218 to 786 mm; seasonal evapotranspiration ranged from 219 to 601 mm and the yield acquired from the treatments ranged from 10 to 89.82 stems/m2. The highest yield was obtained from I1kcp4 (89.56 stems/m2) followed by I1kcp5 (82.89 stems/m2) and I1kcp3 (82.22 stems/m2). The seasonal yield response factor (ky) was calculated to be 0.73, 1.00, and 1.42 in I1, I2, and I3, respectively. Significant relationships were obtained between yield and irrigation water (R2 = 0.998) and evapotranspiration (R2 = 0.993) in the I1 treatments, in which the highest yield was found. In carnation cultivation under greenhouse conditions, it was proposed to apply irrigation water with 1-day intervals under a crop-pan coefficient of kcp4.

This study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on the yield and quality parameters of dwarf trees of the apple cultivar 'Gala, Galaxy' in the first and second year of cultivation. Irrigation water was applied at 3aEuro, 5aEuro, 7aEuro, and 10-day intervals as much as the amount of water consumed from the field capacity. Statistical analysis revealed that the effects of irrigation frequency on yield were significant. Since the trees used in the experiment showed mainly vegetative growth, the effects of irrigation frequency on the fruit quality characteristics varied. Irrigation water amount was applied as 355.7-446.5 mm and 359.2-538.9 mm to the experimental treatments in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The evapotranspiration measured was in the range 400.7-491.5 mm in 2007 but in the range 440.2-600.5 mm in 2008, while the yields in the same years ranged from 1.54 to 2.84 t ha(-1) and from 2.61 to 6.06 t ha(-1). Water use efficiency varied between 2.40 and 4.80 t ha(-1)mm(-1) in the first year of the experiment but between 3.45 and 7.08 t ha(-1)mm(-1) in the second year. The I-2 treatment, in which the highest yield and water use efficiency were recorded in both years of the experiment under the experimental conditions, was determined as the irrigation scheduling.

Sulama suyu tuzlulu ğ unun soğ an yumru verimi ve su tüketimi ile toprak profilinin tuzlula şmas ı na olan etkilerinin incelendiğ i bu çal ışma Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ara şt ı rma Seras ı nda 2001 y ı l ı nda saks ı denemeleri biçiminde üç tekrarlama!' olarak yürütülmü ştür. Soğ an tohumlar ı her saks ı da beş bitki olacak biçimde 31 May ı s tarihinde ekilmiş ve saks ı lar ı n hepsinde mevcut toprak nemi tarla kapasitesine ç ı kar ı larak ayn ı gün denemelere ba ş lanm ışt ı r. Saks ı ağı rl ı kları hasat tarihine kadar 2 Aral ı k her gün tart ı larak toprak nemi izlenmi ş ve elde edilen veriler günlük bitki su tüketiminin ve sulamalarda uygulanacak sulama suyu miktar ı n ı n belirlenmesinde kullan ı lm ışt ı r. Sulama uygulamalar ı nda şebeke suyu kontrol, EC:0.8 dS/m,T o ile tuzlulaşt ı rı lmış sular EC:1.6 dS/m, TI; 3.2 dS/m T2; 4.6 dS/m, T3 ve 6.1 dS/m, T4 kullan ı lm ışt ı r. Saks ı topraklar ı ndaki tuzlulaşmay ı belirlemek amacı yla ekimde, her büyüme periyodunun baş lang ı cı nda ve hasatta toprak örnekleri al ı nm ıştı r. Sulamalarda 1.6-6.1 dS/m aras ı nda elektriksel iletkenlik değerine sahip sular ı n kullan ı lmas ı yumru verimini % 34-68 ve bitki su tüketimini % 15-35 önemli ölçüde azalm ıştı r. Araşt ı rman ı n sonunda, deneme konular ı nda, toprak saturasyon eriyiklerinin elektriksel iletkenlikleri 0.54 dS/m den şebeke suyunun kullan ı ld ığı konuda To 0.81 dS/m, en yüksek tuzluluk değerine sahip sular ı n kullan ı ld ığı konuda T4 ise 4.47 dS/m düzeyine ula şmışt ı r., In a greenhouse pot experiment conducted in the Experimental Research Greenhouse at Süleyman Demirel University Campus, and investigated the effects of irrigation water salinity on onion's bulb yield, evapotranspiration and salinity in soil's profile during 2001 with three replacement. Onion seedlings were transplanted on May 31 at the density of five plant per pot. The experiment was started on the transplanting date with the soil content of all pots at field capacity. Soil moisture status monitored daily by weighing of pots until harvest December 2 , and the data used to determine the daily evapotranspiration and quantity of irrigation. Plants in the pots were irrigated with tap water controls, EC:0.8 dS/m,To or salinized water EC:1.6 dS/m, T l ; 3.2 dS/m T2; 4.6 dS/m, T3 and 6.1 dS/m, T4 . Soils sampled at the transplanted day, beginning of the each growth period and harvesting day to determine the salinization of pot's soil. Within the range of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water between 1.6 dS/m and 6.1 dS/m decreased the onion's bulb yield 34-68 % and evapotranspiration 15-35 % , significantly. At the end of the experiment, the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract in the treatment were formed from 0.54 to 0.81 dS/m used To and 4.47 dS/m used T4 .

