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Abstract Defect tolerance is a critical enabling factor for efficient lead-halide perovskite materials, but the current understanding is primarily on band-edge (cold) carriers, with significant debate over whether hot carriers can also exhibit defect tolerance. Here, this important gap in the field is addressed by investigating how intentionally-introduced traps affect hot carrier relaxation in CsPbX3 nanocrystals (X = Br, I, or mixture). Using femtosecond interband and intraband spectroscopy, along with energy-dependent photoluminescence measurements and kinetic modelling, it is found that hot carriers are not universally defect tolerant in CsPbX3, but are strongly correlated to the defect tolerance of cold carriers, requiring shallow traps to be present (as in CsPbI3). It is found that hot carriers are directly captured by traps, instead of going through an intermediate cold carrier, and deeper traps cause faster hot carrier cooling, reducing the effects of the hot phonon bottleneck and Auger reheating. This work provides important insights into how defects influence hot carriers, which will be important for designing materials for hot carrier solar cells, multiexciton generation, and optical gain media.

IntroductionEffective health management is crucial for elderly patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This study applied a Psycho-Cardiology model to CHD management, aiming to assess psychological stress among patients with mild CHD and identify potential influencing factors to provide substantiating evidence.MethodsThis longitudinal study was based on a 9-year follow-up program of a community population in Shanghai, China. A total of 44,552 elderly people were included, with the average age being 74.9 (±10.35) years, and the proportion of female participants being 56.5%. To evaluate and compare the effect of the disease, individuals were categorized into four groups based on their medical records from the past 6 months, these being (I) a CHD with other chronic diseases group, (II) a CHD only group, (III) non-CHD patients with one (or more) chronic disease group, and (IV) non-patient group. Demographic characteristics, sleep quality and health status of each participants were collected using the Unified Needs Assessment Form for Elderly Care Questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression was used for statistic analysis.ResultsDemographic characteristics differed significantly between the three chronic disease groups (Groups I, II and III) and the non-patient group. Participants in the CHD group reported poorer sleep quality, worse health status, and a more rapid health decline when compared to those with other chronic diseases. Factors such as age, gender, education level, disease duration, and family support were identified as potential influences on the self-reported subjective sleep quality in patients with mild CHD. While age, education level, living status and family support were potential factors influencing the self-assessed health status in participants without CHD (Groups III and IV).ConclusionPatients with mild CHD may experience lower subjective sleep quality, health status scores, and a faster health-sleep decline, indicating elevated psychological stress. Higher education levels offer a protective effect against this stress, highlighting the importance of psycho-emotional interventions and educational strategies. Additionally, it is important to prioritize early intervention for newly diagnosed cases to aid in illness acceptance. These findings provide crucial insights for managing patients with mild CHD and inform the efficient allocation of healthcare resources.

ObjectiveThe diagnosis and treatment of biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease has emerged as a prominent topic within Alzheimer’s disease research. In this paper, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of data from a wide range of literature in this field to enhance the in-depth understanding of this area.MethodThe core collection of the Science Citation Index database (web of science) was used to search for relevant literature in the above fields from 1 January 2006 to 14 November 2022 and Citespace software was used to visualize and analyze the literature data.ResultsA total of 1,138 papers were included, of which the United States ranked first with 607 papers and China ranked 6th in the world with 84 papers. The value of mediational centrality is 0.49 in the United States and 0.05 in China. In terms of the number of articles published by the research authors, the Swedish scholar Blennow Kaj ranks first with 82 articles published, and the scholars who rank second and third are Zetterberg Henrik (78 articles) and Morris John C (64 articles), respectively; in terms of the mediational centrality, the American scholar Trojanowski John Q ranked first in the world with 0.1, and the second and third ranked scholars were Blennow Kaj (0.09) and Zetterberg Henrik (0.06) respectively. Scholar JACK CR ranked first with 377 citation frequency. The journal NEUROLOGY is ranked first with 943 citations.ConclusionIn recent years, global research in the field of biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease has shown signs of softening, and the momentum of research has slightly diminished. However, this trend does not imply a decline in the quality of research. It is essential to enhance collaboration among countries, major research institutions, and scholars, with a particular emphasis on fostering international partnerships in the future.

