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The role of minerals in biochar in promoting hydrogen (H2) production by anaerobic digestion of food waste was investigated. The cultures with the addition of biochar, leached biochar, metal sulphate solution and leached biochar combined with metal sulphate solution, respectively, were placed in bench-scale reactors and incubated at incubator at 32 °C. Daily H2 production and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were measured and the cumulative H2 yield (YH) and maximum H2 production rate (RH) were calculated. The microbial analysis was performed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Biochar addition significantly increased the maximum YH by 107% and RH by 54%. However, the addition of leached biochar only increased the maximum YH by 39% and RH by 45% than control. The primary elements in biochars that contribute to H2 production (Fe, K and Ca) were shown to increase the acetic acid, butyric acid and prevalence of the H2 producing bacteria Clostridium butyricum.

Colocasia esculenta (Umbi talas) memiliki kandungan serat yang tinggi apabila dibandingkan dengan umbi ketela rambat yaitu sekitar 0,6-0,8 g/100g, dan protein sekitar 2-6g/100g yang mana kandungan ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh manusia sebagai sumber protein dan serat yangbaik bagi tubuh manusia. Akan tetapi dengan nilai serat dan protein yang terdapat pada umbi tersebut dapat mengalami kerusakan yang dikarenakan kandungan kadar air yang tinggi, serangan mikroba dan kerusakan lain ketika pemanenan dan penyimpanan sehingga dilakukan alternatif lain yakni diolah menjadi tepung talas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan tepung dengan menggunakan disc mill yang bertujuan meningkatkan keseragaman ukuran butiran tepung talas yang dihasilkan serta mampu mengoptimasi produk hasil olahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan dua faktorial yaitu kadar air chip talas (10, 15, dan 20%) dan kecepatan penggilingan tipe disc mill (1000, 2000, dan 3000 rpm). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa chips talas dengan kadar air 10, 15 dan 20% didapatkan dalam rentang waktu 100, 85 dan 75 menit. Dengan nilai karakteristik pada perlakuan tepung talas 20% diperoleh kadar protein sebesar 4,19%, kadar lemak 0,46%, kadar abu 4,01% dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 82,35%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh kadar air chip berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik kimia dalam pembuatan tepung talas.

The paper reports an experimental investigation into the transient performance during the start-up of a pilot-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion (TPAD) process demonstration unit (PDU) treating food waste with biochar addition. Hydrogen (H2) was produced in the first phase (R1) and methane (CH4) was produced in the second phase (R2). A fed-batch operation strategy was applied to the start-up of both phases, followed by semi-continuous operation. Production rates and yields of H2 and CH4 and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured while the pH and temperature were monitored throughout the process. Fed-batch operation allowed microbe enrichment and gradual VFA production in both phases, which was observed to be efficient in starting up the TPAD PDU. Under semi-continuous operation, R1 produced biogas with composition up to 49% of H2 and at a yield of 46 L H2.kg −1 VS. CH4 composition and yield reached up to 59% and 301 L CH4.kg−1 VS in the R2.

The effect of biochar addition on the microbial community and methane (CH4) production during anaerobic digestion was experimentally investigated, focusing on the role of minerals in biochar. The biochar was prepared from pine sawdust by pyrolysis at 650 °C and 900 °C, respectively, and a subsample was leached with citric acid. The cultures with the addition of biochar, leached biochar, Fe, and leached biochar combined with Fe, respectively, were placed in bench-scale bioreactors for anaerobic digestion. Daily biogas production was measured by volume displacement method and analysed for CH4 concentration, which allowed the cumulative CH4 yield (YM) and daily CH4 production rate (RM) to be determined. Culture samples were also taken daily for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial community analysis. Compared to the control without biochar addition, the addition of raw biochar significantly increased YM by 46.9% and RM by 43.0%, while leached biochar only increased the YM by 33.2% and RM by 18.2%, respectively. The Fe-containing minerals in biochar were found to enhance VFA degradation and increase population of Clostridia and Methanosaeta, improving the CH4 production.

Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) merupakan salah satu penghasil bioenergi berkelanjutan yang tidak mengganggu produksi pangan serta mereduksi energi input selama produksi energinya. Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai penghasil tegangan listrik dalam PMFC. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh variasi pemupukan dengan pupuk urea (1, 5, dan 10 g) dan jarak elektroda (4, 6, dan 8 cm) dalam sistem PMFC. Variabel yang diukur yaitu tegangan listrik maksimal yang dihasilkan tanaman padi, arus listrik maksimal dan daya listrik maksimal yang dihasilkan. Perekaman data keluaran tegangan listrik dilakukan pada semua sampel sistem PMFC selama 5 hari, mulai pukul 08.00 WIB hingga 15.00 WIB. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai tegangan listrik maksimum diperoleh perlakuan pemberian pupuk urea 10 g dan jarak elektroda 6 cm dengan nilai tegangan listrik maksimal sebesar 196 mV, arus listrik maksimal 0.78 mA dan daya listrik maksimal sebesar 153.66 mW/cm2 ABSTRACT Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC), one of sustainable bioenergy sources which is not interfere with food production and could reducing energy input during energy production. Oryza sativa is a plant that has potential as a source of electrical voltage in PMFC. This study explained the influence of urea fertilization variation (1, 5, and 10 g) and electrode gaps (4, 6, and 8 cm) in PMFC system. Variables measured are the maximum voltage produced by rice plants, maximum electric current and maximum power density. The output electrical voltage data was recorded on all samples PMFC system for 5 days, from 08.00 am until 03.00 pm. Based on this study, the maximum voltage obtained on 10 g of urea fertilizer and the electrode gap of 6 cm with maximum electric voltage of 196 mV, maximum electric current of 0.78 mA and maximum power density of 153.66 mW/cm2

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pegaruh konsentrasi asam dan waktu hidrolisis terhadap kadar gula total serta kadar gula reduksi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancang Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi H 2 SO 4 dan lama waktu hidrolisis. Faktor pertama terdiri dari tiga level yaitu 0,4M, 0,6M dan 0,8M, sedangkan faktor kedua terdiri dari tiga level yaitu 60 menit, 80 menit dan 100 menit dari rancangan tersebut diperoleh sembilan kombinasi. Pada setiap kombinasi dilakukan tiga ulangan (27 sampel). Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji kadar gula total menggunakan refraktometer dan kadar gula reduksi menggunakan Nelson Somogyi. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan uji DMRT 5%. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan kandungan gula total tertinggi saat proses hidrolisis adalah perlakuan H 2 SO 4 0,6M dengan waktu 100 menit yaitu 10,7%. Berdasarkan uji Anova dan DMRT5% bahwa kedua faktor perlakuan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar gula dan berbeda nyata. Gula reduksi yang dihasilkan pada proses hidrolisis sebesar 19,29%. Dari bahan tersebut didapatkan etanol hasil fermentasi sebesar 4%. Kata kunci : bioetanol, gula, hidrolisis, pelepah sawit Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of acid concentrations and hydrolysis time. Randomized Completely Block Design were arranged in a factorial with two factors : H 2 SO 4 concentrations were 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M and hydrolysis time were 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 100 minutes. Each combination repeated three times. Samples were tested of total sugar content using refractometer and were tested of reducing sugar using Nelson Somogyi. Data were analyzed used two-ways ANOVA and conducted further test using the DMRT 5%. The result showed that the highest total sugar content is 10.7% in the treatment of H 2 SO 4 concentration 0.6M and hydrolysis time 100 minutes. Based on ANOVA and DMRT test, all factors had significantly effect of the percentage of sugar. Beside that, in this research also have reduction sugar about 19.29% from sugar content of result hydrolysis process. Pretreatment oil palm frond using H 2 SO 4 was produced 4% etanol after fermentation. Keywords : bioetanol, hydrolysis, oil palm frond, sugar

ABSTRA CT Fried onion and garlic, which is produced in Batu as home industry, has commercial product as food ingredient. There are two home industry in Batu, SMEs MMM located in Ngaglik village and SMEs Zaky located in Pesanggarahan village. The constrain in SMEs is the lack of production capacity due to low adoption of technology and production efficiency with which production facilities still manually so that the quality and quantity of the product cannot be maximal. The need for technological innovation over the production process will be able to improve the performance and quality of health functional beverage production. The results that have been achieved in the implementation of I bM activities include facilitating the transfer of technology in the form of cutting machine and spinner which has been applied by p artners , guidance on improvement of production and management system includes quality control, GMP and log book for business management, and training, socialization and mentoring improved packaging design and marketing on-line. The results showed an increase in production efficiency with shorter time, increased quality packaging and products value is higher so that SMEs can increase profits.

Research of the effect of cooking temperature and stirring speed on the quality of brown sugar cane were processed by vacuum vertical evaporator have been done. Brown sugar cane produced from purified green cane juice. The purification was done with addition of Ca(OH)2. Pure juice cooked with cooking temperature of 60, 70, and 80 oC, and the stirring speed of 200 and 250 rpm. Brown sugar cane was analyzed for color, moisture content, ash content, sucrose, and organoleptic test (hedonic quality test for color, flavor, and texture of hardness). The results showed that the higher of cooking temperature, the better the quality of color, flavor, and hardness brown sugar cane produced. While the higher stirring speed, lower moisture content of brown sugar, so the hardness of brown sugar was better. Besides effect of cooking temperature and stirring speed, quality of brown sugar cane was affected by the quality of cane juice and juice purification process. Good quality of cane juice will produce high yield, low moisture content, high sucrose, and good color, flavor, and hardness. The best result was obtained on brown sugar cane produced by cooking temperature of 70 oC and stirring speed of 250 rpm, which was obtained yield of 8.23%, sucrose of 75.37%, hardness of 4.52 kg/cm2, bright and high color intensity of brown sugar cane. Keywords: cane sugar, vacuum evaporator, brown sugar, stirring, cooking temperature

