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Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is widely used in agricultural, veterinary, and public health fields for controlling a wide variety of insect species and it is an environmentally potent toxic substance. Curcumin and quercetin, which are well-known natural antioxidants, are widely used to prevent the harmful effects of free radicals on biological systems. The present study aimed to determine the potential ameliorative effects of quercetin and/or curcumin on fipronil-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Curcumin (100 mg/kg of body weight), quercetin (50 mg/kg of body weight), and fipronil (3.88 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to male rats by intragastric gavage for 28 consecutive days. In the present study, body weight, kidney weight, the renal function markers (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels) in the blood, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and histological changes of the renal tissue were evaluated. The levels of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid were significantly increased in fipronil-treated animals. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the kidney tissue of rats treated with fipronil, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological analyses showed that the glomerular and tubular injury occurred in the renal tissue of fipronil-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of quercetin and/or curcumin with fipronil significantly improved fipronil-induced alterations in renal function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of renal tissue.

Fenitrothion (FNT) is a known environmental contaminant used in public health and agriculture. Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound found in numerous plants. This study analyzed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of FNT and to evaluate the possible protective effect of gallic acid. FNT (1/25 LD50, 32 mg/kg body weight/day), and gallic acid (50 mg/kg body weight/day) were administrated to male rats by gavage for 28 days. In the present study, the renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels) and liver (albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase) function markers in the blood, acetylcholinesterase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and histopathological changes were researched in liver and kidney tissues. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the liver and kidney tissue of rats treated with fenitrothion, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological analyses showed many injuries occurred in the renal and hepatic tissue of fenitrothion-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of gallic acid with fenitrothion significantly improved fenitrothion-induced alterations in renal and liver function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, acetylcholinesterase activities malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of tissues.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in environmental xenoestrogen. In the present study, olive oil, curcumin, taurine, BPA, curcumin plus BPA, and taurine plus BPA were exposed to rats for 4 weeks via gavage. Content of malondialdehyde and activities of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST, SOD, CAT) and also histopathological and cytopathological changes of heart were studied. No significant changes in all studied parameters were seen between control, olive oil, curcumin, and taurine-treated groups. However, there were significant differences in levels of malondialdehyde and activities of antioxidant enzymes in BPA-exposed rats and some histo/cytopathological changes determined. In curcumin plus BPA-exposed and taurine plus BPA-exposed groups, we measured the preventive effects on some parameters but not exactly. As a result, curcumin and taurine significantly minimized BPA-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Lead nitrate (LN) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ), regarded as environmental contaminants, are toxic heavy metals. Sesamol is a dietary phytochemical found in sesame oil. We aimed to analyze the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of LN and CdCl2 and to evaluate the possible protective effect of sesamol. LN (90 mg/kg bw per day), CdCl2 (3 mg/kg bw per day), and sesamol (50 mg/kg bw per day) were given to rats via gavage for 28 days. Total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, malondialdehyde, acetylcholinesterase, and histopathological changes were investigated in liver and kidney tissues. Lead and cadmium were found to result in decreases in the antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activities, increases in malondialdehyde levels, and changes in serum biochemical parameters and various pathological findings. An improvement in all these parameters was observed in the sesamol-treated groups. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Heavy metals are used in many areas of the industry all over the world. Heavy metals which include lead nitrate and cadmium chloride cause cell damage by oxidative stress. Some of the examining parameters for oxidative stress are SOD, GST, MDA, GPx, and CAT. However, some chemicals such as sesamol are well-liked and widely used as antioxidants against xenobiotic toxicity. We also indicate that sesamol has been shown to protective effect against heavy metals caused cell damage.

We investigated the ameliorative effect of the curcumin against methomyl-induced potential nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino male rats. In the present study, curcumin (100 mg kg−1 bw), methomyl (0,8 mg kg−1 bw) and methomyl plus curcumin were given to rats by oral for 28 days (for subacute examination). Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in serum and malondialdehyde level and activities of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S transferase) and histopathological alterations in kidney tissues were studied. Methomyl caused an increment in the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid and MDA levels. In addition, methomyl caused a diminution in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S transferase. Tubular and glomerular degenerations occurred in the kidney tissues of methomyl-received rats. However, coadministration of curcumin with methomyl significantly minimized the adverse effects of methomyl on kidney function parameters, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities and histological structure of kidney tissue. The results showed that curcumin significantly mitigated methomyl-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Lead and cadmium are known as environmental pollutants extensively found in food and water that induce hazards to animals’ and people’s health. Sesamol is a dietary antioxidant that is found in some plants. Epididymis is known to play an important role in the maturation and storage of the sperm. The spleen is an important organ involved in the immune response. The present study aims to analyze the oxidative stress in spleen and epididymis. Therefore, Lead (LN) (90 mg/kg bw per day, 1/25 LD50), Cadmium (CdCl2) (3 mg/kg bw per day, 1/25 LD50), and sesamol (50 mg/kg bw per day) were given to rats by gavage for 28 days. Antioxidant enzyme activities in epididymis and spleen tissues [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S transferase], malondialdehyde (MDA) were investigated at the end of 28 days comparatively with the control group. It is revealed that there is a significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes and increase in MDA levels in the spleen and epididymis tissues of the lead and cadmium treated rats compared to the control group. A small increase in these parameters was also observed in the sesamol treated groups.