Background & Aims: Persistent cholestasis has been associated with poor prognosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the accumulation of tauro-beta-muricholic acid (TβMCA), resulting from the reprogramming of bile acid (BA) metabolism during liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) stress, attenuates liver inflammation. Methods: Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed using transcriptome data from a murine hepatic IR model. Three different models of hepatic IR (liver warm IR, bile duct separation-IR, common bile duct ligation-IR) were employed. We generated adeno-associated virus-transfected mice and CD11b-DTR mice to assess the role of BAs in regulating the myeloid S1PR2-GSDMD axis. Hepatic BA levels were analyzed using targeted metabolomics. Finally, the correlation between the reprogramming of BA metabolism and hepatic S1PR2 levels was validated through RNA-seq of human liver transplant biopsies. Results: We found that BA metabolism underwent reprogramming in murine hepatocytes under IR stress, leading to increased synthesis of TβMCA, catalyzed by the enzyme CYP2C70. The levels of hepatic TβMCA were negatively correlated with the severity of hepatic inflammation, as indicated by the serum IL-1β levels. Inhibition of hepatic CYP2C70 resulted in reduced TβMCA production, which subsequently increased serum IL-1β levels and exacerbated IR injury. Moreover, our findings suggested that TβMCA could inhibit canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages and attenuate inflammatory responses in a myeloid-specific S1PR2-GSDMD-dependent manner. Additionally, Gly-βMCA, a derivative of TβMCA, could effectively attenuate inflammatory injury in vivo and inhibit human macrophage pyroptosis in vitro. Conclusions: IR stress orchestrates hepatic BA metabolism to generate TβMCA, which attenuates hepatic inflammatory injury by inhibiting the myeloid S1PR2-GSDMD axis. Bile acids have immunomodulatory functions in liver reperfusion injury that may guide therapeutic strategies. Impact and implications:: Our research reveals that liver ischemia-reperfusion stress triggers reprogramming of bile acid metabolism. This functions as an adaptive mechanism to mitigate inflammatory injury by regulating the S1PR2-GSDMD axis, thereby controlling the release of IL-1β from macrophages. Our results highlight the crucial role of bile acids in regulating hepatocyte-immune cell crosstalk, which demonstrates an immunomodulatory function in liver reperfusion injury that may guide therapeutic strategies targeting bile acids and their receptors.

BackgroundNumerous studies have investigated the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and multiple sclerosis(MS), highlighting the significant role of GM in MS. However, there is a lack of systematic Scientometric analyses published in this specific research area to provide an overall understanding of the current research status.MethodsPerform a scientometric analysis on research conducted between 2010 and 2023 concerning the link between GM and MS using quantitative and visual analysis software (CiteSpace and VOSviewer.)ResultsFrom January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2023, a total of 1019 records about GM and MS were retrieved. The number of publications exhibited a consistent upward trend annually. The United States led in publications, showed the strongest level of collaboration among countries. The University of California, San Francisco stands as the top institution in terms of output, and the most prolific and cited authors were Lloyd H. Kasper and Javier Ochoa-Reparaz from the USA. The research in this field primarily centers on investigating the alterations and associations of GM in MS or EAE, the molecular immunological mechanisms, and the potential of GM-based interventions to provide beneficial effects in MS or EAE. The Keywords co-occurrence network reveals five primary research directions in this field. The most frequently occurring keywords are inflammation, probiotics, diet, dysbiosis, and tryptophan. In recent years, neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric disorders have been prominent, indicating that the investigation of the mechanisms and practical applications of GM in MS has emerged as a current research focus. Moreover, GM research is progressively extending into the realm of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, potentially becoming future research hotspots.ConclusionsThis study revealed a data-driven systematic comprehension of research in the field of GM in MS over the past 13 years, highlighted noteworthy research within the field, provided us with a clear understanding of the current research status and future trends, providing a valuable reference for researchers venturing into this domain.

Abstract This study was designed based on a cross-sectional investigation conducted Shanghai, China. Demographic characteristics, diaper utilization, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and emotion were collected by Unified Needs Assessment Form for Elderly Care Questionnaire. Cognition function was assessed by Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. The diaper utilization rate was 31.2%. Female, higher level of education, poorer ADL and cognition, more severe incontinence and financial dependence on others were facilitating factors for diaper usage (P

