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Abstract Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) plays a crucial role in metabolizing approximately 20% of medications prescribed clinically. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene, known for its extensive polymorphism with over 170 catalogued haplotypes or star alleles, which can have a profound impact on drug efficacy and safety. Despite its importance, a gap exists in the global genomic databases, which are predominantly representative of European ancestries, thereby limiting comprehensive knowledge of CYP2D6 variation in ethnically diverse populations. In an effort to bridge this knowledge gap, we focused on elucidating the CYP2D6 variation landscape within a multi-ethnic Asian cohort, encompassing individuals of Chinese, Malay, and Indian descent. Our study comprised data analysis of 1850 whole genomes from the SG10K_Health dataset using an in-house consensus algorithm, which integrates the capabilities of Cyrius, Aldy, and StellarPGx. This analysis unveiled distinct population-specific star-allele distribution trends, highlighting the unique genetic makeup of the Singaporean population. Significantly, 46% of our cohort harbored actionable CYP2D6 variants—those with direct implications for drug dosing and treatment strategies. Furthermore, we identified 14 potential novel CYP2D6 star-alleles, of which 7 were observed in multiple individuals, suggesting their broader relevance. Overall, our study contributes novel data on CYP2D6 genetic variations specific to the Southeast Asian context. The findings are instrumental for the advancement of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, not only in Southeast Asia but also in other regions with comparable genetic diversity.

ABSTRACT Thermochemical conversion of giant reed biomass during periodic variations has been carried out in a semi‐batch tubular reactor at 550°C. This study was carried out after the incineration of giant reed along the river banks. Four periodic variations, late spring (HS‐4), late summer (HS‐1), late autumn (HS‐2), and late winter (HS‐3) were considered to investigate the effect of harvest time on biomass fuel properties, pyrolysis product distribution, non‐condensable gas characterization, and bio‐oil organic phase (BOP) fuel properties. The considered biomasses herein had average calorific values of 18.86 ± 0.05, 19.73 ± 0.05, 19.23 ± 0.04, and 18.44 ± 0.04 MJ/kg during HS‐1, HS‐2, HS‐3, and HS‐4, respectively. The biomass, bio‐oil organic phase, biochar, and pyrolysis gas were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro‐GC, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The organic phase of bio‐oil was isolated using a 125 mL separating funnel, allowing natural stratification of the immiscible phases. BOP yield increased from 5 to 11 wt% during HS‐4 and HS‐3, respectively. Higher heating values (HHV) of the BOP ranged from 19.4 ± 0.03 to 22.6 ± 0.02 MJ/kg in relation to the active growth stage and senescence‐dormant phase. Physical and chemical properties (TAN, density, viscosity, water content, and CHNS) and chemical compound groups of organic phase bio‐oil were analyzed. The produced BOP was rich in phenolics for all considered periods. The effect of harvest time showed that biomass and bio‐oil organic phase fuel properties are improved during the senescence‐dormant period. As a result, giant reed biomass should be harvested during autumn to avoid incineration that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and will also reduce the occurrence of artificial flooding.

This work provides a comprehensive overview of advanced characterisation techniques to unravel the molecular intricacies of catalytic processes. It begins with an introduction to catalytic processes and emphasises the importance of innovations in characterisation techniques, including SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, RAMAN, XPS, NMR, TEM, AFM and the combined application of these techniques for improved catalytic investigation. The review of the development of catalytic processes provides a historical overview of progress and examines paradigm shifts in catalytic mechanisms and catalyst categories. Conventional microscopic and spectroscopic tools are revisited, highlighting the improvements in these techniques that provide insight into catalytic structures through surface analysis. Significant advances, including the application of computational techniques, in the study of catalysts are also discussed, focusing on state-of-the-art techniques that provide unprecedented detail on catalyst properties, mechanisms and processes. Comparative evaluations highlight the advantages and limitations of these techniques. The study concludes by identifying and overcoming challenges, anticipating prospects and emphasising the constant quest for innovation in understanding catalysts. By integrating developments in microscopic and spectroscopic methods, the study provides a comprehensive insight into how these tools improve the precision and depth of catalyst characterisation, driving innovation and future directions in catalysis research.

AbstractFish protein concentrate (FPC) is considered as a promising alternative to overcome the world’s shortage of affordable animal-based protein. Snakehead fish (Channa striata) offers a large potential as a raw material for FPC manufacture. This work aims to investigate the influence of solvent types (ethanol, n-hexane, and an azeotrope mixture of ethanol + n-hexane), extraction time (0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes), temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60°C), liquid solvent volume to solid feed fish flesh mass ratio (LSSFR) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mL/g), and ultrasonic power (100, 200, 300, and 400 W) on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to manufacture high-quality FPC from snakehead fish. After being subjected to UAE, the fish flesh was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 55°C. The optimum UAE conditions for the manufacture of FPC from snakehead fish flesh were using ethanol as solvent, LSSFR (6 mL/g), temperature (40°C), ultrasonic power (200 W), and extraction time (25 minutes). The resulted FPC can be categorized as type A, which contains protein (73.17%) and fat (0.73%). An SDS-PAGE electrophoresis evaluation proved that the FPC contained 12 types of peptides having molecular weight (MW) ranging from 4.00 to 174.00 kDa with the major fractions being those with MWs ranged from 4.00 to 11.00 kDa and the minor fractions with MWs between 71.70 to 174.00 kDa. Indeed, the presence of both low and high MW peptides in the FPC indicates its potential applications in the development of nutritious food products.

Abstract Photocatalytic water splitting is an environmentally friendly hydrogen production method that uses abundant renewable resources such as water and sunlight. While Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst exhibits excellent properties, its high band gap limits absorption to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, resulting in low photo conversion efficiency. This review explores various modification techniques aimed at enhancing the efficiency of TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Factors influencing the photocatalytic water splitting reaction, such as catalyst structure, morphology, band gap, sacrificial reagents, light intensity, temperature, and potential of Hydrogen (pH) are examined. This review also summarizes different catalyst synthesis methods, and types of photocatalytic reactors, and provides insights into quantum yield. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and future outlook of photocatalytic water splitting.