Bendiocarb is a pesticide carbamate which is used to protect agricultural products and animals. In this study, rats were given orally with bendiocarb and also other chemicals via gavage. Male rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6): group 1 served as controls; group 2 received vitamin C (100 mg/kg bw); group 3 received vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw); group 4 received vitamins C plus E; group 5 received bendiocarb (0.8 mg/kg 1/50 LD50); group 6 received both bendiocarb and vitamin C; group 7 received both bendiocarb and vitamin E; and group 8 received both bendiocarb and vitamin C and E via oral gavage. Degenerative changes and biochemical differences in rat kidney were investigated after 4 weeks of especially bendiocarb treatment. While biochemical values were normal in the control group, it was observed that CAT, SOD, GPx, and GST values decreased, while MDA, creatine, urea, and uric acid values increased in the pesticide-treated groups. It was also reported that bendiocarb caused cytopathological and histopathological changes in rat kidney. We have shown that the application of vitamins has a therapeutic effect on the evaluated parameters.

Bendiokarb, karbamat grubu bir insektisittir. Bu çalışmada vitamin C (100 mg/kg), vitaminE (100 mg/kg), vitamin C (100 mg/kg) + vitamin E (100 mg/kg), bendiokarb (0,8 mg/kg),bendiocarb+vitamin C, bendiokarb + vitamin E, bendiokarb+vitamin C ve E, 28 günboyunca gavaj yoluyla ratlara verildi. Dördüncü haftanın sonunda malondialdehit (MDA)seviyeleri, antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri [superoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT),gluatyon peroksidaz (GPx), glutatyon S transferaz (GST)] ve histopatolojik değişiklikleraraştırıldı. Kontrol grubu ile bendiokarb muameleli grup karşılaştırıldığında, antioksidanenzim aktivitelerinde istatiksel olarak bir azalma meydana gelirken, MDA seviyelerindebir artış meydana gelmiştir. Bendiocarb+vitamin C, bendiokarb+vitamin E vebendiokarb+vitamin C+E uygulanan gruplar, bendiokarb verilen grupla karşılaştırıldığındaistatiksel olarak anlamlı bir iyileşme gözlenmiştir. Işık mikroskobundaki incelemeler,bendiokarbın, sıçanların kalp dokularında çeşitli histopatolojik değişikliklere nedenolduğunu ortaya koydu. Vitamin ve bendiokarbın birlikte uygulandığı gruplarda patolojikbulgularda azalma gözlendi Bendiocarb is an insecticide of the carbamate group. In this study, vitamin C (100 mg /kg), vitamin E (100 mg / kg), vitamin C (100 mg / kg) + vitamin E (100 mg / kg),bendiocarb (0.8 mg / kg), bendiocarb + Vitamin C, bendiocarb + vitamin E, bendiocarb +vitamin C and E were given to rats by gavage for 28 days. At the end of the fourth week,malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT), gluate peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S transferase (GST)] andhistopathological changes were investigated. When the control group was compared withthe bendiocarb treated group, there was a statistically significant decrease in antioxidantenzyme activities, while an increase in MDA levels occurred. When Bendiocarb + vitaminC, bendiocarb + vitamin E and bendiocarb + vitamin C + E were applied, a statisticallysignificant improvement was observed when compared to the group with bendiocarb. Thelight microscopy revealed that bendiocarb caused various histopathological changes in theheart tissues of rats. Reductions in pathological findings were observed in groups withvitamin and bendiocarb together

Bendiocarb, hücrelerde oksitatif stres ürettiği bilinen bir karbamatlı insektisittir. Buçalışmada vitamin C (100 mg/kg), vitamin E (100 mg/kg), vitamin C (100 mg/kg) + vitaminE (100 mg/kg), Bendiocarb (0,8 mg/kg), Bendiocarb+vitamin C, Bendiocarb + vitamin E,Bendiocarb+vitamin C ve E, 28 gün boyunca gavaj yoluyla ratlara verildi. Dördüncühaftanın sonunda akciğer dokusunda malondialdehit (MDA) seviyeleri, antioksidan enzimaktiviteleri [superoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), gluatyon peroksidaz (GPx),glutatyon S transferaz (GST)] ve histopatolojik değişiklikler araştırıldı. Kontrol grubu ileBendiocarb muameleli grup karşılaştırıldığında, antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinde istatikselolarak bir azalma meydana gelirken, MDA seviyelerinde bir artış meydana gelmiştir.Bendiocarb+vitamin C, Bendiocarb+vitamin E ve Bendiocarb+vitamin C+E uygulanangruplar, Bendiocarb verilen grupla karşılaştırıldığında ise antioksidan enzim seviyelerindeartış, MDA seviyesinde ise istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma gözlenmiştir. Işıkmikroskobundaki incelemeler, Bendiocarbın, sıçanların akciğer dokularında çeşitlihistopatolojik değişikliklere neden olduğunu ortaya koydu. Vitamin ve Bendiocarbın birlikteuygulandığı gruplarda patolojik bulgularda azalma gözlendi. Bendiocarb is a carbamate insecticide known to produce oxidative stress in cells. It containsvitamin C (100 mg / kg), vitamin E (100 mg / kg), vitamin C (100 mg / kg) + vitamin E (100mg / kg), Bendiocarb (0.8 mg / kg), Bendiocarb + C vitamin B, Bendiocarb + vitamin E,Bendiocarb + vitamin C and E were given to rats by gavage for 28 days. At the end of thefourth week, malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissue attracted the profile of the antioxidantenzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), gluate peroxidase (GPx),glutathione S transferase (GST)] and histopathoxin. The control group and Bendiocarbtreated group rooms, antioxidant enzyme activities as a requirement of our presence there,MDA levels in urban areas. Bendiocarb + vitamin C, Bendiocarb + vitamin E andBendiocarb + vitamin C + E group and group with Bendiocarb group showed a statisticallysignificant increase. Studies in the light microscope have already caused varioushistopathological manifestations in the lung tissues of Bendiocarb treated rats. A fewpathological findings were observed in the groups where vitamin and Bendiocarb wereadministered together