Abstract Breast carcinoma (BC) ranks as a predominant malignancy and constitutes the second principal cause of mortality among women globally. Epirubicin stands as the drug of choice for BC therapeutics. Nevertheless, the emergence of chemoresistance has significantly curtailed its therapeutic efficacy. The resistance mechanisms to Epirubicin remain not entirely elucidated, yet they are conjectured to stem from diminished tumor vascular perfusion and resultant hypoxia consequent to Epirubicin administration. In our investigation, we meticulously scrutinized the Gene Expression Omnibus database for EPDR1, a gene implicated in hypoxia and Epirubicin resistance in BC. Subsequently, we delineated the impact of EPDR1 on cellular proliferation, motility, invasive capabilities, and interstitial-related proteins in BC cells, employing methodologies such as the CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, and western blot analysis. Our research further unveiled that hypoxia-induced miR-181a-5p orchestrates the regulation of BC cell duplication, migration, invasion, and interstitial-related protein expression via modulation of EPDR1. In addition, we identified TRPC1, a gene associated with EPDR1 expression in BC, and substantiated that EPDR1 influences BC cellular dynamics through TRPC1-mediated modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of EPDR1 in the development of BC. EPDR1 was found to be expressed at subdued levels in BC tissues, Epirubicin-resistant BC cells, and hypoxic BC cells. The overexpression of EPDR1 curtailed BC cell proliferation, motility, invasiveness, and the expression of interstitial-related proteins. At a mechanistic level, the overexpression of hypoxia-induced miR-181a-5p was observed to inhibit the EPDR1/TRPC1 axis, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and diminishing the sensitivity to Epirubicin in BC cells. In summation, our study demonstrates that the augmentation of hypoxia-induced miR-181a-5p diminishes Epirubicin sensitivity in BC cells by attenuating EPDR1/TRPC1 expression, thereby invigorating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This exposition offers a theoretical foundation for the application of Epirubicin in BC therapy, marking a significant contribution to the existing body of oncological literature.

IntroductionThis study explored the correlative factors of falls among the older adult with cognitive impairment, to provide distinct evidence for preventing falls in the older adult with cognitive impairment compared with the general older adult population.MethodsThis study was based on a cross-sectional survey, with an older adult population of 124,124 was included. The data was sourced from the Elderly Care Unified Needs Assessment for Long-Term Care Insurance in Shanghai. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted sequentially on the correlative factors of falls. Multivariable logistic regression was performed on variables that were significant, stratified by cognitive function levels.ResultsThe incidence of fall in the past 90 days was 17.67% in this study. Specific variables such as gender (male), advanced age (≥80), residence with a elevator (or lift), mild or moderate disability, quality of sleep (acceptable/poor) were negatively correlated with falls, while higher education level, living alone, residence with indoor steps, unclean and untidy living environment, MCI or dementia, chronic diseases, restricted joints, impaired vision, and the use of diaper were positively correlative factors of falls. Comparing with older adult with normal cognitive functions, older adult with dementia faced a higher risk of falling due to accessibility barrier in the residence. For general older adults, less frequency of going outside and poor social interactions were positively correlated with falls, while for older adult with cognitive impairments, going outside moderately (sometimes) was found positively correlated with falls. Older adults with cognitive impairments have increased fall risks associated with chronic diseases, restricted joints, and the use of diaper. The risk of falling escalated with the greater number of chronic diseases.DiscussionFor older adult with cognitive impairments, it is advisable to live with others. Additionally, creating an accessible living environment and maintaining the cleanness and tidiness can effectively reduce the risk of falls, particularly for those with MCI or dementia. Optimal outdoor activity plans should be developed separately based on the cognitive function of older adults. Older adult with dementia who have comorbidities should be paid special attention in fall prevention compared to the general older adult population.

Abstract Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), which belongs to subfamily Papilionoideae of Leguminosae, is a vital perennial forage known as “holy hay” due to its high contents of crude proteins and proanthocyanidins (PAs, also called condensed tannins) that have various pharmacological properties in animal feed, such as alleviating rumen tympanic disease in ruminants. In this study, we select an autotetraploid common sainfoin (2n = 4x = 28) and report its high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly with 28 pseudochromosomes and four haplotypes (~1950.14 Mb, contig N50 = 10.91 Mb). The copy numbers of genes involved in PA biosynthesis in sainfoin are significantly greater than those in four selected Fabales species, namely, autotetraploid Medicago sativa and three other diploid species, Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula, and Glycine max. Furthermore, gene expansion is confirmed to be the key contributor to the increased expression of these genes and subsequent PA enhancement in sainfoin. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that the expression of genes involved in the PA biosynthesis pathway is significantly increased in the lines with high PA content compared to the lines with medium and low PA content. The sainfoin genome assembly will improve our understanding of leguminous genome evolution and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in sainfoin.