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt • This study investigates the co-existence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and quinolone resistance among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR). • By employing the VITEK-2 Compact automated identification system, the research demonstrates that a significant proportion of quinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are also ESBL-positive, with co-resistance observed primarily in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. • These findings emphasize the critical need for continuous surveillance and antibiotic stewardship to mitigate the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 for good health and well-being. Full Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major hazard to global public health. It reduces the effectiveness of many antibiotics, making infections harder to cure and raising the likelihood of disease transmission and death. Globally, beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics are among the commonly prescribed medications. Yet, a multitude of bacteria have evolved distinct multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics, rendering many of these important drugs worthless. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of the simultaneous occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Quinolone-resistance (co-existence) among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. A total of 95 Enterobacteriaceae pathogens isolated from different human samples were obtained from a Tertiary Hospital in Katsina. Then, the VITEK-2 Compact automated identification system was employed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and the ESBL screening of isolates. This study showed that out of the total 95 isolates, 67 (70.5%) were quinolone-resistant, while 53 (55.8%) were ESBL-positive. Most of the quinolone-resistant (QRE) Enterobacteriaceae were ESBL-positive, 50 (74.6%), and conversely, most of the ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae were quinolone-resistant (50, 94.3%). Co-resistance (quinolone-resistance and ESBL-positive) was recorded in 50 (52.63%) of the isolates, all belonging to the Escherichia coli (42, 84.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8, 16.0%). Almost all the co-resistant isolates were resistant to the tested quinolones [Ciprofloxacin (49, 98.0%) and Levofloxacin (50, 100.0%). The lowest resistance was recorded to Ertapenem (6.0%), Meropenem (6.0%), and Amikacin (2.0%), and the highest to Ampicillin, Piperacillin and Levofloxacin (100.0% each). Almost all the co-resistant isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 49 (98.0%), while 33 (66.0%) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). According to the collected samples’ demographic data, the highest prevalences were recorded among males (60.0%, based on gender), adults (50.0%, based on age), and urine (48.0%, based on sample). Continuous surveillance and stewardship are essential to achieve good health and well-being (Sustainable Development Goal 3).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of biostimulation and bioventing for the treatment of crude oil-contaminated soils. The research needed to check how various industrial biostimulants will perform in the treatment of contaminated soils and whether or not there is a synergetic effect that has to do with the stimulant composition. Soil samples used for this study were collected from South Africa. The soil samples were air-dried for 24 h and subsequently passed through a standard sieve of 2 mm screen. The soil consists of 79.32% sand (2.00-0.02 mm), 14.71% silt (0.02-0.002 mm) and 5.97% clay (< 0.002 mm). A microcosm system containing 1 kg of soil contaminated with crude oil (5% w/w) for biostimulation (BSTc) treatment was amended with varying ratios of municipal wastewater (MWW) and brewery wastewater (BWW) to investigate the possible synergy. The bioventing (BVTc) treatment involves the supply of atmospheric air to the bioreactors through the vadose zone for 30mins flow duration every 48 h intervals at ambient condition for 28 days. The BSTc and BVTc treatments recorded 48-58% and 54-75% total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiencies, respectively, as the BWW amendment noted appreciable removal compared to MWW, while the control treatment recorded 35%. The result showed that the attempt to boost the TPH removal efficiency using the bioventing with the wastewater amendment was effective, as the presence of enough oxygen in the system resuscitated the activities of the microbial community for enhanced TPH biodegradation. This study inferred that combined bioventing and biostimulation techniques proved to be an effective bioremediation strategy for the treatment of crude oil contaminated soils and could serve as a vital tool towards the mitigation of pollution aftermath faced by communities involved in oil production and/or processing activities.

Tax incentives have been used as tools to encourage investments and tax compliance from businesses. Little is known about the effect of tax incentives on tax compliance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria. The study, therefore, investigated the effect these tax incentives (the Nigerian government tax exemption to MSMEs with income of a particular threshold and low-interest financing) have on the tax compliance of MSMEs in Nigeria. The study adopted quantitative research and administered questionnaires to MSMEs in Nigeria. Guided by the theories of social influence and slippery slope, the study employed the regression technique for the analysis and concluded that tax incentives have a significant effect on the tax compliance of MSMEs in Nigeria. Also, tax exemption and low-interest financing have a significant effect on the tax compliance of MSMEs in Nigeria. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge by showing the effect the government tax policy of tax exemption to MSMEs has on tax compliance. The different incentives of government are not sufficiently communicated to these businesses to take advantage of. It is, therefore, recommended that government policies especially on incentives to MSMEs should be well broadcast through different social media platforms for them to benefit.

Metal oxides as catalysts alter the properties of the pyrolysis vapor secondary reactions during the thermal decomposition of several biomass leading to high-value bio-oils. This study aimed to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics of Canarium Schweinfurthii (CS) shells that were treated with various metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3/FeO, and Fe2O3) using pyrolysis. The study also sought to identify pyrolysis reaction parameters (kinetics and thermodynamics parameters) that are not widely documented. Thermogravimetric pyrolysis was carried out at different heating rates, and the undocumented pyrolysis kinetic parameters were determined using the Flynn-Wall Ozawa method (FWO) according to American Standard Testing and Materials (ASTM) 6441 guidelines for assessing biomass decomposition. The metal oxide-treated CS shells lost significant weight between 62 and 67 wt% during the thermogravimetric pyrolysis, lower than 75 wt% of the CS shell. The average activation energies (Eα) for pyrolysis of the ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3/FeO, and Fe2O3 treated CS shells were 203.04, 155.35, 338.85, and 219.92 kJ/mol, respectively in contrast to that of the untreated CS-shell. The Bayesian Information Criteria revealed that the diffusion kinetics of the Gistling-Brounshtein model best describes the pyrolysis of the shell mixed with metal oxides. The metal oxides affected the CS shells' pyrolysis kinetic parameter (Eα), which can promote pyrolysis vapor upgrading to encourage the widespread use of metal oxides in pyrolysis for bioenergy and chemical recovery.