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical widely used in the world. Curcumin, the yellow bioactive compound of turmeric has demonstrated its antioxidant activities. Taurine is a low-molecular weight organic compound in living organisms. The present study was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of BPA and its protection by taurine and curcumin. Oral BPA, curcumin and taurine administration in adult male rats at 130mg/kg bw, 100mg/kg bw and 100mg/kg bw, respectively for four weeks. Pathology and oxidative damages were investigated. The results show that BPA increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] in testes of rats compared to the control group. Co-treatment with curcumin or taurine with BPA led to reduce in MDA and increased GPx, GST, CAT, SOD activities compared to BPA group. Furthermore, while some pathological findings were observed in testis tissues in BPA treated group, less histopathological findings were shown in BPA plus curcumin and/or taurine treated groups. Consequently, curcumin and taurine significantly protect BPA induced testicular damage in rats.

In this study, biochemical changes and histological structure of rat liver after bendiocarb administration and possible preventive effects of vitamins C and E were studied. The animals were given with bendiocarb, vitamin C and vitamin E, daily 0,8 mg/kg of body weight (bw), 100 mg/kg-bw and 100 mg/kg-bw for 28 days, respectively. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, histological alterations and antioxidant capacity assays of liver and also liver function tests and lipid profile were measured. Bendiocarb treatment decreased the antioxidant enzyme activities, FRAP and TEAC values and increased malondialdehyde levels compared to control. Also, there were statistically significant alterations in liver function tests, lipid profile parameters and histopathological changes in bendiocarb treated groups. Vitamins C and E showed protective effects against examining parameters. According to results we can say that co-treatment of vitamin C and vitamin E may be more effective than use of them alone. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oxidative stress parameters were tested in blood samples obtained from bendiocarb, vitamin C- and vitamin E-treated rats and evaluated for lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Hematologic parameters, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) levels were also assayed in rat blood. The levels of malondialdehyde of erythrocytes and leucocytes, white blood cell (WBC), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet values increased, and glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase activities of erythrocytes and leucocytes, FRAP and TEAC values decreased in bendiocarb-treated group. There were ameliorative effects of vitamins C and E on examining parameters. There were no significant differences between vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin C + vitamin E treatment on changes caused by bendiocarb in GPx and GST activities, and WBC, MPV and platelet values. The present results suggest that reduced FRAP and TEAC values and antioxidant enzyme activities, enhanced lipid peroxidation, WBC, MPV, and platelet levels in the blood were handled in the context of oxidative stress.

In the present study, the effect of sodium selenite on lead induced toxicity was studied in Wistar rats. Sodium selenite and lead nitrate were administered orally for 28 days to streptozotocin induced diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Eight groups of rats were used in the study: control, sodium selenite, lead nitrate, lead nitrate + sodium selenite, streptozotocin-induced diabetic-control, diabetic-sodium selenite, diabetic-lead nitrate, diabetic-lead nitrate + sodium selenite groups. Serum biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in liver tissues were investigated in all groups. There were statistically significant changes in liver function tests, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in lead nitrate and sodium selenite + lead nitrate treated groups, also in diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Furthermore, histopathological alterations were demonstrated in same groups. In the present study we found that sodium selenite treatment did not show completely protective effect on diabetes mellitus caused damages, but diabetic rats are more susceptible to lead toxicity than non-diabetic rats. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Heavy metals are known to be toxic to organisms. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of sodium selenite against lead nitrate (LN)-induced nephrotoxicity in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Animals were divided into eight groups where the first was served as a control, whereas the remaining groups were treated with sodium selenite (1 mg/kg b.w.), LN (22.5 mg/kg b.w.) and a combination of LN and sodium selenite and diabetic forms of these groups. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehide levels, serum urea, uric acid, creatinine levels, body, and kidney weights and histopathological changes were determined after 28 days. LN caused severe histopathological changes, increment in urea, uric acid, creatinine, and MDA levels, also decreasing in antioxidant enzyme activities, body, and kidney weights. In sodium selenite + LN group, we observed the protective effect of sodium selenite on examining parameters. Also diabetes caused alterations on these parameters compared with nondiabetic animals. We found that sodium selenite did not show protective effect on diabetes caused damages. As a result, LN caused nephrotoxicity and sodium selenite alleviated this toxicity but sodium selenite did not protect kidneys against diabetes mediated toxicity. Also, LN caused more harmfull effects in diabetic groups compared with nondiabetic groups. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1229-1240, 2016.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide which is widely used throughout in the world and it caused toxic effects on nontarget organisms especially mammalian. In the present study, catechin, quercetin, chlorpyrifos, catechin + chlorpyrifos, quercetin + chlorpyrifos were given to male rats through gavage for 4 weeks. Serum total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, trigliceride, total cholesterol levels, hematological changes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and malondialdehyde content in liver tissues and also histopathological changes of liver were investigated in the rats compared to control group. No significant differences in all investigated parameters were observed between control, catechin and quercetin groups. There were statistically significantly changes in liver function tests, some hematological parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels in chlorpyrifos treated group compared to control group. In catechin + chlorpyrifos treated group and quercetin + chlorpyrifos treated group we observed the protective effects of catechin and quercetin on examining parameters but not completely. While some histopathological changes detected in liver tissues in chlorpyrifos treated group, less histopathological changes were observed in catechin + chlorpyrifos and quercetin + chlorpyrifos treated groups at the end of the 4th week. As a result, catechin and quercetin significantly reduce chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study examined the effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat erythrocyte antioxidant system and evaluated the ameliorating effects of catechin and quercetin on the oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD50), catechin (20 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared with the control group in rat erythrocytes. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetinplus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Malathion is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide that has been shown to induce oxidative stress in erythrocytes through the generation of free radicals and alteration of the cellular antioxidant defense system. We examined the effect of several different doses of malathion (25, 75, 200 mu M), or malathion in combination with vitamin C (VC; 10 mu M) or vitamin E (VE; 30 mu M), on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in human erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated under various treatment conditions (malathion alone, vitamins alone, or malathion plus vitamin) at 37 degrees C for 60 min, and the levels of MDA, and SOD, CAT and GPx activities, were determined. Treatment with malathion alone increased the levels of MDA and decreased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities in erythrocytes (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences among VC-treated, VE-treated, or VC + VE-treated erythrocyes, as compared with nontreated control cells. Treatment of cells with malathion + VC, malathion + VE, or a combination of all three agents prevented malathion-induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. However, this effect was seen only at low concentrations of malathion (25 and 75 mu M), and the combination of VC + VE had a more protective effect than VC or VE alone. These results indicated that the presence of vitamins at concentrations that are similar to the levels found in plasma have no effect on malathion-induced toxicity in erythrocytes at a concentration of malathion (200 mu M) that is typically used in pesticides. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodcals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 235-242, 2009.