Abstract The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family members are plant-specific transcriptional factors, which function in meristem maintenance, embryogenesis, lateral organ development, as well as abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, 14 MsWOX transcription factors were identified and comprehensively analyzed in the cultivated alfalfa cv. Zhongmu No.1. Overall, 14 putative MsWOX members containing conserved structural regions were clustered into three clades according to phylogenetic analysis. Specific expression patterns of MsWOXs in different tissues at different levels indicated that the MsWOX genes play various roles in alfalfa. MsWUS, MsWOX3, MsWOX9, and MsWOX13-1 from the three subclades were localized in the nucleus, among which, MsWUS and MsWOX13-1 exhibited strong self-activations in yeast. In addition, various cis-acting elements related to hormone responses, plant growth, and stress responses were identified in the 3.0 kb promoter regions of MsWOXs. Expression detection of separated shoots and roots under hormones including auxin, cytokinin, GA, and ABA, as well as drought and cold stresses, showed that MsWOX genes respond to different hormones and abiotic stress treatments. Furthermore, transcript abundance of MsWOX3, and MsWOX13-2 were significantly increased after rhizobia inoculation. This study presented comprehensive data on MsWOX transcription factors and provided valuable insights into further studies of their roles in developmental processes and abiotic stress responses in alfalfa.

Abstract Organ shortage is a major barrier in transplantation and rules guarding organ allocation decisions should be robust, transparent, ethical and fair. Whilst numerous allocation strategies have been proposed, it is often unrealistic to evaluate all of them in real-life settings. Hence, the capability of conducting simulations prior to deployment is important. Here, we developed a kidney allocation simulation framework (simKAP) that aims to evaluate the allocation process and the complex clinical decision-making process of organ acceptance in kidney transplantation. Our findings have shown that incorporation of both the clinical decision-making and a dynamic wait-listing process resulted in the best agreement between the actual and simulated data in almost all scenarios. Additionally, several hypothetical risk-based allocation strategies were generated, and we found that these strategies improved recipients’ long-term post-transplant patient survival and reduced wait time for transplantation. The importance of simKAP lies in its ability for policymakers in any transplant community to evaluate any proposed allocation algorithm using in-silico simulation.

Background: Chronic Post-Stroke Fatigue (PSF) is a common and persistent complications among ischemic stroke survivors. The serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, as it is known has emerged as a critical risk factor for Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) and post-stroke cognitive and emotional impairment. However, no studies have been conducted on the link between HbA1c and PSF. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the relationship between HbA1c and PSF in the chronic phase. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on 559 patients diagnosed with their first AIS episode and admitted to Suining Central Hospital within three days after onset. All patients were examined for serum HbA1c, blood glucose levels and routine blood biochemical indicators at admission. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was employed to assess fatigue symptoms at six months post-stroke. Multivariate logistic regression and smooth curve fitting were used to analyze the relationship between admission HbA1c, blood glucose levels, discharge blood glucose and PSF, and the predictive value of HbA1c on PSF was assessed using a segmented linear regression model. Results: 189(33.8 %)of the 559 patients included in the study, reported PSF at six-month follow-up. Compared with the non-PSF group, the PSF group displayed significantly higher levels of HbA1c (7.8 ± 3.0 vs 6.5 ± 2.0 %, P

Background and Objective. The Bispectral Index (BIS) is utilized to guide the depth of anesthesia monitoring during surgical procedures. However, conflicting results regarding the benefits of BIS for depth of anesthesia monitoring have been reported in numerous studies. The purpose of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of BIS for depth of anesthesia monitoring. Search Methods. A systematic search of Ovid-MEDLINE, Cochrane, and PubMed was conducted from inception to April 20, 2023. Clinical trial registers and grey literature were also searched, and reference lists of included studies, as well as related review articles, were manually reviewed. Selection Criteria. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials without gender or age restrictions. The control groups used conventional monitoring, while the intervention groups utilized BIS monitoring. The exclusion criteria included duplicates, reviews, animal studies, unclear outcomes, and incomplete data. Data Collection and Analysis. Two independent reviewers screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality, with analyses conducted using R 4.0 software. Main Results. Forty studies were included. In comparison to the conventional depth of anesthesia monitoring, BIS monitoring reduced the postoperative cognitive dysfunction risk (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.73∼0.99, P=0.04), shortened the eye-opening time (MD = −1.34, 95% CI: −2.06∼−0.61, P

Understanding the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism has been a longstanding challenge in condensed matter physics. Here, the authors uncover a sensitive coupling between the two within the pressure-tuned phase diagram of EuTe 2 and find that certain magnetic orders can stabilize conventional superconductivity far exceeding the Pauli limit.