Half-heusler alloys are fascinating thermoelectric materials because they have superior mechanical and transport properties. In this study, we used dft+u calculations and the Boltztrap equation to examine the electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of YAuSi, YAuGe, and YAuSn half-heusler alloys. The DFT+U approach predicted band gaps of 1.2767 eV, 0.611 eV, and 1.5741 eV for YAuGe, YAUSn, and YAuSi, respectively. We also observed that all materials under consideration have a broad absorption spectrum ranging from 1 eV to 12 eV, with notable peaks in the visible and UV ranges. The obtained opto-electronic properties position the three alloys as promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. Finally, thermoelectric property calculations revealed that the figure of merit values for YAuSi, YAuGe, and YAuSn HH alloys were 0.730, 0.726, and 0.736 at 800 K, respectively suggesting the materials are also suitable candidates for application in the field of thermoelectricity

The Okeso pegmatites field was evaluated using magnetic method within abandoned mining site close to the southeastern region of Ojoku area. The study aims to delineate, identify geological boundaries and determine depth of tin deposits in the area. The acquired magnetic data was enhanced with the combination of 3D Euler and Werner deconvolution methods. Five magnetic profiles were selected and carried out on the residual anomalies around the abandoned mine site at Okeso with three of the profile lines were in the NW-SE direction and two in the NE-SW direction. The residual magnetic anomalies showed the magnetic susceptibilities of ≤ 4.5118 × 10−3 nT in the ore bearing pegmatite within the basement rocks. Results from profiles of Werner deconvolution identified some shallow tectonic structures like fractures, pegmatites and faults which are capable of hosting metallic tin deposits. The depth to the magnetic source varies from a minimum to a maximum of 300 m to 1200 m below the subsurface in all selected profiles, suggesting the shallow nature of the magnetic source in the area. Additionally, the dip angle ranges from 5.60 to 81.20, potentially attributed to Pan-African shallow structures according to the contact model. Solutions obtained from the structural index of contact and dyke reveals the presence of dyke formation and boundaries which separate rocks from one another. The trend of the lineaments/ fractures which were likely established during the Pan-African orogeny is dominant in the NE-SW direction, conforms with the trends obtained for basement structures in previous studies. Depth range produced by 3D Euler deconvolution is from 50 - 1000 m for all the lineaments. This gives an insight of approximate depth range of all the lineaments/ fractures across the whole map in the study area unlike, Werner deconvolution which is profile biased. The identical signature from all profiles implies that the tin deposit is relatively uniform, extending to a great depth in the area. This represents economically viable quantity and makes it a worthy target for investors.

“Why don't students learn?” is a common question that educators try to address. To encourage students to become more engaged in the learning process, we believe in fostering their natural curiosity by encouraging them to ask high-level questions. To support this approach, we have compiled a dataset of questions that we hope will aid in the training of artificial intelligence (AI) models and ultimately improve the learning experience for students. To develop our dataset, we collected anonymous student questioning data in the Summer 2023 semester, utilizing our online application named “Palta Question”, resulting in a dataset of 8,811 unique questions. The dataset consists of students’ inquiries which underwent basic question validation using a sophisticated keyword-based approach, manual categorization by topic and course content, as well as complexity assessment using Bloom's taxonomy keywords which have also been included in the dataset. To ensure question uniqueness, we implemented the Levenshtein distance algorithm to exclude questions with a high similarity rate. This dataset provides targeted insights into student inquiry patterns and knowledge gaps within the domain of 'Introduction to Computers and Research' and 'Data Structure' courses, originating from the students at Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB). While its scope is confined to a specific student group and academic context, limiting broader applicability, it remains valuable for detailed studies in these subjects and serves as a useful foundation for AI-based educational research tools. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the dataset, we also tested it to train the AI to perform basic tasks like sorting questions according to their courses and topics. However, we envision researchers utilizing it to enhance education and aid in students' learning.

This work presents techno-economic and life-cycle studies focusing on the catalytic conversion of ethanol into hydrocarbon fuel blendstocks. These analyses benefit from recent advancements in catalyst and process development. The consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerisation for ethanol-to-hydrocarbon (CADO-ETH) conversion approach, described here, achieves a single-step transformation of wet ethanol vapour into hydrocarbons and H2O using a Ni-doped HZSM-5 catalyst. Catalyst cost estimation using the CatCost model showed that commercial synthesis of Ni/HZSM-5 incurred significant processing costs, which varied greatly depending on the manufacturing scale. Hence, catalyst production using 100 % and 50 % baseline scale production (BSP) requirements resulted in net catalyst costs of $31.4 and $69.9/kg, respectively. Although current CADO products closely resemble gasoline blendstocks, they can also be blended with gasoline fuel at low levels. There is potential for higher-level blending in the future. The operating and annualised capital costs for converting wet ethanol into fuel blendstocks were predicted to be $0.05/L at present and projected to decrease to $0.03/L in the future. This cost is comparable to the unit energy cost of synthesising anhydrous ethanol from wet ethanol, which is $0.02/L. At an oil price of 100 $/bbl, the expected minimum selling prices for the fuel blendstocks produced by CADO are similar to the prices for conventional gasoline. However, at an oil price of $60/bbl, the estimated minimum selling prices for CADO-derived blendstocks are not competitive with conventional gasoline. Nevertheless, considering existing production incentives, the projected minimum selling price for gasoline blendstock is comparable to the oil price of $60/bbl. The LCA shows that the CO2 emissions of gasoline produced from crude oil are 90.2 gCO2 e/MJ, which is 25 %, 53 % and 63 % more than the emissions of gasoline produced from corn starch, sugarcane, and cane cellulose, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the single-step CADO-ETH technology is promising for the production of renewable fuels and offers a potential pathway to reduce the carbon footprint.