Lead nitrate and mercury chloride are the most common heavy metal pollutants. In the present study, the effects of lead and mercury induced nephrotoxicity were studied in Wistar rats. Lead nitrate (LN, 45 mg/kg b.w/day) and mercury chloride (MC, 0.02 mg/kg b.w/day) and their combination were administered orally for 28 days. Four groups of rats were used in the study: control, LN, MC and LN plus MC groups. Serum biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in kidney tissues were investigated in all treatment groups. LN and MC caused severe histopathological changes. It was shown that LN, MC and also co-treatment with LN and MC exposure induced significant increase in serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels. There were also statistically significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in all groups except control group. In this study, we showed that MC caused more harmful effects than LN in rats. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Penicillin and other antibiotics are routinely incorporated in insect culture media. Although culturing insects in the presence of antibiotics is a decades-old practice, antibiotics can exert deleterious influences on insects. In this article, we test the hypothesis that one of the effects of dietary penicillin is to increase oxidative stress on insects. The effects of penicillin on midgut concentrations of the oxidative stress indicator malondialdehyde (MDA) and on midgut antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione S-transferase [GST], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) activities in greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), were investigated. The insects were reared from first instars on artificial diets containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 g penicillin per 100 g of diets. MDA content was significantly increased in the midgut tissues of each larval instar reared in the presence of high penicillin concentrations. Activities of antioxidant and transaminase enzymes did not show a consistent pattern with respect to penicillin concentrations in diet or age of larvae. Despite the increased penicillin-induced oxidative stress in gut tissue, antioxidant and transaminase enzymes did not correlate with oxidative stress level or between each other in larvae of other age stages except for the seventh instar. We found a significant negative correlation of MDA content with SOD and GST activities in seventh instars. SOD activity was also negatively correlated with CAT activity in seventh instars. These results suggest that exposure to dietary penicillin resulted in impaired enzymatic antioxidant defense capacity and metabolic functions in wax moth larval midgut tissues and that the resulting oxidative stress impacts midgut digestive physiology.

The morphology of the metathoracic scent glands of Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The metathoracic scent glands are composed of a reservoir and a pair of lateral glands that connect to the reservoir through a duct. The metathoracic scent glands open to the surface through paired ostioles located between the 2nd and 3rd coxae in evaporation areas with a mushroom-like structure. Extracts of the volatile fraction from male and female metathoracic gland secretions were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirteen and sixteen compounds were detected in males and females, respectively. Most of the chemical compounds are qualitatively similar on each male and female but they differ in their quantity. In the analyses of metathoracic scent glands of females of C. marginatus, n-hexenoic acid (22.46%) was determined at the most and 14-Beta-H-Pregna (0.12%) was determined at the least in all samples. In males, octadecanoic acid (57.78%) was determined at the most and n-hexyl acetate (0.06%) was determined at the least in all samples.

WOS: 000359309300013, The aim of the present study was to elucidate the possible protective role of vitamin E and / or sodium selenite on mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the lung tissue of the rats. Adult male albino Wistar rats were exposed to mercuric chloride (1.0 mg/kg day) for four weeks. Treatment with mercuric chloride led to oxidative stress by enhancing MDA level and also decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S transferaz (GST) activities. However, mercuric chloride exposure resulted in histopathological changes in the lung tissue in the rats. MDA level and SOD, CAT GPx and GST activities and histopathological changes modulated in concomitantly supplementation of vitamin E (100 mg/kg day) and / or sodium selenite (0.25 mg/kg day) to mercuric chloride-treated groups., Gazi University, The authors are thankful to the Gazi University Research Fund for support.