Abstract Background Cisplatin (DDP)-based chemotherapy is commonly adopted as the first-line treatment for patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the high rate of drug resistance limits its clinical application and the underlying mechanisms at play remain unclear. The aims of this study were to elucidate the role of abnormal signal transmission and metabolism in the chemoresistance of OSCC under hypoxia and to identify targeted drugs that enhance the sensitivity of DDP chemotherapy. Methods Upregulated genes in OSCC were determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and western blotting (WB). The clinicopathological significance of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF1R), argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) in OSCC was analysed using tissue micriarray (TMA). Metabolic abnormalities were determined by untargeted metabolomics analysis. The DDP-resistance role of IGF1R, ASS1, and PYCR1 in OSCC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results Generally, tumour cells exist in a hypoxic microenvironment. By genomic profiling, we determined that IGF1R, as a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), was upregulated in OSCC under low-oxygen conditions. Clinically, enhanced IGF1R expression was associated with higher tumour stages and a poorer prognosis in OSCC patients, and its inhibitor, linsitinib, showed synergistic effects with DDP therapy in vivo and in vitro. Since oxygen-deprivation frequently lead to metabolic reprogramming, we further learned via metabolomics analysis that abnormal IGF1R pathways promoted the expression of metabolic enzymes ASS1 and PYCR1 by the transcriptional activity of c-MYC. In detail, enhanced expression of ASS1 promotes arginine metabolism for biological anabolism, whereas PYCR1 activates proline metabolism for redox balance, which maintains the proliferation ability of OSCC cells during DDP treatment under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion Enhanced expression of ASS1 and PYCR1 via IGF1R pathways rewired arginine and proline metabolism, promoting DDP resistance in OSCC under hypoxia. Linsitinib targeting IGF1R signaling may lead to promising combination therapy options for OSCC patients with DDP resistance.

Objective: To explore the rate and effect factors of hearing aids utilization in Chinese community elderly people, as well as the benefit role of hearing aids in the association of hearing loss and cognition decline. Methods: This study was designed based on a longitudinal 7-years follow-up conducted in Shanghai (China). Demographic characteristics, hearing level, hearing aids utilization and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of participants were collected by Unified Needs Assessment Form for Elderly Care Questionnaire. Cognition function was assessed by Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) scale. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Hearing aids utilization rate in Chinese community elderly people is below 10 %. Participants with older age (≥80 years old), higher education (7–12 years and >12 years), who can manage money more independently were more likely to use hearing aids (P

Summary: Th9 cells are powerful effector T cells for cancer immunotherapy. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism of Th9 cells still needs to be further elucidated. Here, we show that Th9 cells express high levels of not only IL-9, but also IL-24. We found that knockout of Il24 gene in Th9 cells promotes Th9 cell proliferation in vitro, but decreases Th9 cell survival in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, knockout of Il24 gene in Th9 cells decreases the tumor-specific cytotoxicity of Th9 cells in vitro. In addition, immunotherapy with Il24 knockout Th9 cells exhibit less tumor inhibition than regular Th9 cells in mouse tumor models. We found that inhibition of Foxo1 by a specific inhibitor downregulates IL-24 expression in Th9 cells and decreases Th9 cell antitumor efficacy in vivo. Our results identify IL-24 as a powerful antitumor effector of Th9 cells and provide a target in Th9 cell-mediated tumor therapy.

Switchgrass is an important bioenergy crop valued for its biomass yield and abiotic tolerance. Alkali stress is a major abiotic stress that significantly impedes plant growth and yield due to high salinity and pH; however, the response mechanism of switchgrass to alkali stress remains limited. Here, we characterized PvARL1, an ARF-like gene, which was up-regulated in both the shoot and root tissues under alkali stress conditions. Overexpression of PvARL1 not only improved alkali tolerance but also promoted biomass yield with more tiller and higher plant height in switchgrass. Moreover, PvARL1 overexpression lines displayed higher capacities in the maintenance of water content and photosynthetic stability compared with the controls under alkali treatments. A significant reduction in the ratio of electrolyte leakage, MDA content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that PvARL1 plays a positive role in protecting cell membrane integrity. In addition, PvARL1 also negatively affected the K+ efflux or uptake in roots to alleviate ion toxicity under alkali treatments. Overall, our results suggest that PvARL1 functions as a positive regulator in plant growth as well as in the plant response to alkali stress, which could be used to improve switchgrass biomass yield and alkali tolerance genetically.