Walking is a simple means in the transportation system. A pedestrian who walks regularly will nourish his body. The activity of walking to or from a place for activities such as work or college can be done every day. Sports activities that do not feel done, but are good for the body. The activity of walking to work must have sufficient distance so that when you arrive at work your body is still fresh and not tired. The purpose of this study is to determine the ergonomic mileage for pedestrians who will carry out activities such as workers or students. The method used in this study uses quantitative methods using descriptive statistics. Data collection was carried out with primary data which was carried out on a sample of students and office workers. The sample will be asked to walk on a treadmill assuming an unimpeded walk on a pedestrian path and at a relatively constant speed. To find out how far the ergonomic distance can be taken by the respondent in normal conditions or not feeling tired, the mileage is calculated until the heart rate reaches 125 beats/minute which is the lower limit of heart rate for heavy workload classification. The results showed that the average ergonomic distance that can be achieved is 744.69 meters for students and 522 meters for workers. Research also shows that the distance traveled is influenced by age, weight, and exercise habits. The results of this ergonomic mileage can be used for designing building layouts, parking space distances, pedestrian paths, setting the distance for resting seats on pedestrian paths, and so on.

CV. Rama Raiders was a home industry engaged in the fashion sector. The business had seven main stages of the production process: selecting materials, making patterns, cutting techniques, sewing processes, gluing processes, finishing/quality control, and packaging in carrying out production activities to achieve the desired quality CV. Rama Raiders still faces several obstacles, one of which is the presence of defective products produced, which causes product quality to decline. This research aims to identify the factors that cause sandals defects in CV. Rama Raiders. The methodology used the Seven tools and FMEA methods to determine the process of controlling leather sandal product defects using qualitative data. Corrective action plans used the 5W+1H concept to address each root cause of the problems. The results were that the most dominant type of defect in leather sandals was a type of glue defect that was not neat. The appearance was because of human and machine factors that didn't work optimally, tools that didn't support it, materials that didn't fit, inadequate environment, and no standard operating procedures. The improvements made by changing the glue, adding a brush, and making SOP improved the quality. From this research, the methods help reduce the problem of product defects experienced by the company

Clay intercalation has been completed to improve coagulation ability using ammonium ions intercalant via multi-step intercalation. The intercalated clay was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis of expanded lamellar and reduction impurities. Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis confirmed the sharp and strong peak adsorption at 1448 cm-1 as ammonium (NH4+) bending vibration, and X-Ray Diffraction analysis confirmed the peak shifting to smaller 2? at 10.08° as increasing basal spacing because of ammonium ion intercalated. The Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) coagulation was carried out using contact time and coagulant dose variations to determine the optimum conditions, reaching 45 minutes of coagulation and 0.4 g coagulant was used. Furthermore, the turbidity, free fatty acid, and total suspended solids were measured to reach the reduction values of 93%, 49.7%, and 73.7%, respectively. The reusable study of ammoniumintercalated clay confirmed the stability of the three cycles of coagulation used.

In this study, the effects of transition metal-doping on the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 catalysts for the conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons are investigated using experimental data and secondary data from the literature. Hydrothermally synthesized novel ZSM-5 catalysts were modified with different concentrations (0.5 and 10 wt%) of transition metals (Co, Fe, Ni). Characterizations, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, particle size distribution, N2 adsorption and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, revealed the changes in catalyst properties. The introduction of transition metals affected the surface area, particle size and acidity without altering the MFI structures. In particular, a reduction in surface area was observed, ranging from 2.6 to 23 %, corresponding to the different metal loading of 0.5–10 wt% compared to the surface area of the pure catalyst (397.5 m²/g). In addition, metal-doping led to an increase in Lewis acid sites, accompanied by a decrease in strong acid sites. Catalytic evaluation at 350 °C and a space velocity of 12 h−1 showed improved performance in metal-doped ZSM-5 catalysts, which exhibited high selectivity towards fuel-range hydrocarbons, compared to the unmodified catalyst. Catalysts with low metal doping showed optimal catalytic activity, while high metal doping led to increased coke deposition and deactivation of the catalyst due to an increased concentration of strong acids. These results underline the suitability of metal-modified ZSM-5 for hydrocarbon reactions and provide valuable insights for the optimization of catalysts for ethanol conversion to fuel-range hydrocarbons.

Teknologi sudah merambat ke seluruh sektor keuangan, dari pengumpulan dana (investasi) hingga penyaluran dana (pembiayaan). Dalam sektor investasi, fintech berperan penting dalam memfasilitasi dan memudahkan transaksi di pasar modal syariah Indonesia. Salah satu aspek terpenting dari peran fintech dalam pasar modal syariah adalah kemampuannya untuk menyediakan platform transaksi yang efisien dan mudah digunakan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mendiskripsikan mekanisme transaksi investasi online saat ini dengan menganalisis data-data mengenai platform digital investasi yang peneliti kumpulkan dari buku, jurnal dan website. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian studi pustaka. Data primer yang sesuai dengan topik penelitian, peneliti kumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif, sehingga menghasilkan gambaran tentang topik tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa mekanisme transaksi investasi di pasar modal syariah berubah dan semakin mudah, dari yang awalnya dilakukan secara offline menjadi online. Dari pendaftaran, pengisian saldo RDN, pembelian efek, penjualan efek hingga pencairan dana semua dilakukan secara online melalui platform digital investasi.

This work investigates the stability and regeneration of HZSM-5 and Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts in the ethanol-to-hydrocarbon conversion. The catalysts were characterised using different techniques and evaluated at 623 K and 7 h−1 for 96 h TOS with two regeneration cycles. HZSM-5 showed high stability with 100% ethanol conversion, while Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts maintained 100% stability for 48 h before dropping. Regenerated catalysts were comparable to the originals in terms of product distribution, stability, and performance. HZSM-5 preferred BTX, while Ni-doped catalysts favoured C5-C8, C9-C12, and C12+ synthesis. The regeneration process restored catalytic activity, especially for the Ni-doped catalysts, extending their life and reducing replacement costs.