The adverse effects of lead nitrate (LN) and the preventive role of sodium selenite were investigated in diabetic and non-diabetic rat blood by measuring trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) also by evaluating DNA damage with comet assay. LN increased the levels of MDA, tail DNA%, mean tail length and tail moment, decreased the enzymes activities, FRAP and TEAC values. In sodium selenite +LN group, we observed the protective effect of sodium selenite on examining parameters. Diabetes caused alterations on these parameters, too. We found that sodium selenite did not protect against diabetes caused damages. As a result, LN caused toxic effects on blood cells and sodium selenite alleviated this toxicity but it did not show preventive effect against diabetes. Also, LN caused more harmfull effects in diabetic groups than non-diabetic groups. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anthracycline antibiotic, broadly used in tumor therapy. In the present study we investigated whether vitamin E and catechin can reduce the toxic effects of doxorubicin. Vitamin E (200 IU/kg/week), catechin (200 mg/kg/week), doxorubicin (5 mg/kg/week), doxorubicin+vitamin E (200 IU/kg/week), doxorubicin+catechin (200 mg/kg/week) combinations were given to rats weighing 210-230 g (n=6/group). Changes in major enzymes participating in free radical metabolism superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in the livers of all animals. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity increased in the doxorubicin-treated group compared to control (P 0.05). Electron microscopic studies supported biochemical findings. We conclude that vitamin E and catechin significantly reduce doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of sodium selenite and/or vitamin E against mercuric chloride-induced cardiotoxicity. Male Wistar rats (n=48, 310 +/- 10 g) were administered mercuric chloride (1.0 mg/kg bw), sodium selenite (0.25 mg/kg bw), vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw), sodium selenite plus mercuric chloride, vitamin E plus mercuric chloride and sodium selenite plus vitamin E plus mercuric chloride daily via gavage for four weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, antioxidant enzyme activities [total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total glutathione-S-transferase (GST)], and histopathological changes in the heart tissue were evaluated. Results showed that mercuric chloride exposure resulted in an increase in the MDA level and a decrease in the SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities, with respect to the control. Light microscopic investigations revealed that mercuric chloride induced histopathological changes in the heart tissue. A significant decrease in the MDA level and a significant increase in the SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities were observed on the supplementation of sodium selenite and/or vitamin E to mercuric chloride-treated rats, which showed that, sodium selenite and/or vitamin E significantly reduced mercuric chloride induced cardiotoxicity, but not protected completely.

WOS:000349303900010 Among heavy metals, lead is one of the common pollutants found in the environment and biological system. In the present study, streptozotocin-induced diabetic and normal non-diabetic male Wistar rats were given sodium selenite (1.0 mg/kg bw), lead nitrate (22.5 mg/kg bw) and sodium selenite plus lead nitrate (1.0 mg/kg + 22.5 mg/kg bw, respectively) through gavage. At the end of 4th week, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)], and histopathological changes of testes were investigated compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between the control and sodium selenite treated groups. However, lead nitrate increased the levels of MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities compared with the control group in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Light microscopic analyses revealed that lead nitrate induced numerous histopathological changes in testis tissues of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In the diabetic and nondiabetic sodium selenite plus lead nitrate treated groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and antioxidant enzymes activities and mild pathological changes. As a result, sodium selenite significantly reduced lead nitrate induced testicular toxicity for both diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

Heavy metals are known to be toxic to organisms. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of sodium selenite against lead nitrate (LN)-induced nephrotoxicity in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Animals were divided into eight groups where the first was served as a control, whereas the remaining groups were treated with sodium selenite (1 mg/kg b.w.), LN (22.5 mg/kg b.w.) and a combination of LN and sodium selenite and diabetic forms of these groups. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehide levels, serum urea, uric acid, creatinine levels, body, and kidney weights and histopathological changes were determined after 28 days. LN caused severe histopathological changes, increment in urea, uric acid, creatinine, and MDA levels, also decreasing in antioxidant enzyme activities, body, and kidney weights. In sodium selenite + LN group, we observed the protective effect of sodium selenite on examining parameters. Also diabetes caused alterations on these parameters compared with nondiabetic animals. We found that sodium selenite did not show protective effect on diabetes caused damages. As a result, LN caused nephrotoxicity and sodium selenite alleviated this toxicity but sodium selenite did not protect kidneys against diabetes mediated toxicity. Also, LN caused more harmfull effects in diabetic groups compared with nondiabetic groups. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1229-1240, 2016.

Dichlorvos is an organophosphorus insecticide that is used worldwide for pest control in agriculture and household use. Vitamins C and E are potential antioxidants protecting cells from oxidative stress. Vitamin C+ vitamin E, dichlorvos, a combination of vitamin C+ vitamin E + dichlorvos, or corn oil (control) were given to rats via oral gavage for 7 weeks. Body and testis weights, sperm parameters, hormone levels, histo- and cytopathological changes in testes were investigated at the end of 24 h and the 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with the control group. Body and testis weights, sperm morphology, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks in the dichlorvosand vitamins + dichlorvos-treated groups. A statistically significant decline in sperm motility and testosterone levels occurred by the end of 7th week in the dichlorvos- and vitamins + dichlorvos-treated groups. Light and electron microscopy revealed necrosis, edema and cellular damage in testicular tissues of the dichlorvos- and vitamins + dichlorvos-treated rats at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In conclusion, dichlorvos caused subacute and subchronic reproductive toxicity, but vitamins did not confer protection. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Mercury can exist in the environment as metal, as monovalent and divalent salts and as organomercurials, one of the most important of which is mercuric chloride (HgCl2). It has been shown to induce oxidative stress in erythrocytes through the generation of free radicals and alteration of the cellular antioxidant defense system. The effect of simultaneous pretreatment with vitamins C and E on the toxicity of HgCl2 in human erythrocytes was evaluated. We examined the effect of several different doses of HgCl2 (1.052, 5.262, 10.524 mu M), or HgCl2 in combination with vitamin C (VC; 10 mu M) and vitamin E (VE; 30 mu M), on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in human erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated under various treatment conditions (HgCl2 alone, vitamins alone, or HgCl2 plus vitamin) at 37 degrees C for 60 min and the levels of MDA and SOD, CAT and GPx activities, were determined. Treatment with HgCl2 alone increased the levels of MDA and decreased SOD, CAT and GPx activities in erythrocytes (P < 0.05). VC and VE-pretreated erythrocytes showed a significant protection aganist the cytotoxic effects induced by HgCl2 on the studied parameters. There were no statistical differences among VC+VE-treated erythrocytes, as compared to non-treated control cells. These results indicated that the presence of vitamins at concentrations that are similar to the levels found in plasma could be able to ameliorate HgCl2-induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and altering antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes.

Mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD50), catechin (20 mg/kg),quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), while decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities compared with the control group in rat testis tissues. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels, SOD and CAT activities, while increased GPx and GST activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Light microscopic analyses revealed that chlorpyrifos-only induced numerous histopathological changes in the testis tissues. Milder pathological alterations were observed in rats catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos, and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos induced toxicity except histopathological changes in rat testis tissues. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Our purpose was to determine the effects of N-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) and an extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) (SrB) leaves on renal function in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into seven groups. Three of these groups were controls. Diabetes was induced by STZ-NA in the other four. Diabetic rats were treated with SrB (200 mg/kg), L-NNA (100 mg/kg), or SrB + L-NNA for 15 days after 5-8 weeks of diabetes. At the end of the experiments, urine and blood samples were collected from the rats, and kidney tissue samples were collected with the animals under ether anesthesia. Renal filtration changes were determined by measuring urine pH, urine volume, and serum and urine creatinine. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured in kidney homogenates. Alterations in kidney ultrastructure were determined by electron microscopy, and histological changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. No statistical differences were observed in urine creatinine or creatinine clearance. Even so, we observed higher NOS activity in SrB-treated diabetic rats. SrB-treated diabetic rats had less mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization in thin kidney sections than other diabetic groups. The control groups showed normal histological structure, whereas in the diabetic groups, membrane thickening, tubular epithelial cells, and cellular degeneration were observed. Thus, SrB has beneficial effects on diabetes compared with l-NNA. Our results support the validity of SrB for the management of diabetes as well as diabetes-induced renal disorders.

Male rats were given vitamins C+E, methyl parathion, or both daily via gavage for seven weeks. Body weight was decreased while liver weight increased significantly at the end of fourth and seventh weeks in the methyl parathion- and methyl parathion plus vitamin-treated groups. Serum total protein, albumin, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol) levels decreased, and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total cholesterol levels increased significantly in the methyl parathion- and the methyl parathion plus vitamin-treated rats. There was a statistically significant difference for all biochemical parameters when the methyl parathion plus vitamin-treated group was compared with methyl parathion-treated group. In electron microscopic investigation, cytopathological alterations were observed in hepatocytes of the methyl parathion- and the methyl parathion plus vitamin-treated rats. As a result, methyl parathion-induced hepatotoxicity is reduced by vitamins C+E, but vitamins C+E did not provide complete protection. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In this study effects of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) on midgut cells of Thaumetopoea pityocampa larvae was investigated by electron microscopy. 3 mg/l Btk was given with food. 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after Btk administration no pathological changes in the midgut epitelial cells were observed. 12 h after Btk administration swelling of mitochondria in midgut epitelial cells were observed. Formation of vacuoles in cytoplasm was seen after 24 h. After 48 h decreasing of microvilli of midgut epithelial cell’s and partial dissolving of cytoplasm, dissolving of nucleoplasm and chromatin clumps were observed. 60 h after Btk administration swelling and dissolving of mitochondria in midgut epithelial cells were detected. 96 h after Btk administration a membrane-body and dissolving in the cytoplasm clumps in midgut cells of T. pityocampa larvae were occurred. Present study shows that Btk is effective to T. pityocampa larvae.