IntroductionEarly and effective application of antimicrobial medication has been evidenced to improve outcomes of patients with bloodstream infection (BSI). However, conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) have a number of limitations that hamper a rapid diagnosis.MethodsWe retrospectively collected 162 cases suspected BSI from intensive care unit with blood metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) results, to comparatively evaluate the diagnostic performance and the clinical impact on antibiotics usage of mNGS.Results and discussionResults showed that compared with blood culture, mNGS detected a greater number of pathogens, especially for Aspergillus spp, and yielded a significantly higher positive rate. With the final clinical diagnosis as the standard, the sensitivity of mNGS (excluding viruses) was 58.06%, significantly higher than that of blood culture (34.68%, P

[Purpose/Significance] As an important research field of scientometrics, spatial scientometrics has been specifically proposed by scholars to discuss the spatial aspects of scientific research activities. At present, scholars at home and abroad have carried out quantitative research of spatial scientometrics, covering almost all aspects of scientometrics; however, there is little systematic review of the concept and research progress of spatial scientometrics. This article systematically reviews, analyzes, and summarizes the related research work of spatial scientometrics, with an aim to provide a reference for scholars to carry out spatial scientometrics research. [Method/Process] Based on the introduction of the concept of scientometrics and spatial scientometrics, this paper uses the literature research method to expound from three aspects including research theme, research method and visualization practice. [Results/Conclusions] The research finds that the current spatial scientometrics research is mainly based on the geographical location attributes of scientific information, and comprehensively uses bibliometric methods, network analysis methods, model construction and statistical methods, and multi-indicators construction methods to examine scientific collaboration, scientific research output and knowledge flow. This research also reveals the remaining problems and challenges in spatial scientometrics. First, in terms of the theoretical research system, spatial scientometrics essentially serves a specific field of scientometrics research, drawing on technical methods from the fields of computer science, network science, and economic geography, and has not formed a relatively independent theoretical system. Second, in terms of method applicability and utility research, its method selection is also arbitrary. Regarding the same research problems, researchers usually choose their own and familiar methods and tools based on experience. Thus, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the scientificity and validity of their analysis results, and even different research methods and tools reveal opposed so-called "characteristics and laws". Third, in terms of data analysis sources, the existing research is mostly around the data collected from Web of Science and Scopus databases. However, for a comprehensive and objective analysis of the spatial structure of scientific activities, other forms of data should be considered such as reports, the fund-funded projects and policy documents. Last, for data acquisition, when using the literature database to conduct quantitative research, since many well-known institutions and companies are not centrally distributed organizations, it is difficult to guarantee the author's real address. Due to the different scope and definition criteria of cities in different countries, an analysis of city-level data would affect the accuracy of the analysis results.

CONSTANS (CO) is a central regulator of floral initiation in response to photoperiod. In this study, we show that the GSK3 kinase BIN2 physically interacts with CO and the gain-of-function mutant bin2-1 displays late flowering phenotype through down-regulation of FT transcription. Genetic analyses show that BIN2 genetically acts upstream of CO in regulating flowering time. Further, we illustrate that BIN2 phosphorylates the Thr280 residue of CO. Importantly, the BIN2 phosphorylation of Thr280 residue restricts the function of CO in promoting flowering through affecting its DNA-binding activity. Moreover, we reveal that the N-terminal part of CO harboring the B-Box domain mediates the interaction of both CO-CO and BIN2-CO. We find that BIN2 inhibits the formation of CO dimer/oligomer. Taken together, this study reveals that BIN2 regulates flowering time through phosphorylating the Thr280 of CO and inhibiting the CO-CO interaction in Arabidopsis.

The low photoluminescence of monolayer transition metal disulfides remains a challenge for their optoelectronic application. Here the authors present an effective and green method to enhance the photoluminescence of monolayer MoS2 and WS2, and a detailed mechanistic picture of the treatments.