Teachers are professional educators with the main task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training, assessing, and evaluating students in every teaching and learning process in schools. In the learning process, various skills are needed for the continuity of the learning process, one of which is the skill of making lesson plans. The skill of a teacher in making lesson plans determines the learning outcomes that will be accepted by students. This study aims to analyze the effect of RADEC-based workshop activities in improving the skills of elementary school teachers to make good lesson plans. This study uses the One Group pretest posttest method with a sample of elementary school teachers in Purwakarta Regency. The instrument used is the result of adaptation of the assessment of the learning implementation plan in the PPG program. There are seven indicators used in the instrument used. The results showed that the RADEC model had an impact on teachers in developing learning planning skills. The average n-gain score obtained from this study was 58 which was categorized as quite effective.

In this work, the Sumatera bentonite was sodium-pillarized in a new low-temperature and restricted time preparation route and then applied in anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulphate removal. Structure characterization used Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. A strong peak at 22° and 35.66° in XRD analysis was detected as Sodium-pillar that increased crystallinity, then the functional changes of dehydration in lattice structure were detected in 1013 cm−1 by FTIR analysis. The morphology and compositional transformation were analyzed by SEM-EDX and BET analysis, denoted by increasing particle shape and sodium intercalant composition homogeneity. Moreover, the surface area increased from 61.791 to 66.086 m2/g. The sodium lauryl sulphate adsorption by bentonite-Na reached maximum capacity at 8.403 mg/g, which is higher than the pristine bentonite (5.747 mg/g) under the optimum condition. The adsorption mechanism is feasible, endothermic, and conformed to the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich adsorption model. The new route proposed for sodium intercalation effectively improves the Sumatera bentonite adsorption ability to remove sodium lauryl sulphate waste. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study. Purpose This study aimed to clarify the role of crosstalk between discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the ligamentum flavum (LF) fibrosis obtained from patients with degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS). Overview of Literature The DDRs, DDR1 and DDR2, are cell surface receptors and have an essential role in collagen fiber accumulation in several fibrotic diseases. MMPs are one of the critical factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and elastic fiber degradation in LF tissues. However, the crosstalk between DDRs and MMPs and the role of this molecular signal in LF fibrosis remain unclear. Methods A total of 35 patients were divided into two groups in this study. Spinal surgery was performed in 23 of these patients with the diagnosis of DLCS. Twelve patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) were included in the control group. On axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, LF thickness was measured bilaterally at the level of the facet joint. Histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analyses were performed on LF tissue samples. LF tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In addition, the grade of fibrosis was histologically assessed using Masson trichrome triple staining. DDR1 and DDR2 Western blot analyses were performed. DDR1, DDR2, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 expression levels were measured using qRT-PCR analysis. Results The grade of fibrosis and LF thickness were significantly higher in the DLCS patients than in the LDH patients. DDR1 and DDR2 gene expression and protein levels in LF tissues are significantly greater in DLCS samples than in control samples, according to both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In addition, we detected a significant expression of the MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13, which are known to have important roles in extracellular matrix remodeling in DLCS. Furthermore, we discovered a link between DDR protein levels and LF thickness, fibrosis, and MMP3/MMP9. Conclusions Our results indicate that DDR1, DDR2, and MMP3 and MMP9 signals can be correlated with each other in LF tissues and be promoted LF fibrosis leading to spinal canal narrowing in patients with DLCS.

Pollution is a major threat to the sustainability of the ecosystem. The rapid increase in environmental pollution is a current problem of great concern, affecting the livelihood of land and water dwellers. This can be attributed to anthropogenic and industrial activities, including mining, which often leads to the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD), considered one of the most catastrophic ecological problems. Soil and water use for domestic and industrial purposes has been drastically affected, highlighting the urgent need for remediation. The use of physical, chemical, physicochemical, and thermal methods in the treatment of AMD contamination has been criticized because some of these methods are not environmentally friendly and others result in site recontamination. Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to degrade contaminants in a controlled environment. This study critically reviewed various bioremediation methods for the treatment of AMD contamination, factors influencing the application of these methods, cost-benefit and environmental impact analyses, challenges, and prospects of bioremediation technologies for effective treatment. The study shows that bioremediation have proven effective and can serve as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for the remediation of AMD contaminated sites. However, large-scale application remains a challenge. Research is still needed to optimize and develop bioremediation technologies capable of remediating sites with complex mixtures of contaminants that are not evenly distributed in the environment.

Perusahaan Kerupuk Kulit Afifudin merupakan industri kecil yang terkena dampak pandemi Covid-19. Selama pandemi, wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Kabupaten Garut turun secara drastis, yang berakibat pada penjualan oleh-oleh seperti kerupuk kulit menjadi turun. Perusahaan terus berupaya membuat strategi dalam menghadapi hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membantu perusahaan dalam membuat skenario perencanan produksi yang masih menguntungkan selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Perencanaan produksi dilaksanakan dengan dasar permintaan yang menurun dan kapasitas yang tetap. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah Linear Programming dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang maksimal dengan menggunakan sumber daya yang tersedia. Hasil dari penyelesaian dengan menggunakan metode tersebut, diperoleh jumlah produksi yang seharusnya dilakukan dengan sumber daya yang minimal sehingga sumber daya tidak berlebih. Sumber daya yang berlebih, diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga sumber daya yang digunakan sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu dengan skenario pengaturan sumber daya jam kerja berdasarkan hari kerja, tenaga kerja serta kombinasi keduanya. Skenario pengaturan jam kerja yang terpilih yaitu dengan mengatur jam kerja pada setiap hari kerjanya. Kata kunci: kerupuk kulit; perencanaan produksi; linier programming; jam kerja