The mature male Wistar rats (n = 36, 300-320 g) were divided into six groups having six animals, i.e., Group I (control), Group II (catechin, 20 mg/kg bw), Group III (quercetin, 20 mg/kg bw), Group IV (chlorpyrifos 5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 LD50), Group V (catechin + chlorpyrifos) and Group VI (quercetin + chlorpyrifos). Rats were given chlorpyrifos, catechin and quercetin daily via gavage for 4 weeks. Chlorpyrifos increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in lung tissues compared to the control group. In the catechin plus chlorpyrifos- and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos-treated groups, there were statistically significant increases in CAT and SOD activities, while no statistically significant changes were observed in MDA, GST and GPx activities relative to the control. Compared to the chlorpyrifos-treated group, however, the catechin plus chlorpyrifos- and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos-treated groups showed significantly increased GST and GPx activity, while the activity of MDA, SOD and CAT was significantly decreased. Light microscopic investigations revealed that 4 weeks of chlorpyrifos exposure induced numerous histopathological alterations in the lung. Milder histopathological changes were observed in animals co-treated with catechin plus chlorpyrifos or quercetin plus chlorpyrifos. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced lung toxicity but are not completely protective. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mature male Wistar rats (weighing 300-320 g and each group six animals) were given malathion (27 mg/kg; 1/50 of the LD50 for an oral dose). vitamin C (200 mg/kg) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg), or both daily via gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the fourth week, the malathion-treated group and the malathion plus vitamin-treated group both had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) and thrombocyte Counts than the control group. Compared to the control group, the two groups also had significantly higher serum total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and significantly lower triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The malathion-treated rats also had significantly lower serum total protein and albumin levels, but the malathion plus vitamin-treated group did not differ from the control group in terms of these parameters Moreover, concomitant vitamin treatment significantly normalized, at least partially, all of the other hematological and biochemical parameters that were altered by malathion Light microscopic analyses revealed that both the malathion-treated and malathion plus vitamin-treated groups exhibited histopathological changes in liver tissues, although some pathological features were only observed in the malathion-treated group. Thus, vitamins C and E can reduce malathion hepatotoxicity, although the degree of protection they provide is limited. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Sexually mature male Wistar rats (weighing 300-320 g and each group 6 animals) were given malathion (27 mg/kg; 1/50 of the LD50 for an oral dose) and/or vitamin C (200 mg/kg) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg) daily via gavage for 4 weeks. The sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels, and histopathological changes in the testes of these rats, were investigated at the end of the 4th week. By the end of 4th week, rats given malathion alone, or in combination with vitamins C and E, had significantly lower sperm counts and sperm motility, and significantly higher abnormal sperm numbers, than the untreated control rats. The rats given malathion alone or in combination with vitamins also had significantly lower plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels than the control rats. Co-treatment of malathion-exposed rats with vitamins E and C had a protective effect on sperm counts, sperm motility and abnormal sperm numbers, but not on plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels. Light microscopic investigations revealed that 4 weeks of malathion exposure was associated with necrosis and edema in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. Degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules were also observed in the rats which received malathion and supplemented with vitamins C and E, but milder histopathological changes were observed in the interstitial tissues. Thus, it appears that vitamins C and E ameliorate malathion testicular toxicity but are not completely protective. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although antibiotics have different molecular modes of actions, increasing evidence for their secondary effects suggests that they disturb cellular homeostasis by generating free radical intermediates that trigger lipid peroxidation, which leads to oxidative stress. Streptomycin is an antibiotic insecticide used to control pest insects and microbial diseases of agricultural crops. We investigated the biochemical basis for pro-oxidative effects of streptomycin in the midgut tissues of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L) seventh-instar larvae by measuring content of the oxidative stress indicator, malondialdehyde (MIDA), and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] activities. The insects were reared from first-instar larvae on artificial diets containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 g streptomycin per 100 g of diets. The supplementation of streptomycin at high concentrations to the diets caused oxidative stress as evidenced by the elevation of MDA content, SOD and GPx activities, accompanied by the concurrent depletion of CAT and GST activities. The streptomycin-induced oxidative stress was also accompanied by decreases of transaminases activities in midgut tissues. We found a significant negative correlation of MDA contents with GST activities in the larval midgut tissues. These results suggest that exposure to dietary streptomycin resulted in oxidative stress which could impact midgut digestive physiology at the expense of impairment of antioxidant and transaminases enzymes in G. mellonella larvae. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thaumetopoea pityocampa larvae are very harmful to pines and they also cause allergic reactions in men and animals. In this study, different concentrations of endosulfan were administered to T. pityocampa larvae via pine needles which were prepared by the dipping method. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using probit analysis and a LC(50/48 hrs) value for T. pityocampa larvae found to be 1.679 mg/l. Also, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs after 1.679 mg/1 endosulfan treatment, ultrastructural changes in the midgut epithelium of T. pityocampa were investigated. No pathological changes were observed after 12 hrs, swelling and vacuolization of mitochondria and dilation ofendoplasmic reticulum after 24 hrs, swelling ofmitochondria and breaking of mitochondrial cristae and dissolving of nucleoplasm after 36 hrs, finally large vacuoles in the midgut epithelium cells were observed after 48 hrs.

Dichlorvos is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used in pest control. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg), dichlorvos (1.6 mg/kg). or a combination of vitamin C (200 mg/kg) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg) + dichlorvos (1.6 mg/kg) was given to rats via oral gavage for 7 weeks. When rats of the dichlorvos-treated group and the vitamins + dichlorvos-treated group were compared with the control group, body weights were decreased and liver weights were increased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th week. Serum total protein, albumin, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol) levels were decreased, and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total cholesterol levels were increased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th week in the dichlorvos- and vitamins + dichlorvos-treated rats. There was a statistically significant difference for all biochemical parameters when the vitamins + dichlorvos-treated group was compared with the dichlorvos-treated group at the end of the 4th and 7th week. In an electron microscopic investigation, swelling of mitochondria and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum were observed in liver cells of the dichlorvos- and vitamins + dichlorvos-treated rats at the end of the 4th and 7th week. As a result, vitamins C and E reduced dichlorvos hepatotoxicity, but vitamins C and E did not confer complete protection. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The morphology and ultrastructure of the metathoracic scent glands (MTG) of Eurygaster maura were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, extracts of the volatile fraction of the MTG secretion from mates and females were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In SEM investigations, MTG are composed of a reservoir and a pair of lateral glands connected to the reservoir by a duct. MTG are open in between the meso- and the metacoxae. These areas, called evaporation areas, are composed of mushroom-like elements. In TEM investigations, the reservoir walls contained two types of cells. Generally, a reservoir is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, type I cells, which have numerous organelles. Type II cells are found only in a certain area of the reservoir wall. These cells have large secretory ducts lined by a cuticular intima layer. The lateral glands are lined by secretory cells and a secretory duct found in their cytoplasm. Nuclei of secretory cells are closed to the basal region of the cells and circular-shaped. In GC-MS investigations, the MTG exhibited a typical scutellerid composition. In general, (E)-2-hexanal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, n-tridecane, n-hexanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and n-dodecane compounds were present, while diisooctyl acetate and 14-Beta-H-Pregna were detected only in the male extracts of Eurygaster maura.