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum water use of the dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Such information is needed by planners and producers for the design of irrigation schemes to minimise yield reductions under water deficit conditions. Under the present experimental conditions, high grain yields were obtained by meeting the full water needs of the crop (1.94-2.43 Mg ha-1), by meeting 75% of their needs (1.92-2.40 Mg ha-1), or by irrigation throughout the growing season except during ripening (1.93-2.23 Mg ha-1). Grain yields were reduced when irrigation water was not provided during the flowering and yield formation periods, and did not increase significantly in such cases even if water had been supplied during the establishment, vegetative, and ripening periods. The yield response factors for the entire growing season, and for the vegetative, flowering, yield formation and ripening periods, were 1.28, 0.36, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.08 respectively. Thus, to achieve effective vegetative production in semiarid regions such as Isparta, irrigation is absolutely necessary. Under limited water conditions, a water deficit of 25-50% is tolerable throughout the growing season, or during the vegetative and ripening periods. El objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar el uso de agua para la judía de grano (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lo que es necesariopara que productores y gestores puedan diseñar esquemas de riego en condiciones deficitarias de agua. En las condiciones experimentales de este trabajo se obtuvo una alta productividad (1,94-2,43 Mg ha-1) cuando las necesidades de agua estaban completamente cubiertas. Cuando las necesidades de agua estaban cubiertas en un 75% y cuando se regaba toda la campaña excepto en la época de maduración, la productividad fue 1,92-2,40 y 1.93-2.23 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. El rendimiento de grano se redujo cuando no se suministró agua de riego durante los periodos de floración y maduración de granos, y este rendimiento no aumentó significativamente en tales casos aunque el agua se suministrara durante los periodos de establecimiento, vegetativo y maduración. Los factores de respuesta del rendimiento para el periodo de crecimientocompleto, y para los periodos vegetativo, de floración, de formación de granos y de maduración fueron de 1,28,0,36, 0,84, 0,80 y 0,08 respectivamente. Por tanto, para conseguir una producción efectiva en regiones semiáridas como Isparta, el riego es absolutamente necesario. En condiciones restringidas de agua, un déficit del 25-50% es tolerable a lo largo de toda la campaña, o durante los periodos vegetativo y de maduración.

In a greenhouse pot experiment conducted in Turkey during 2001, onion seedlings were transplanted on May 31 at the density of five plants per pot. On this date the soil water content of all pots were at field capacity. The pots were weighed daily until harvest (December 2), and the data were used to determine the daily evapotranspiration and quantity of irrigation. Eight irrigation treatments were applied, designated as I-1 full irrigation (non-deficit treatment), and I-2, I-3 and I-4 no irrigation in the vegetative growth periods, yield formation and ripening, respectively, and I-5, I-6, I-7 and I-8 received 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 times the soil water depletion in the treatment I-1 on the same day. For each treatment, the following parameters were analysed and compared: applied irrigation depth, daily and seasonal evapotranspiration, bulb yield, yield response factor (k(y)), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). The findings indicated that onion plants were very sensitive to lack of soil water during the total growing season and the yield formation period, but rather insensitive in the vegetative and ripening periods. High water use and water use efficiencies were observed with increasing levels of irrigation, or no irrigation in the vegetative period. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

La zone GAP est confronte a des problemes de salinite causes par l'irrigation. La region est placee dans la zone de climat aride et semi-aride de Turquie. Apres mise en service des systemes d'irrigation des problemes de salinite et de sodicity ainsi que les problemes de drainage ont augmente. La salinite et aussi les problemes de drainage dans le GAP sont a presente plus prioritaires que l'irrigation. La tendance de recherches est de developper une approche appropriees pour resoudre le probleme de salinite dans la region. Dans cette etude, la problematique de la salinite dans le GAP, particulierement les problemes de la Plaine de Sanliurfa-Harran ont ete evalues, et differents solution du probleme ont ete discutees.