Background: HDL has been identified as a potential new treatment for atherosclerosis. Targeting lipid metabolism via the Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT) pathway can improve HDL metabolism. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides (ApoA-I MPs) are able to increase HDL metabolism. Thus, this systematic review aimed to examine the potential effect of ApoA-I MPs against atherosclerosis in mice models through the RCT mechanism.Methods: This systematic review was conducted using previous in vivo studies published in four scientific databases over the last ten years (PubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Science Direct) and was based on the Systematic Review Protocol for Animal Intervention Studies (SYRCLE) protocol. Results: This study’s primary outcome was a reduction in atherosclerotic plaque, where 16 articles were qualified for this study. Based on the risk of bias analysis, these articles had a low risk of bias. Most in vivo studies (13 of 16) showed that ApoA-I MPs significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation. Generally, ApoA-I MPs played an important role in regulating HDL metabolism (HDL remodeling process, increased cholesterol efflux, and stimulated RCT pathway) and anti-inflammatory agent. ApoA-I MPs may differ in their ability to reduce atherosclerotic plaque depending on the peptide sequence and administration route.Conclusions: ApoA-I MPs can reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation in mice by increasing cholesterol efflux via the RCT pathway. Further investigation is required to support the development of ApoA-I MPs as a new therapy for atherosclerosis in humans.

Abstract Background Antenatal steroid administrations lead to not only accelerated lung maturation, improved blood gas measurements but also lung dynamics and lung compliance. This study aimed to investigate structural and functional changes in diaphragm after antenatal steroid administration. Methods The 79 volunteers were divided into 2 groups according to presence of preterm delivery. Betamethasone (CelestoneR) 12 mg intramuscularly was routinely administered to pregnancies complicated with preterm delivery between 28th -34th weeks of gestation. Same dose was repeated 24 h later. In all patients, diaphragm thickness, diaphragmatic excursion and costophrenic angle were measured in both the inspirium and expirium stage of respiration. This is an observational cross-sectional study. Results Diaphragm thickness, diaphragmatic excursion and diaphragm thickening fraction parameters were improved but costophrenic angle was not different 7 days after steroid administration. Diaphragm thickness, diaphragmatic excursion and costophrenic angle changes during inspiration and expiration stage after 7 days of betamethasone treatment reflects the effect of steroid administration on diaphragm muscle. Comparisons of the differences that occur after steroid rescue protocol were done by subtracting the diaphragm thickness, diaphragmatic excursion and costophrenic angle parameters before the treatment from the diaphragm thickness, diaphragmatic excursion and costophrenic angle parameters 7 days after steroid treatment respectively. Conclusion Diaphragm became more mobile in patients with preterm labor, 7 days after steroid administration. This situation reflects positive effect of steroid administration on diaphragm function.

Fish protein concentrate (FPC) is prepared to recover valuable nutrients from fish flesh as an affordable, acceptable, and excellent protein source. This paper reviews the existing FPC preparation processes through solvent extraction. The influential operating parameters should be selected to obtain the highest FPC yield with superior functional properties. Furthermore, this paper also aims to review the functional properties and potential applications of the FPC for human consumption, i.e., food, beverage, cosmetics, and personal care. Clear FPC information summarized in this paper is expected to strengthen consumer understanding, motivate FPC manufacturers, and extend FPC utilization in any possible field.

Plain language summary The percentage of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) in pregnancy is 13–21% and the remaining part of diabetes is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Both of the complications are related to respiratory problems at birth. Until now, it was known that this situation was due to the lack of surfactant, which has a facilitating effect on the participation of the lungs in respiration. However, in this study, the diaphragm of the babies of patients with PGDM and GDM was examined. The thickness of fetal diaphragm, movements and function were evaluated via using ultrasound. As a result, it was determined that the diaphragm movements were impaired and the babies born from these patients needed more pediatric care. This study will open horizon on new studies examining the functional capacity of the diaphragm in the future. In the future, it may be possible to decide which baby will need intensive care by examining the diaphragm.

Global climate change is currently a major problem and is thought to be due to high levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Several technologies have been built to lower CO2 emissions. Adsorption, a promising technology for CO2 capture, is among these technologies. In addition to adsorbent development, it is essential to determine the influence of operating variables on developed materials. Therefore, in this study, an activated carbon (AC), kaolinite (KAO) and kaolinite-activated carbon (KAC) composite adsorbent characterized was evaluated for CO2 adsorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of operating variables on the CO2 adsorption capacity of each adsorbent (activated carbon, kaolinite, and kaolinite – activated carbon composite) and select the most suitable to serve as the solid anchor in the production of a hydrophobic adsorbent material for CO2 capture. Then, Scanning Electron Microscopy, N2 physisorption and Fourier Transform Infrared were tested for the morphology, surface area and functional groups of the adsorbents, respectively. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was measured using a custom-built 1.0 cm internal diameter adsorption column at of 30 to 70 mL/min bed height, of 3 to 5 cm operating temperature, and of 30 to 70 °C and CO2 feed flow rates. The maximum amounts of AC, KAC and KAO CO2 adsorbed to were found to be 28.97 mg CO2/g, 18.54 mg CO2/g and 12.98 mg CO2/g, respectively.

This study aims to describe the Billing Risk Handling-Based Economic Learning Material Development Model Using the FMEA and RCA Methods. The design and research approach in this study is quantitative where quantitative research is a data collection technique that is answered objectively in strengthening the questionnaire. The results of the study show that: (1) The model for developing economic learning materials can be done using Project Based Learning. Where this model prioritizes project-based economic learning. The project in question is to use the FMEA and RCA methods in the company. (2) SOPs in the company have been prepared properly, from 7 days before the due date to more than 60 days late. However, the field conditions that occurred were not by the existing SOP, resulting in various problems. (3) Factors that become obstacles in the billing process include: it is difficult to contact corporations, which results in unscheduled payments and miss communication with clients. (4) Efforts to improve performance in the billing process are carried out by adding a computerized system, setting procedural operational standards, making KPIs (key performance indicators) on billing, making initial agreements with clients regarding late fees and offering early payments, making billing priority lists, and periodically billing blasts via WA.

