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In this paper, lignin (L)-based polyurethane (FeGLPU) with excellent electromagnetic shielding properties was prepared and studied. The modified reduced iron powder was modified with KH550, and then the obtained modified reduced iron powder (Fe) was mixed with lignin, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and graphite (G) to in-situ synthesize the FeGLPU. The thermal stability, mechanical properties, electronic conductivity, and morphology of the composite FeGLPU were characterized in detail. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of FeGLPU was tested in the frequency range of 8.2–26.5 GHz. When the content of Fe and G was fixed at 10% and the lignin content was 5%, the maximum EMI SE was 21.6 dB, and the frequency width of EMI SE greater than 10 dB was 18.3 GHz. The conductivity was 4.27×10−4 S/m, and the tensile strength of Fe10G10L5PU reached 11.7 MPa. When the lignin content increased to be 20%, the maximum EMI SE was 22.5 dB, and the frequency width of EMI SE greater than 10 dB was 18.3 GHz. The conductivity was 1.06×10−2 S/m, and the thermal decomposition temperature T5 (5% weight loss) reached 234 °C. The obtained excellent EMI SE should be due to the synergistic effect of Fe, G and lignin. It can be observed from the SEM observation that the G and Fe are uniformly dispersed in PU matrix with strong interfacial interaction. It was illustrated that the prepared FeGLPU was with efficient electromagnetic shielding properties, good mechanical properties, and high thermal stability. This lignin based electromagnetic shielding PU was proposed to have broad application prospects due to its low expenses and ecology friendliness.

The contribution of colostrum to passive immunity transfer and intestinal protection in newborn ruminants is well known; however, it is currently unclear how colostrum intake affects intestinal innate immunity. We investigated the effects of bovine colostrum intake on ileal morphology, expression of genes involved in intestinal innate immunity, and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in newborn lambs. Twenty-seven newborn male Hu lambs were used, of which 18 were bottle-fed either bovine colostrum (C24h; n = 9) or bovine mature milk (M24h; n = 9) within the first 2 h after birth at an intake of approximately 8% of BW; the remaining nine lambs did not receive any feeding (N24h). Blood and ileal tissue samples were collected after the lambs were slaughtered at 24 h after birth. Ileal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio were significantly higher in C24h than those in N24h and M24h lambs (P 0.01). Messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the ileum was lower in C24h than that in N24h lambs (P 0.05). Moreover, C24h lambs had a lower TLR3 mRNA abundance (P 0.01) and a trend of lower TLR6 (P = 0.06) and interleukin 1 beta (P = 0.08) expression compared with those in M24h lambs. We also observed strong positive correlations of tumour necrosis factor alpha expression with that of TLR2 (r = 0.71; P 0.001), TLR4 (r = 0.88; P 0.001) and TLR8 (r = 0.83; P 0.001). Interestingly, the expression of barrier-related molecules, including mucin-13, lysozyme, claudin (CLDN)-1, CLDN2, CLDN4, CLDN7, CLDN12, occludin, zonula occluden-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-1, was consistently lower in C24h lambs than that in N24h and M24h lambs (P 0.05). These results indicated that the beneficial roles of colostrum intake on intestinal protection in newborn lambs were associated with low TLR expression, which was reflected by improved intestinal development and reduced inflammatory response. Further studies using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical methods are needed to further explore the mechanisms underlying the lower expression of intestinal barrier-related molecules due to colostrum feeding.

Based on the hardware industry as a research platform, this paper analyzes three key technologies of grinding mode selection, off-line programming and simulation.

Background Hair follicle density influences wool fibre production, which is one of the most important traits of the Wan Strain Angora rabbit. However, molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle density have remained elusive. Results In this study, hair follicle density at different body sites of Wan Strain Angora rabbits with high and low wool production (HWP and LWP) was investigated by histological analysis. Haematoxylin-eosin staining showed a higher hair follicle density in the skin of the HWP rabbits. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) profile was investigated by RNA sequencing, and 50 and 38 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and genes, respectively, were screened between the HWP and LWP groups. A gene ontology analysis revealed that phospholipid, lipid metabolic, apoptotic, lipid biosynthetic, and lipid and fatty acid transport processes were significantly enriched. Potential functional lncRNAs that regulate lipid metabolism, amino acid synthesis, as well as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and hedgehog signalling pathways, were identified. Consequently, five lncRNAs (LNC_002171, LNC_000797, LNC_005567, LNC_013595, and LNC_020367) were considered to be potential regulators of hair follicle density and development. Three DE lncRNAs and genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Conclusions LncRNA profiles provide information on lncRNA expression to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of hair follicle density.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The analyses of reads mapped to the Rabbit reference genome.

Additional file 5: Table S5. The wool production of the rabbits. “L” and “H” represent low wool production and high wool production groups, respectively.