WOS: 000246930700015 Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per clay), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and kidney weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological changes were investigated at the end of 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group body and kidney weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. MDA levels increased in kidney tissues of the methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated groups compared to control group. MDA levels decreased significantly in vitamins C and E + methyl parathion treated group compared with methyl parathion treated group at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, glomerular atrophy and vascular dilatation, and after 7 weeks, necrosis and edema were observed in the kidney tissues. After 4 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, mononuclear cell infiltrations, and after 7 weeks, calcification were detected in the kidney tissues. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and testis weights, sperm Counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology and histopathological changes in the testes were investigated at the end of 24 h, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. No pathological changes were observed in all parameters at the end of 24 h. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group, body and testis weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant decrease in sperm counts and sperm motility, increase in abnormal sperm morphology when methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group. While sperm counts increased at the end of 4th and 7th weeks, sperm motility increased at the end of 7th week when vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group compared with methyl parathion-treated group, no changes were observed in abnormal sperm morphology at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In Our light microscopic investigations, after 4 and 7 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, necrosis and edema were observed in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. After 4 and 7 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, degenerative changes were detected in the serniniferous tubules while no pathological findings were observed in the interstitial tissues. According to the present study, we conclude that vitamins C and E reduces methyl parathion testicular toxicity, but it does not protect completely. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day), and vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week)+diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination was given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and heart weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart tissue and ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group body and heart weights were decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant increase in MDA levels when diazinon- and vitamin E+diazinon-treated groups were compared to control group. While at the end of the 1st week statistically significant changes were not being observed, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks statistically significant decrease was detected in MDA levels when vitamin E+diazinon-treated group was compared to diazinon-treated group. In our electron microscopic investigations, while vacuolization and swelling of mitochondria myocardial cell, of diazinon-treated rats were being observed, swelling of several mitochondria were observed in vitamin E+diazinon-treated rats. We conclude that vitamin E reduces diazinon cardiotoxicity, but vitamin E does not protect completely. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) and Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week) + diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Pseudocholinesterase in serum and haematological indices were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. At the end of 1st, 4th and 7th weeks, statistically significant decrease of pseudocholinesterase activity in serum were detected when diazinon- and Vitamin E + diazinon-treated groups compared to control group. When diazinon- and Vitamin E + diazinon-treated groups were compared to each other there were no significant changes. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group, body weight decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that at the end of 1st, 4th and 7th weeks, there was a statistically significance in haematological indices except mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) when diazinon-treated group was compared to control group. At the end of 1st week increase of thrombocyte, at the end of the 4th week increase of hemoglobin and thrombocyte and at the end of the 7th week increase of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and thrombocyte were observed statistically significant when Vitamin E+diazinon treated group was compared with diazinon treated group. According to the present study, we conclude that Vitamin E reduces diazinon toxicity, but it does not protect completely. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. The aim of present study was to analyze the hepatotoxic effect of diazinon which caused biochemical and ultrastructural changes in adult male Wistar rats and to evaluate the possible protective effect of vitamin E. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg per day, once a day in corn oil) and vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week) + diazinon (10 mg/kg per day, once a day in corn oil) combination were given to rats (n = 8) orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Biochemical indices in serum [total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol)] and ultrastructural changes were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group (n = 8). It was observed that; at the end of 1st week, there was a statistically significance in all parameters except total protein and albumin, and at the end of 4th and 7th weeks, there was a statistically significance in all parameters when diazinon-treated group compared to control group (P

The pine caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) is found in pine woods. Hairs of the T. pityocampa caterpillar cause a cutaneous reaction in humans and animals. Mast cells are responsible for allergic reactions in mammals. In this study male swiss albino mice were divided into two groups: 5 mice in the control group and 25 mice in the experimental group. The dorsal skin of mice was shaved. The mice in the experimental group and T. pityocampa larvae (fifth instar, approximately n=100) were put in the same cage. Dermal mast cells of mice exposed to T. pityocampa were examined with a transmission electron microscope and compared to the control group 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after exposure. Dermal mast cell degranulation in mice was observed 12 and 24 hours after exposure.

This study was performed to observe the effects of acarbose and Rumex patientia on morphological change of pancreatic B cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (type 2) rats. Two-day-old Wistar albino rats were intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/kg of STZ or vehicle alone for control. Vehicle and STZ given rats were divided into six groups (1st, 2nd and the 3rd groups are control; the 4th, 5th and 6th groups are STZ groups). The 1st and the 4th groups received water, the 2nd and the 5th groups received 40 mg acarbose/100 g feed, the 3rd and the 6th groups received 2% decoction of Rumex patientia grain. During experimentation period, blood glucose levels were checked periodically, and HbA1c level was measured from cardiac blood at the end of the experiment. Pancreas tissues were examined by electron microscope. Glucose and HbA1c levels increased by STZ were decreased by acarbose and Rumex patientia. Morphologically, we found a mitochondrial vacuolization and swelling as well as dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum in the B cells of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Also, a decrease in the secretory granules of B cells was observed in the STZ-induced diabetic group. No pathological changes were observed in the STZ + acarbose group. In the STZ + Rumex patientia group, a weak swelling in the B cells was observed in the some of the mitochondria. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.