Brown sugar as sucrose is derived from evaporated sugar cane molasses. Evaporation is the foodstuffs’ process which is commonly used during the manufacture of sugar cane. This process evaporates the sugar cane molasses to produce concentrate. This research was aimed to assess the influence of sodium metabisulphite against physical and chemical properties of sugar cane using vacuum evaporator. In other hand, this reserach examined the influence of temperature on vacuum evaporator for chemical and physical properties of sugar cane. Sugar cooking was done at -700 mmHg below atmospheric pressure, with variations in heating temperature of 60, 70 and 80 C, and with the addition of sodiummetabisulphite 0.1; 0.3 and 0.5 g/l sugar cane molasses. The larger addition of sodium metabisulphite in the processing of sugar cane, the higher ash content generated while the green and blue colors of red sugar cane were getting smaller. The higher cooking temperature, the lower the moisture content, ash content, color intensity of red, green and blue ofsugar cane. The higher the cooking temperature, the higher the degree of hardness or texture, color preference level, the taste and texture of sugar cane. Based on statistical analysis, cooking temperature affects the moisture content, ash, and the reduction sugar of cane brown sugar. While the addition of sodium metabisulfite gives effects on ash, reduction sugar and the total dissoluble solids of sugar cane. Based on the parameters of chemical properties, physical, organoleptic tests and SNI requirements of sugar cane, the addition of sodium metabisulphite variation of 0.3 g/l anda heating temperature of 80o C in processing sugar cane into brown sugar have shown the most excellent quality. The value of each parameter based on the best treatments as follows: chemical and physical parameters with 8.97 % of water content, 8.29% of reduction sugar, 0.96 % of ash content, 0.50% of total dissoluble solid, 15.68 kg/cm2 of hardness value, while for organoleptic parameters for color 5.50, flavor 5.04 and texture 5.36.Keywords: Sugar cane molasses, sodium metabisulphite, temperature, vacuum evaporator, brown sugarABSTRAKGula merah sebagai sukrosa diperoleh dari nira tebu yang diuapkan. Penguapan merupakan proses pengolahan bahan pangan yang umumnya digunakan pada pembuatan gula merah tebu, dimana proses ini menguapkan sebagian besar nira untuk menghasilkan produk yang kental (konsentrat). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruhpenambahan natrium metabisulfit terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan vacuum evaporator, dan mengkaji pengaruh suhu pemasakan pada vacuum evaporator terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia gula merah tebu. Pemasakan gula dilakukan pada tekanan -700 mmHg di bawah tekanan atmosfir, dengan variasi suhu pemasakan 60, 70 dan 80o C dan dengan penambahan natrium metabisulfit 0,1; 0,3 dan 0,5 g/l nira. Semakin besar penambahan natrium metabisulfit dalam pengolahan gula merah tebu, semakin tinggi kadar abu yang dihasilkan sedangkan intensitas warna hijau dan biru gula merah tebu semakin kecil. Semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan, semakinrendah kadar air, kadar abu, intensitas warna hijau dan biru gula merah tebu. Semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan, semakin tinggi tingkat kekerasan atau tekstur, tingkat kesukaan warna, rasa dan tekstur gula merah tebu. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, perlakuan suhu pemasakan berpengaruh terhadap kadar air, kadar abu dan gula reduksi gula merah tebu.Sedangkan perlakuan penambahan natrium metabisulfit berpengaruh terhadap kadar abu, gula reduksi dan total padatan tak terlarut pada gula merah tebu. Berdasarkan parameter sifat kimia, fisik, uji organoleptik dan persyaratan SNI gula merah tebu, penambahan natrium metabisulfit 0,3 g/l dan suhu pemasakan 80o C dalam pengolahan nira tebu menjadigula merah menunjukkan kualitas yang paling baik. Nilai masing-masing parameternya dari perlakuan terbaik sebagai berikut: parameter kimia dan fisik dengankadar air 8,97%, gula reduksi 7,96 %, kadar abu 2,65%, total padatan tak larut 0,60 %, nilai kekerasan 15,68 kg/cm2, parameter organoleptik denganwarna 5,50, rasa 5,04 dan tekstur 5,36.Kata kunci: Nira tebu, natrium metabisulfit, suhu, evaporator vakum, gula merah