Additional file 6: Table S6. Primers for q-PCR. F1, forward primer. R2, reverse primer.

Additional file 3: Figure S1. Expression level analysis of the lncRNAs and protein-coding genes.

The periodic regrowth of rabbit fur is economically important. Here, we aimed to characterise the histological traits and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the skin tissue of Wan Strain Angora rabbits at different weeks after plucking. Haematoxylin-eosin staining showed that hair follicles were in the telogen phase in the first week, while they were in the anagen phase from the fourth to twenty-fourth weeks. In addition, two small RNA libraries derived from skin samples of Wan Strain Angora rabbits at telogen and anagen stages yielded over 24 million high-quality reads. Specifically, 185 miRNAs were differentially expressed between the telogen and anagen phases. The function of the differentially expressed miRNAs was explored by comparing them with known mammalian miRNAs and by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of their predicted targets. Five new functional miRNAs were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) gene was verified to be a target of conservative_NC_013672.1_9290 and conservative_NC_013675.1_10734. We investigated differential miRNA profiles between the telogen and anagen phases of the hair cycle and our findings provide a basis for future studies focusing on the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated regulation of rabbit hair follicle cycling.

Additional file 2 Contents of rumen of sheep feeding with the two kinds of pellets Ceratoides pellets (HFLP: A1-D1) and Alfalfa pellets (LFHP: A2-D2).

Additional file 1. Nutrition component of two feed stuffs.

Background Hair fibre length is an important economic trait of rabbits in fur production. However, molecular mechanisms regulating rabbit hair growth have remained elusive. Results Here we aimed to characterise the skin traits and gene expression profiles of short-hair and long-hair rabbits by histological and transcriptome analyses. Haematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the histological structure of the skin of short-hair and long-hair rabbits. Compared to that in short-hair rabbits, a significantly longer anagen phase was observed in long-hair rabbits. In addition, by RNA sequencing, we identified 951 genes that were expressed at significantly different levels in the skin of short-hair and long-hair rabbits. Nine significantly differentially expressed genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A gene ontology analysis revealed that epidermis development, hair follicle development, and lipid metabolic process were significantly enriched. Further, we identified potential functional genes regulating follicle development, lipid metabolic, and apoptosis as well as important pathways including extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and basal cell carcinoma pathway. Conclusions The present study provides transcriptome evidence for the differences in hair growth between short-hair and long-hair rabbits and reveals that lipid metabolism and apoptosis might constitute major factors contributing to hair length. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5503-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Figure S4. The results of RNA-seq between long-hair and short-hair rabbits. A KRT25 B KRT28 C KRT39 D KRT40 E KRT84 F FGF5 G COL3Îą1 H TNXB I VWF. (PDF 154 kb)

Figure S7. Analyses of SNPs annotation. A L1 B L2 C L3 D S1 E S2 F S3. (PDF 355 kb)

Figure S6. The number of alternative splicing events of six samples. A L1 B L2 C L3 D S1 E S2 F S3. (PDF 144 kb)

Table S1. Significantly enriched GO terms in the biological process category of DEGs between short-hair and long-hair rabbits (Pâ

Figure S2. The numbers of annotated genes with different expression levels against the range of FPKM values. (PDF 36 kb)

Figure S3. List of up-regulated and down-regulated genes in the comparison of short-hair and long-hair rabbits. (PDF 118 kb)

Figure S1. Quality control of RNA-seq data. A L1 B L2 C L3 D S1 E S2 F S3. (PDF 236 kb)

Figure S5. A q-PCR analysis of the relative expression levels of nine DEGs in the skin of short-hair and long-hair rabbits at the eighth week after plucking by q-PCR. A KRT25 B KRT28 C KRT39 D KRT40 E KRT84 F FGF5 G COL3Îą1 H TNXB I VWF. (PDF 175 kb)

Taking grinding and polishing industrial robot as the research object, three key technologies in the process of machining are analyzed. Firstly, the selection method of grinding mode is introduced. Secondly, the tool calibration and workpiece calibration method in the process of robot running program editing are introduced. Finally, the singularity phenomenon and improvement method in the process of industrial robot operation are introduced. Through the analysis, the optimization of robot in control, programming, process and other technologies can be improved to meet the actual production needs of grinding and polishing robot seek.

A novel lignin-based flame retardant (LMD) is synthesized in this work via the in-situ reactions of lignin, diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Flame-retardant polyurethane (FLPU) is prepared by the co-curing of LMD and prepolymer synthesized by lignin, MDI, and polyether polyol 204. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 is also added to adjust the flexibility of the lignin-based polyurethane (LPU). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the FLPU gradually increases with the LMD content and can reach 29.9% for F30-L20-L15-80PU (L20MD content is 30% in L15-80PU), exhibiting excellent flame-retardant properties. The hardness of the FLPU for the optimized formulation is 2H, the adhesion is 0, and the flexibility is 2 mm. And the impact resistance is greater than 100 cm/1000 g. These outstanding properties illustrate the LMD is excellent flame retardants and reinforcing materials for LPU. The interface can be strengthened by the co-curing between the LMD and the LPU prepolymer.

