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Шиха́н (одиночный холм, тюрк.) Торатау (крепость-гора, башк.) — одиночная гора, хорошо выделяющаяся в рельефе. Название горы этимологизируется также с булгарского языка как Бог-гора или Гора-святилище. Объект является комплексным памятником природы республиканского значения, образованным постановлением Совета Министров Башкирской АССР от 17.08.1965 № 465. Шихан Торатау входит в состав одноименного геопарка, основанного Указом Главы Республики Башкортостан (РБ) Р. Хабировым 12.12.2018 № УН-308. С марта 2021 г. геопарк Торатау является кандидатом на включение в Глобальную сеть геопарков ЮНЕСКО. Шихан Торатау расположен на территории Ишимбайского муниципального района РБ в 13.6 км к юго-востоку от ж/д вокзала в г. Стерлитамак. Выположенная вершина шихана с максимальной абсолютной отметкой 406.4 м возвышается над магистральной речной дреной Южного Предуралья — р. Белой на 280 м. В орографическом отношении шихан Торатау находится на восточной окраине Прибельской холмисто-увалистой равнины Южного Предуралья. В геолого-тектоническом отношении он приурочен к восточному борту Предуральского прогиба и представляет собой риф биогермных известняков ассельского и сакмарского возраста раннепермского моря. В ландшафтном отношении шихан Торатау находится в подножье правого склона долины р. Белой, к востоку от которого простираются структурно-денудационные предгорья западного склона Южного Урала. Несмотря на более чем 200-летний период исследований рифовых массивов вдоль восточного борта Предуральского прогиба, карсту и его проявлениям до настоящего времени практически не уделялось внимания. Исследованиями авторов карста шихана Торатау по стандартной методике карстологической съемки в 2022 г. охарактеризованы его поверхностные проявления и ряд ранее не известных подземных полостей, которые связаны как с сульфатным, так и с карбонатным карстом. Установлены закономерности распространения подземных карстопроявлений, представленных как типичными карстовыми пещерами, так и гротами, и многочисленными нишами. Произведен анализ характера их распространения, морфометрии, морфологии и генезиса, что позволило детализировать экзогеодинамику развития карста шихана. Исследование спелеологических объектов на шихане повышает его научно-практическую значимость. На их основе могут быть организованы научные и учебно-познавательные экскурсии для ознакомления с проявлениями карста. Shikhan (single hill, Turk.) Toratau (fortress-mountain, Bashk.) — a single mountain that stands out well in the relief. The name of the mountain is also etymologized from the Bulgar language as God-mountain or Mountain-sanctuary. This object is a complex natural monument of republican significance, formed by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Bashkir ASSR on August 17, 1965 No. 465. Shikhan Toratau is part of the geopark of the same name, founded by Decree of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan R. Khabirov on December 12, 2018 No. UN-308. Since March 2021, the Toratau Geopark is an Aspiring UNESCO Global Geoparks. Shikhan Toratau is located on the territory of the Ishimbai municipal district of the Bashkortostan Republic, 13.6 km southeast of the railway station in Sterlitamak city. The flattened top of the shikhan with a maximum absolute elevation of 406.4 m rises above the main river drain — the Belaya River at 280 m. In terms of landscapes, Shikhan Toratau is located on the eastern outskirts of the Near-Belaya_River hilly-ridged plain of the Southern Fore-Urals. In geological and tectonical terms, it is confined to the eastern side of the Fore-Ural trough and is a reef of bioherm limestones of the Asselian and Sakmarian ages of the Early Permian Sea. In the geomorphological terms, Shikhan Toratau is located at the foot of the right slope of the Belaya river valley, to the east of which stretch the structural-denudation foothills of the western slope of the Southern Urals. Despite more than 200 years of research on early Permian reefs along the eastern side of the Fore-Ural trough, almost no attention has been paid to karst and its landforms so far. The studies of the authors of the Shikhan Toratau’ karst using the standard karstological survey method in 2022 characterized its surface manifestations and a number of previously unknown underground caves that are associated with both sulfate and carbonate karst. The patterns of distribution of underground karst manifestations are established, represented as typical karst caves, as well as grottoes and numerous niches. An analysis of the nature of their distribution, morphometry, morphology and genesis was made, which made it possible to detail the geodynamics of the development of the Shikhan’ karst. The study of speleological objects on the shikhan increases its scientific and practical significance. On their basis, scientific and educational excursions can be organized to get acquainted with the manifestations of karst.