Microwave plasma can improve the performance of ignition and combustion, as well as reduce pollutant emissions. By designing a novel microwave feeding device, the combustor can be used as a cavity resonator to generate microwave plasma and improve the performance of ignition and combustion. In order to feed the energy of microwave into the combustor as much as possible, and effectively adapt to the change in resonance frequency of combustor during ignition and combustion, the combustor was designed and manufactured by optimizing the size of slot antenna and setting the tuning screws, according to the simulation results of HFSS software (version: 2019 R 3). The relationship between the size, position of metal tip in the combustor and the discharge voltage was studied using HFSS software, as well as the interaction between ignition kernel, flame and microwave. The resonant characteristics of combustor and the discharge of microwave-assisted igniter were subsequently studied via experiments. The results show that the combustor as microwave cavity resonator has a wider resonance curve and can adapt to the change in resonance frequency during ignition and combustion. It is also indicated that microwave can enhance the discharge development of igniter and increase the discharge size. Based on this, the electric and magnetic field effects of microwave are decoupled.

Alkyl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), are ubiquitously detected in indoor and outdoor environments and their inhalation may result in lung damage. This study examined pulmonary toxicity after exposure to TnBP or TBOEP and investigated aggravation of inflammation and immunoreaction by TnBP in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mice model. Transcriptomics were used to further reveal the underlying mechanism. Exposure to TnBP or TBOEP resulted in pathological damage, including edema and thickened alveolar septum. In comparison with the control, enhanced levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p

Calcium and oxygen are abundant elements in the Earth’s mantle, largely present as calcium oxide. Here the authors show, by experiments and computations, that calcium ozonide (CaO3) is stabilized at the high pressures and temperatures characteristic of the lower mantle, with implications for the deep Earth’s chemistry.

Forecasting the state of health and remaining useful life of batteries is a challenge that limits technologies such as electric vehicles. Here, the authors build an accurate battery performance forecasting system using machine learning.

Ferromagnetic quasi-atomic behavior of interstitial anionic electrons (IAEs) in practical electrides is yet to be discovered experimentally. Here, the authors reveal that IAEs in two-dimensional electride [Gd2C]²+⋅2e- behave as magnetic elements with their own magnetic moment.

Traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide in severely injured patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties and tissue repair potential mainly through a paracrine pathway mediated by MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role during the inflammatory response, with a broad range of effects on innate and adaptive immunity, preventing damage to the host and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. However, the function and mechanism of IL-10 in MSC-mediated protective effect in THS remain obscure. Here, we show that MSCs significantly attenuate hepatic injury and inflammation from THS in mice. Notably, these beneficial effects of MSCs disappeared when IL-10 was knocked out in EVs or when recombinant IL-10 was administered to mice. Mechanistically, MSC-EVs function to carry and deliver IL-10 as cargo. WT MSC-EVs restored the function of IL-10 KO MSCs during THS injury. We further demonstrated that EVs containing IL-10 mainly accumulated in the liver during THS, where they were captured by Kupffer cells and induced the expression of PTPN22. These effects subsequently shifted Kupffer cells to an anti-inflammatory phenotype and mitigated liver inflammation and injury. Therefore, our study indicates that MSC-EVs containing IL-10 alleviate THS-induced hepatic injury and may serve as a cell-free therapeutic approach for THS.

Under the action of unidirectional water migration, museum soil sites generally encounter erosion through dry cracking, salt enrichment, etc. In this paper, the earthen site of the Terra Cotta Warriors Museum of the First Emperor of Qin was used as the research object, and the “hydrophobic” property of coated sand was proposed to prevent water migration and salt accumulation. Through the soil column experiment of water salt migration and the HYDRUS software numerical simulation, the water salt migration law of the soil in the heritage site under different conditions and the characteristics of water and salt resistance of plastic-coated sand were studied. The results showed that the salt damage on the earthen ruins was mainly due to the horizontal and vertical migration of water and salt in soil. After embedding the coated sand layer into the soil environment under the earthen site, the vertical and horizontal migration of water and salt in the soil can be completely prevented due to precipitation and groundwater. The coated sand protection technology and method proposed in this paper use materials similar to those of the earthen, and provide a feasible method for the protection of cultural relics in our country.