In contrast to colostral immunoglobulins, changes in metabolite composition of ingested colostrum in the gut have received little attention. Here, we characterized the metabolite profiles of colostrum and milk, ingested colostrum and milk, and serum of neonatal calves by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics approaches. Colostrum and milk underwent similar changes in metabolite profiles in the gut after being ingested. These changes were characterized by increases in methionine, glutamate, thymine, and phosphorylcholine. After ingestion, colostrum concentrations of several metabolites, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, cinnamic acid, and thymine increased, whereas concentrations of d-ribose, and arginine decreased. These increases and decreases occurred in a time-dependent manner and were associated with alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and pyrimidine metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, respectively. Meanwhile, similar changes in serum metabolites were also observed in neonatal calves fed colostrum, which implies that colostrum metabolites are transported across the small intestine and into the bloodstream. In addition, several metabolites of ingested milk were detected in the gut, and were also transferred to the bloodstream. These metabolites were related to phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, the citrate cycle, and histidine metabolism. These findings reveal that the serum metabolome of neonatal calves' changes as a result of ingesting colostrum, which can provide health-related benefits in early life.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) plays an important role in stabilizing fat in the aqueous phase, and the components of this membrane are involved in multiple biological functions. Here, we investigated changes in the protein composition of the MFGM fraction between raw and heated whole milk using a label free proteomic approach. In total, 612 MFGM-related proteins were identified in all groups. Compared with raw milk, the number of proteins that were not identified in the MFGM fraction was increased from pasteurized milk to ultra-high-temperature milk, whereas the number of milk proteins incorporated into the MFGM fraction was similar among heated groups. The abundances of several milk proteins (β-lactoglobulin and β-casein) were increased in the heated milk groups in a temperature-dependent manner. From our functional analysis, proteins that were not identified in the MFGM fraction of heated milk were mainly associated with multiple biological functions. These findings provided novel insights into the effects of heat procedures on MFGM protein components and their potential physiological functions, thereby yielding data on the appropriate heating procedures to use for raw milk.

The skin is the primary barrier between the internal organs of an organism and the environment, and it provides protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. According to the nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis, ungulates might have traversed to the grasslands and were exposed to UV radiation subsequent to the reduction in predation pressure. UV light exposure might have increased the S100A7 expression. In order to test whether the UV radiation is associated with the selection pressure on S100A7, we acquired the complete S100A7 DNA sequences from each of 42 vertebrate species. The results suggested that the evidence of diversifying selection in S100A7 occurred at the end of Mesozoic era, and the site of positive selection was observed in the branch of Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). In addition, we found that the transcription level of S100A7 in cashmere goat skin correlates with UV radiation. Our results indicated that S100A7 plays a role in the signaling between the skin genes and UV radiation during evolution.

Casein micelles contribute to the physicochemical properties of milk and may also influence its functionality. At present, however, there is an incomplete understanding of the casein micelle associated proteins and its diversity among the milk obtained from different species. Therefore, milk samples were collected from seven dairy animals groups, casein fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation and their constituent proteins were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 193 distinct proteins were identified among all the casein micelle preparations. Protein interaction analysis indicated that caseins could interact with major whey proteins, including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and serum albumin, and then whey proteins interacted with other proteins. Pathway analysis found that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway is shared among the studied animals. Additionally, galactose metabolism pathway is also found to be commonly involved for proteins derived from camel and horse milk. According to the similarity of casein micelle proteomes, two major sample clusters were classified into ruminant animals (Holstein and Jersey cows, buffaloes, yaks, and goats) and non-ruminants (camels and horses). Our results provide new insights into the protein profile associated with casein micelles and the functionality of the casein micelle from the studied animals.

Three sulfonated polyimides, including a couple of isomeric polymers, were synthesized through a typical “one pot” polymerization reaction. Hybrid membranes were constructed by incorporating a multiple-acid functionalized polysilsesquioxane into the above polymers via a sol–gel process. The properties, including thermal stability, mechanical properties, water uptake, swelling ratio, methanol permeability and proton conductivity were evaluated. The proton conductivities of the membranes were above 0.11 S cm − 1 at 100 °C. Hybrid membranes exhibited the enhanced ability of water absorption and proton conducting. The methanol permeabilities of these membranes were 3.8–6.94 × 10 − 7 cm 2 s − 1 , which were more competitive than Nafion 117. It was found that isomeric structure could affect the properties of both the pristine and hybrid membranes. The microstructures featured with phase-separation morphology could be observed in the hybrid membranes.