The state of accounting and statistical data on the number of surveyed caves on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) at the end of 2021 are presented. The history of the study of caves and the practice of their accounting are considered. The data on the distribution of caves on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, with a characteristic of their number and extent in karst-speleological regions, are given. The positive impact of the creation of protected areas on the study and accounting of caves is emphasized. The positive dynamics in the exploration of caves thanks to the speleological community is emphasized. Conclusions are drawn about the need to create a state cadastre of caves in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Glassless 3D displays using projectors and mobile phones based on integral imaging technology have been developed. Three-dimensional image files are created from the 2D images captured by a conventional camera. Large size 3D images using four HD and Ultra HD 4K projectors are created with a viewing angle of 35 degrees and a large depth. Three-dimensional images are demonstrated using optimized lenticular lenses and mobile smartphones, such as LG and Samsung with resolution 2560 × 1440, and 4K Sony with resolution 3840 × 2160.

Different methods for creation of 3D image files, including integral imaging, 2D + z files and 2D images captured at different view angles, are considered. It is found that the disadvantage of the integral imaging method for capturing is the small depth of the 3D image. It is demonstrated that the capturing an object from different angles using a rotating platform and a conventional camera makes it possible to obtain a higher depth. Large 3D images using Full HD multiprojectors and Ultra HD 4K projector are created. 3D displays based on mobile devices are also developed.

Multiview 3D display system consisting of mobile phone screen and optical screen consisting of microlens array film is designed. 3D image files are created and images are demonstrated based on different smartphones with high resolution displays.

Multiview 3D display system consisting of four full HD projectors and optical screen consisting of microlens array film is designed. Matlab codes for integration of 2D images captured at different angles into one common 3D file are created and 3D images are demonstrated.

In this paper the multi-view 3D display system which includes the modules of capturing three-dimensional objects, image processing (creation of 3D image files) and display screen for the 3D image displaying based on integral imaging technology is developed. Large display screens using multi-projectors are created. Multi-projector system is used for improving the performance, such as viewing resolution, viewing angle, etc. Preliminary experimental results obtained using Full HD multi-projectors are discussed. 3D display based on mobile devices is also developed. 3D image files are created using 2D + depth files and 2D images captured at different view angles. Images on smartphones Sony 4K (resolution 3840 x 2160) and Samsung and LG (resolution 2560 x 1440) are demonstrated.

Glassless multi-view projection display system that combines the modules of capturing three-dimensional objects, image processing (creation of 3D files) and display screen with a holographic diffuser is presented. Optical simulations of lenticular and two-dimensional microlens arrays are performed with the aim to determine optimal lenticular sheets, view angle, view number, depth, etc. Effects of crosstalk and ghost-imaging are studied both numerically and experimentally. Multi-projector system is designed and 3D images on 30-inch screen are demonstrated.

Beam combiners and splitters based on the frustrated total internal reflection, diffraction and refraction effects of light beams are considered. New high efficiency prismatic beam combiner consisting of uniform material is proposed.

Multiview 3D display system consisting of mobile phone screen and optical screen consisting of microlens array film is designed. 3D image files are created and images are demonstrated on different smartphones with high resolution displays.