Canarium schweinfurthii fruit used in food and cosmetics produces waste nuts with a hard shell (hard-shell) and kernel. The hard-shell contained lignin and holocellulose, besides 51.99 wt% carbon, 6.0 wt% hydrogen, 41.68 wt% oxygen, and 70.97 wt% volatile matter. Therefore, this study commenced thermochemical investigations on the hard-shell through extensive intermediate pyrolysis and kinetic studies. During the active stage of thermogravimetric pyrolysis, the hard-shell lost a maximum of 56.45 wt%, and the activation energies obtained by the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Starink methods were 223, 221 and 217 kJ/mol, respectively. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method depicted the degradation process accurately, where the Coat-Redfern method's contraction and diffusion mechanisms governed the pyrolysis reactions at activation energies of 16.62 kJ/mol and 38.83 kJ/mol, respectively. The pyrolysis process produced 25 wt% biochar and 25 wt% bio-oil under optimum conditions. The calorific values of the bio-oils with 6.81–7.11 wt% hydrogen and 68.01–71.12 wt% carbon was 26.32–27.83 MJ/kg, with phenolics and n-hexadecanoic and oleic acids as major compounds. Biochar, by contrast, has a high carbon content of 75.11–79.32 wt% and calorific values of 25.45–28.61 MJ/kg. These properties assert the biochar and bio-oils among viable bioenergy sources.

This paper is a comprehensive review that describes indications, contraindications, clinical outcomes, and pearls and pitfalls of 1.5-stage revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) utilizing a primary TKA femoral component, all-polyethylene tibial component, and hand-crafted antibiotic cement for the management of chronic periprosthetic joint infection. The 1.5-stage exchange TKA details placement of an articulating spacer for an indefinite period, prolonging revision until reinfection, deterioration of functional status, or construct failure. A 1.5-stage revision TKA technique is a viable option for treatment of chronic periprosthetic knee infections. The inherent advantages of decreased health-care costs, decreased morbidity and mortality, and improved emotional ease from having a single procedure is attractive, especially if reinfection rates are determined to be equivocal to 2-stage revision.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate survivin immunoexpression and the clinicopathologic correlations in serous borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) patients ≤ 40 years old. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 BOT cases were evaluated. After excluding the mucinous type and patients over 40 years of age, 20 serous BOT cases meeting the criteria were included. A similar number of benign ovarian cysts and 20 serous malign ovarian tumors were randomly included as the control group. The patients were then staged based on their surgical findings and 2014 FIGO criteria, and their histological tumor types obtained from pathological specimens were determined using WHO criteria. The survivin levels in the specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemical assays. Results: Positive survivin expression was detected in 10% of benign tumors, 100% of serous BOTs, and 100% of serous malign ovarian tumors. Mean survivin immunoreactivity was statistically similar between groups and it was found to be significantly higher in both groups compared to the control group. Survivin expression was positively correlated with FIGO stage, tumor grade, microinvasion, and micropapillary pattern. Conclusion: Survivin immunoexpression is correlated with the malignancy potential of serous BOTs, and that survivin immune expression may be a histopathological marker that will help in making a decision on fertility-sparing surgery and follow upin young patients.

The increasing rate of soil pollution poses a prolific threat to the sustenance of the ecosystem. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental problem that has contributed immensely to soil pedogenesis and contamination associated with mining activities. Physical, chemical, and thermal methods of soil treatment have some rooms for improvement to meet remediation purposes. Contrary to other methods, bioremediation is a cost-effective and a sustainable biological approach that utilizes microorganisms for the remediation of a contaminated environment and does not recontaminate or further degrade the soil after application. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the application of wastewater and bioventing system for the the treatment of AMD contaminated soils. A microcosm containing 1 kg of contaminated soil was amended with wastewaters of varying (biostimulation (BSTa)) while bioventing treatment (BVTa) consists of the injection of atmospheric air through the vadose zone into bioreactors and amended with wastewater effluents. The treatment was conducted at ambient condition for 28 days. The result of the treatment recorded 28–67% and 58–70% metal (Mn, Fe, Al, Cu and Zn) removal efficiencies with 51% and 34% sulfate removal efficiencies for BSTa and BVTa treatments, respectively. However, attempts to improve the sulfate removal efficiencies through the injection of atmospheric air were not effective. This study showed that wastewater and bioventing can be effectively applied as a potential alternative for the treatment of AMD contaminated soils.

The atmosphere of constant scrutiny of academic ability that prevails in medical colleges may leave some students at risk of expressing feelings of intellectual fraudulence and phoniness. Impostor phenomenon (IP) traits have been associated with anxiety, depression, job dissatisfaction, and poor professional performance. Internationally trained junior doctors exhibit stronger IP feelings than colleagues trained within their own country of citizenship. These feelings may develop during student life. International universities are diverse and complex environments where students may be emersed in a cultural milieu alien to their societies of origin, leading to feelings of isolation. Individuals with IP traits often perceive themselves as the “only one” experiencing this phenomenon, resulting in further isolation and negative self-evaluation, especially among women and underrepresented minorities. IP has also been linked to low self-esteem among students. This study assessed the prevalence of IP and its relationship to self-esteem among students at a campus of a European medical college with a large international student body situated in the Middle East. The self-administered questionnaires: Clance's Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were completed by 290 medical students (58.3% females). Participants' median (range) age was 19 years (16–35). Students were of 28 different nationalities; the largest proportions were from Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries. The prevalence of low self-esteem was 18.6%, while 45.2% of the students demonstrated traits suggestive of IP. There was a strongly negative correlation between CIPS and RSES (r = −0.71). No significant gender differences were found in IP. Similarly, no differences in IP were found when comparing between age groups, previous experience in higher education or year of study. Multivariate analysis showed that students from GCC countries had higher levels of self-esteem relative to students from other regions. Low self-esteem was a strong predictor of IP. Country of origin may influence students' self-esteem studying in international university settings.