Colostrum is a unique source of biological molecules, and the uptake of colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by neonatal calves is related to the success of passive immunity transfer, an important determinant of health and survival. However, studies on colostral IgG uptake in the small intestine by using proteomics approaches have been scarce. In the present study, samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected ~2 h after birth from calves not fed colostrum, and 8, 24, and 36 h after birth from calves fed colostrum. Protein samples were extracted and separated by temporal two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry. After colostrum feeding, internalised IgG in the duodenum and jejunum was detected at ~8 and 24 h, and then was barely detected at 36 h after birth. The IgG internalised in the ileum of calves fed colostrum was detected ~24 and 36 h after birth. Beta-lactoglobulin was upregulated in the entire small intestine; these levels were maintained for 24 h and were barely detected thereafter in neonatal calves fed colostrum. Moreover, changes in several proteins in the small intestine were detected after calves received colostrum. The results of the present study showed the distribution and variation of internalised IgG in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of neonatal calves that received colostrum after birth. These findings indicated that IgG and β-lactoglobulin in the small intestine of calves fed colostrum may be related to their unique bioactive functions, providing a basis for improvements in calf rearing and management.

Micropolyhedra, microspheres and hollow microspheres of the cubic KMnF3 were selectively prepared by controllable, hydrothermal method at 120 °C. Manganese acetate and potassium fluoride were employed as the starting materials in the reaction, and variety of polyethylene glycol and dosage of citric acid were demonstrated to be responsible for the shape evolution. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectra, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectra. A possible mechanism for the growth of KMnF3 microcrystal was proposed.

A new wurtzite (WZ) structure CuInS2, space group P63mc, a = 3.90652(13) A, c = 6.42896(23) A, has been synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method. Analogous with the disordered zinc-blende structure, wurtzite structure is metastable at room temperature and considered as a disordered polymorph of chalcopyrite (CH) structure, where Cu and In atoms randomly occupy the cation sublattice positions. It is believed that the solvent of ethanolamine plays an important role in the synthesis of WZ-CuInS2. The coordination between Cu2+ and −NH2 of ethanolamine molecules favors the nucleation and growth of WZ-CuInS2. Differential scanning calorimeter, together with X-ray diffraction analysis, revealed a phase transition from WZ-CuInS2 to CH-CuInS2 when WZ-CuInS2 was heated to certain temperature. The visible and near-infrared absorption spectra show that the as-prepared nanostructured WZ-CuInS2 has distinct optical properties compared with conventional CH-CuInS2.

Hollow CuInS 2 microspheres have been successfully prepared via a simple solution-based route without employing templates and surfactants. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images clearly show the hollow nature of the as-obtained products. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images reveal that the shells of as-prepared CuInS 2 microspheres were constructed by nanoparticles or nanoflakes. The specific surface area and pore-size distribution of the obtained product as determined by gas-sorption measurements show that the CuInS 2 hollow microspheres exhibit high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and porosity properties. TEM observations of intermediate products at different reaction stages indicate that these hollow CuInS 2 microspheres are formed mainly via Ostwald ripening.

In this work, a facile route using a simple solvothermal reaction and sequential calcinations to synthesize porous α-Fe2O3 flower-like nanostructures without employing templates or matrices for self-assembly is presented. The flower-like nanostructures are composed of nanosheets with a thickness of about 20 nm, which are characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Influencing factors such as the dosage of reactants and the solvents are systematically investigated. A possible formation mechanism for the flower-like nanostructure is proposed. A BET test shows that the product is porous and has a large surface area. The electrochemical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of the as-obtained α-Fe2O3 3D nanostructure are systematically investigated. The result shows that these properties are greatly affected by the porous structure.

Manganese indium sulfide (MnIn{sub 2}S{sub 4}) urchins were successfully synthesized via a simple mixed-solvent thermal route in 'aqueous solution-water-immiscible organic solvent' system. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence. Experiments showed that the amount of sulfur source and the solvent were the vital factors in the formation of MnIn{sub 2}S{sub 4} and the volume ratio of organic solvent to distilled water was crucial for the morphology of the product. The possible formation process and growth mechanism for the urchin-like architecture were proposed based on the experiments.

A facile, self-sacrificing template route has been developed to synthesize spinel MIIIn2S4 (MII = Mn, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, Ni) and MIIn5S8 (MI = Cu, Ag) porous microspheres. The BET surface areas of the products are around 70 m2 g–1. The urchin-like In2.77S4 microspheres precursor acts as both starting material and template to confine the growth of the final products. The phase structures and morphologies of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. Possible formation process and growth mechanism for the porous structure are proposed based on the experimental results. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)