A wide range of natural purine analogues was used as probe to assess the mechanism of recognition by the wild-type (WT) E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) versus its Ser90Ala mutant. The results were analyzed from viewpoint of the role of the Ser90 residue and the structural features of the bases. It was found that the Ser90 residue of the PNP 1) plays an important role in the binding and activation of 8-aza-7-deazapurines in the synthesis of their nucleosides, 2) participates in the binding of α-D-pentofuranose-1-phosphates at the catalytic site of the PNP, and 3) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of intermediary formed 2-deoxy-α-D-ribofuranose-1-phosphate in the trans-2-deoxyribosylation reaction. 5-Aza-7-deazaguanine manifested excellent substrate activity for both enzymes, 8-amino-7-thiaguanine and 2-aminobenzothiazole showed no substrate activity for both enzymes. On the contrary, the 2-amino derivatives of benzimidazole and benzoxazole are substrates and are converted into the N1- and unusual N2-glycosides, respectively. 9-Deaza-5-iodoxanthine showed moderate inhibitory activity of the WT E. coli PNP, whereas 9-deazaxanthine and its 2'-deoxyriboside are weak inhibitors.

Multiview 3D display system consisting of the modules of capturing three-dimensional objects, image processing and display screen is developed. Multi-projector system with four projectors is designed and 3D images on 30-inch screen are demonstrated.

The HIV-1 epidemic in Russia is dominated by the former Soviet Union subtype A (A(FSU)) variant, but other genetic forms are circulating in the country. One is the recently described CRF63_02A1, derived from recombination between a CRF02_AG variant circulating in Central Asia and A(FSU), which has spread in the Novosibirsk region, Siberia. Here we phylogenetically analyze pol and env segments from 24 HIV-1 samples from the Novosibirsk region collected in 2013, with characterization of three new near full-length genome CRF63_02A1 sequences, and estimate the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and the demographic growth of CRF63_02A1 using a Bayesian method. The analyses revealed that CRF63_02A1 is highly predominant in the Novosibirsk region (81.2% in pol sequences) and is transmitted both among injecting drug users and by heterosexual contact. Similarity searches with database sequences combined with phylogenetic analyses show that CRF63_02A1 is circulating in East Kazakhstan and the Eastern area of Russia bordering China. The analyses of near full-length genome sequences show that its mosaic structure is more complex than reported, with 18 breakpoints. The tMRCA of CRF63_02A1 was estimated around 2006, with exponential growth in 2008-2009 and subsequent stabilization. These results provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology, phylogeny, and phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1.

A multi-view 3D display system consisting of modules for capturing three-dimensional objects, image processing (creating 3D image files), and a display screen for displaying 3D images has been developed. Large screens using multiple projectors to improve performance, such as view resolution, have been created. A prototype of the device was built using four projectors equivalent to 4K resolution, and 34-inch 3D images with a viewing angle of 35 degrees and a large depth were demonstrated. The display screens are designed using a vertically aligned lenticular sheet and a scattering layer that evenly diffuses light in both vertical and horizontal directions. We have experimentally demonstrated the ability to “look around” an object on the screen.

As-deposited borophosphosilica glass (BPSG) films undergo substantial relaxation during their storage in air. This work studies a mechanism of dielectric degradation, one effect of which is significant boron out-gassing at room temperature. This effect is discussed in terms of boron oxide charging when both dopants, B and P, are present in CVD-produced SiO2. The surface photo-voltage technique is applied to the oxidized silicon to evaluate charge states on the Si/SiO2/BPSG interfaces after deposition. The characteristic change in the recombination lifetime and the depletion width in silicon subsurface confirms the contribution of charges from the BPSG to the silicon-oxide interface. The technique presented can be used to estimate the dopant out-gassing during annealing.

A serious concern for borophosphosilicate (BPSG) interlayer is still about film stability in terms of dopant out-diffusion and defect formation. The thermal and compositional instabilities of the PECVD BPSG depend on dopant concentration in the film and on stoichiometry of SiOx matrix. This study addresses the diffusivity of boron and phosphorus through the BPSG and the low temperature oxide (LTO) films. Phosphorus significantly diffuses out of the BPSG film during high temperature densification. The significant boron out-gassing happens in the as-deposited film even at room temperature. This effect depends on the BPSG film composition and whether the LTO film is present or not. The effect is explained based on the change in the charge state in the silicon-oxide interface. The dopant out-diffusion is restricted from the oxygen-rich BPSG film. In addition, the effect of the undoped cap layer on the BPSG is discussed.