Background: Our study aims to enhance the understanding of lymph node venous networks (LNVNs) by summarising their anatomical, sonographic features, and reflux patterns. Method: We examined 241 legs from 141 patients with primary chronic venous disease (CVD) using duplex ultrasound. Results: The findings indicated variations in the shape, size, vascularity, and echogenicity of LNVN. The superficial inguinal lymph node with reflux appeared slightly larger, exhibiting higher velocities in the hilar artery. Regarding connections, venous flow within LNVN was predominantly drained through the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), anterior accessory great saphenous vein (AAGSV), and great saphenous vein (GSV). A significant number of LNVNs were observed to be associated with anterolateral thigh tributaries. The study also identified valve cusps within LNVN. Conclusion: This study revealed a 12% prevalence of primary LNVN. Understanding the anatomical and haemodynamic features of LNVN informs treatment strategies and potentially helps prevent the recurrence of varicose veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Binary communication systems that involve sex‐specific signaling and sex‐specific signal perception play a key role in sexual selection and in the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits. The driving forces and genetic changes underlying such traits can be investigated in systems where sex‐specific signaling and perception have emerged recently and show evidence of potential coevolution. A promising model is found in Drosophila prolongata, which exhibits a species‐specific increase in the number of male chemosensory bristles. We show that this transition coincides with recent evolutionary changes in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. Long‐chain CHCs that are sexually monomorphic in the closest relatives of D. prolongata (D. rhopaloa, D. carrolli, D. kurseongensis, and D. fuyamai) are strongly male‐biased in this species. We also identify an intraspecific female‐limited polymorphism, where some females have male‐like CHC profiles. Both the origin of sexually dimorphic CHC profiles and the female‐limited polymorphism in D. prolongata involve changes in the relative amounts of three mono‐alkene homologs, 9‐tricosene, 9‐pentacosene, and 9‐heptacosene, all of which share a common biosynthetic origin and point to a potentially simple genetic change underlying these traits. Our results suggest that pheromone synthesis may have coevolved with chemosensory perception and open the way for reconstructing the origin of sexual dimorphism in this communication system.

The miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors play key roles in regulating plant development, but little is known about their function in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we report that the miR156-targeted SPLs enhance ABA responses and contribute to the inhibition of pre-harvest sprouting. We find that SPL9 directly activates the expression of ABA responsive genes through binding to their promoters. SPL9 was further shown to physically interact with ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5), a master transcription factor in ABA signaling, thus promoting its association with the promoters of ABA responsive genes. Furthermore, we reveal that the protein kinases SnRK2s interact with and phosphorylate SPL9, which is essential for its role in the activation of ABA responses. Together, our results disclose a SnRK2s-SPLs-ABI5 regulatory module in ABA signaling in Arabidopsis.

Intercropping can effectively control some plant soil-borne diseases. However, few studies on intercropping have focused on forage grass as companion plants. In this experiment, Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) was selected as the intercropping forage to explore whether it could control tomato stem rot. We found that: (1) tomato intercropped with tall fescue had a significantly lower disease incidence and disease index of tomato stem rot than sole tomato; (2) the antifungal activities of the root exudates of tomato and tall fescue in intercropping system were significantly higher than those of sole tomato or tall fescue. Meanwhile, it was inferred that the main allelochemicals might be cyclohexane-1, 2-diol and putrescine based on the GC-MS analysis of root exudates of tall fescue. (3) RNA-seq suggested that intercropping with tall fescue significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to pathogenesis-related proteins and hormone metabolism of tomato compared to those in sole tomato.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important and widely cultivated leguminous forage crop with high biomass yield and rich nutritional value. The effects of exogenous melatonin content regulation on alfalfa stress tolerance have been investigated in recent years. Here, we isolated and introduced the MsASMT1 (N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase) gene into alfalfa, which significantly improved the endogenous melatonin content. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, MsASMT1 overexpression (OE-MsASMT1) plants exhibited a series of phenotypic changes, including vigorous growth, increased plant height, enlarged leaves and robust stems with increased cell sizes, cell numbers and vascular bundles, as well as more branches. We also found that the flavonoid content and lignin composition of syringyl to guaiacyl ratio (S/G) were decreased and the cellulose content was increased in OE-MsASMT1 transgenic alfalfa. Further transcriptomic and metabolomic exploration revealed that a large group of genes in phenylalanine pathway related to flavonoids and lignin biosynthesis were significantly altered, accompanied by significantly reduced concentrations of the glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin and biochanin in OE-MsASMT1 transgenic alfalfa. Our study first uncovers the effects of endogenous melatonin on alfalfa growth and metabolism. This report provides insights into the regulation effects of melatonin on plant growth and phenylalanine metabolism, especially flavonoids and lignin biosynthesis.