The recent proliferation of petrol filling stations in Ilorin town was assessed with the use of both site analysis report and questionnaire. In order to achieve the aim of this research, 43 petrol filling stations were systematically chosen and physically analyzed. More also, 150 carefully structured questionnaires were used to extract information from respondents who are attendants in these petrol filling stations. The results gotten from both the site analysis and questionnaire were subjected to Department of Petroleum Resources’ standard criteria (Nigeria) and criteria of the Petroleum Enforcement Liaison (or simply the RED GUIDE) from the UK. It was established from this research that only 5% of the petrol filling stations considered is within these standard criteria, with 74% of the considered petrol filling stations having very low location suitability, suggesting that the city is sitting on an inflammable fuel waiting to be rekindled. Furthermore, it can also be established from this research, that most of the fuel attendants are not well acquainted with the proper health and safety measures required to be in such station. It was observed from this research, that the permitting requirements and standard criteria are probably just on paper or the corresponding ministries or agencies concerned are not proactive. Thereby, endangering the lives and properties of innocent citizens as well as exposing the environment to contaminations from petroleum products and subsequent climatic degradations.

The 1945 Constitution has regulated the State's obligation to fulfill the right to life of its citizens, namely in Article 28 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. "Everyone has the right to live in physical and mental prosperity, to live and get a good and healthy living environment and the right to obtain health services". This means that in relation to this concept, the government is fully tasked with fulfilling all aspects needed by the community to comply with the rules in the article. With the danger of infectious diseases like what is happening today, namely the presence of COVID-19, the government must work harder in fulfilling its obligations. Meanwhile, citizens have the right to sue the government when their constitutional rights are deemed neglected by the government. This study uses a descriptive normative method, namely by combining the analysis of a legal rule that has been in effect and presented using an explanation and depiction of the flow and the results of the author's analysis with in-depth data presentation. Citizens who consider the government not taking proper COVID-19 precautions, not fully serious in providing health services to citizens who test positive for COVID-19, or not maximizing efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19, then these citizens can apply lawsuits against the government. The lawsuit is addressed to the State Administrative Court with evidences where when the lawsuit is granted by the court, the citizen can claim compensation against the government regarding the losses suffered by the citizen.

Lead and cadmium are amongst some of the most hazardous and carcinogenic heavy metals to contaminate water sources in the industrial sector. As such, there have been several research efforts to remediate this worldwide environmental concern. The main objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of using two natural agricultural waste materials, sugarcane bagasse and eggshells, in removing Pb (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solutions. The biosorbents were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The functional groups present in eggshells was carboxylic and carbonyl groups with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups present for bagasse. Crystallographic information revealed both an amorphous and a crystalline phase for bagasse with a crystalline phase for eggshells. The effect of particle size and pH was investigated where a higher removal rate was obtained with increasing pH with no significant difference observed with the particle size. Sorption equilibrium and kinetics were also studied by varying the initial concentration and contact time, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied for the mathematical description of the isotherms. The applicability of the Langmuir isotherm implied a monolayer formation of metal ions onto the surface of the adsorbents. The maximum amounts of Pb and Cd adsorbed based on 1 g of biosorbent were found to be 277.8 and 13.62 mg/g for eggshells and 31.45 and 19.49 mg/g for bagasse, respectively. The pseudo-second order model was used to describe the kinetics of the adsorption process for Pb and Cd ions. Based on the above findings, this study has demonstrated the efficacy of both adsorbents and presents it as a viable adsorbent for the biosorption process.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB . In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods. Serology for antibody detection allows the testing of many samples simply, rapidly, and inexpensively, and the protocol can be standardized in different laboratories. Molecular biological analyses are also applicable to trace the epidemiology of the disease. In conclusion, reviewing the various techniques used in MTBC diagnosis can help establish guidelines for researchers when choosing a particular diagnostic method depending on the situation at hand, be it disease outbreaks in wildlife or for epidemiological studies. This is because a good understanding of various diagnostic techniques will aid in monitoring and managing emerging pandemic threats of infectious diseases from wildlife and also preventing the potential spread of zoonotic TB to livestock and humans. This review aimed to provide up-to-date information on different techniques used for diagnosing TB at the interfaces between wildlife, livestock, and humans.

Sokoto Basin is one of the sedimentary basins suspected to have high hydrocarbon potential. Hence, due to the possible deposit of this economic mineral, it is worthy of being preliminarily investigated. This paper uses high-resolution aeromagnetic data over parts of Sokoto Basin covering longitude 4.00°E-5.00°E and longitude 12.00°N-13.00°N, to assess the sedimentary thickness beneath the subsurface while also establishing the basement topography. The studied area covered four adjacent one-degree sheets, namely, sheet 27 (Lema), sheet 28 (Argungu), sheet 49 (BirninKebbi) and sheet 50 (Tambuwal). Enhancement of the total magnetic intensity map was carried out to improve the anomaly characteristic of source bodies, and two-dimensional Spectral analysis was carried out using GEOSOFT software (Oasis montaj6.24 version) in order to estimate magnetic source depths in the area. The shallower sources occur at a depth range of 0.23 km - 0.79 km with an average depth of 0.47 km, while the deeper sources occur at a depth range of 0.83 km -1.95 km with an average depth of 1.40 km. The maximum depth to the top of the magnetic source body gets deeper around Lema and IllelaKwandu while the minimum depth is around Tambuwal, Danjema and Birnin-kebbi. The depth estimated from the spectral analysis compares reasonably well with the results from the Euler deconvolution. The areas with higher sedimentary thickness toward the northern part of the study area are feasible for hydrocarbon generation and are thus recommended for other geophysical surveys.