The 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl ortho-aza-purine and -pyrimidine nucleosides manifest an unusually rigid sugar N conformation in solution.

A hierarchical procedure, using a "bottom-up" strategy and combining (i). a probabilistic approach for estimating all possible starting structures, (ii). restrained molecular mechanics algorithms for preliminary selection of all energetically preferred conformers, as well as (iii). quantum chemical computations for refining their geometry, was used to study the structural properties of the HIV-MN neutralizing epitope in terms of NMR spectroscopy data. As a result, only one of initial structures matching the experimental and theoretical data was found to be well-ground for implementing the function of immunoreactive conformation of the virus immunogenic crown. The geometric parameters of this structure in water solution were shown to correspond to a double beta-turn conformation similar to that revealed in crystal for synthetic molecules imitating the central region of the HIV-MN V3 loop. The following conclusion was drawn from the comparative analysis of simulated structure with the one computed previously: the HIV-MN immunogenic tip has some inherent conformational flexibility that manifests at the alterations of hexapeptide environment and leads to the structural transitions changing the local conformation of the stretch of interest but retaining its spatial main chain fold. As a matter of record, the high resolution 3D structure model for the HIV-MN principal neutralization site was constructed, and its geometric parameters were compared with the corresponding characteristics of conformers derived earlier for describing the conformational features of immunogenic tip of gp120 from Thailand HIV-1 isolate.

Sub-atmospheric SACVD undoped silicon glass (USG) inter-metal dielectric films, while having a high trench-filling ability, have a low deposition rate. At high deposition temperature and pressure, commonly recommended, however, TEOS gas precursor is fairly consumed in the gas-phase reactions without contributing to deposition on the substrate. Two growth mechanisms of the USG film are discussed. One is a direct TEOS -O3 reaction on the Si surface and another one is a result of reaction of the intermediates, which can contribute to the growing SiO2 from the gas-phase. This study targets the deposition conditions where TEOS contributes to growing SiO2 film from both the gas phase and the surface chemisorptions. This approach helps to use TEOS efficiently, to maximize the deposition rate of USG while leaving good SiO2 film quality. The film's morphology, wet etch rate, and shrinkage that are related to the film's flow capability are also discussed.

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This study aims to solve the conflict between two important features of PECVD BPSG film: good flow ability and low defectiveness, which can ultimately alter the electrical characteristics of devices. The film flow associates with the amount of phosphorus and boron dopants, which, in their turn, are a source of boron phosphate imperfections. The films' compounds SiO2-B2O3-P2O3/P2O5 have to be thus kept appropriately to satisfy both requirements. Unstable glass structure carries an excessive amount of hydrogen related species, especially H2O, which is a catalyst for defects. Such films are also vulnerable to additional moisture from the air. The as-deposited film instability brings on defect generation and out-gassing / counterdoping problems during the relaxation process when film is being stored and heated. This work studies the film structure that is modulated by the deposition parameters in order to get optimized ratios of N2O/SiH4, P2O3/P2O5 and SiO2/P2O5. Special attention is paid to the oxygen-rich film's composition with low SiH4 precursor.

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A new application of the commercially-available Surface Charge Profiler (SCP) tool to evaluate metal ionic contaminants that can be brought in during device fabrication processes, including oxidation, is discussed. The SCP measures the surface photovoltage (SPV) signal, and associated depletion width (Wd) and the minority-carrier recombination lifetime (τ). The technique allows not only detect a risky level of the contaminants but also to distinguish between different impurities such as Fe, Cu, and Na. A behavior of these metals in the vicinity of Si-SiO2 interface is discussed. A novel characterization technique should be a beneficial alternative metrology to the conventional capacitance versus voltage (CV), triangular voltage sweep (TVS), and SPV methods.

Eight fatal cases of tick-borne encephalitis with an unusual hemorrhagic syndrome were identified in 1999 in the Novosibirsk Region, Russia. To study these strains, we sequenced cDNA fragments of protein E gene from six archival formalin-fixed brain samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed tick-borne encephalitis variants clustered with a Far Eastern subtype (homology 94.7%) but not with the Siberian subtype (82%).