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Nutmeg is a spice with a rich history of culinary and medicinal use. It boasts a diverse array of bioactive compounds with promising health-promoting properties, making it a subject of increasing interest in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. This review article delves into the sustainable extraction of nutmeg phytochemicals, exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with adopting green extraction techniques. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the potential of green extraction methods to harness nutmeg’s valuable phytochemicals while mitigating the environmental impact of the extraction process. The article then explores the prospective green extraction strategies, highlighting various techniques and technologies that have been applied successfully to obtain nutmeg phytochemicals in an eco-friendly manner. Through case studies, we present real-world examples that showcase the viability and advantages of green extraction approaches. Nevertheless, the road to sustainable nutmeg extraction is challenging. In conclusion, this review underscores the potential of green extraction techniques to unlock the vast promise of nutmeg phytochemicals. By identifying prospective strategies and addressing associated roadblocks, we offer insights into a more sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to nutmeg extraction, providing valuable guidance for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers seeking to enhance the nutmeg sector while prioritizing sustainability and environmental conservation.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the removal of methylene blue dye by bio-polishing sludge-based adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized according to the specific surface area, pH upon the treatment and surface functional groups. The adsorption of dye was carried out at room temperature, and the adsorption data were analyzed using the isotherm and kinetics models. The bio-polishing sludge is rich in ash content, and the presence of surface functional groups varied with the treatment strategies. The specific surface area of adsorbents is between 7.25 and 20.8 m2/g. Results show that the maximum removal of methylene blue by sludge adsorbents was observed to have the following order: untreated sludge (SR) > zinc chloride-treated (SZ) > microwave-dried (SW) = potassium carbonate-treated (SK) > acid-washed (SH). The maximum adsorption capacities for SR and SZ as predicted by the Langmuir model are 170 and 135 mg/g, respectively. Although SR demonstrates a higher maximum removal than SZ, the latter exhibits greater removal intensity and rate constant even at high dye concentration. The bio-polishing sludge is a promising adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment.

An accurate and suitable semi-empirical model is crucial to determine the solubility of plant extracts in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) assisted by ethanol as a co-solvent. In this paper, a new solubility model was proposed to correlate the plant solubility to SC-CO2 and ethanol. The accuracy and capability of the new model were evaluated by fitting it with published solubility datasets. The overall percentage of average absolute relative deviation was 12.13%, and the average coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.89. Comparisons between the results of the new model and the published models showed an excellent capability and accuracy in fitting solute solubility in SC-CO2 in the presence of ethanol as a co-solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare the extraction of peanut skin using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and soxhlet extraction in terms of oil yield and catechin. For supercritical fluid extraction, the temperatures used were 40 and 70°C, while pressure used was 10 and 30 MPa, the flow rate was CO2 3 mL/min, and the concentration of co-solvents was 0 and 5%. Meanwhile, for soxhlet extraction, the extraction time was 6 hr with ethanol, hexane and water as the solvents. The results showed that soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield of extract (36.282%) using ethanol as solvent as compared with supercritical CO2 extraction (15.47%) at pressure 30 MPa, temperature 70°C and 5% concentration of co-solvent. This study reveals that the extracts from SC-CO2 extraction yielded the highest amount of catechin (208.73 µg/g sample) compared with that yielded in the soxhlet extraction (42.24 73 µg/g sample) with distilled water as a solvent analysed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid identification, classification and discrimination tool, using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was developed and applied to determine the profile of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of Parkia speciosa seeds under various temperature and pressure conditions (313, 323, 333, 343, 353 and 363 K and 20.68, 27.58, 34.47, 41.37, 48.26, and 55.16 MPa). The separation and identification of the compounds was carried out by Gas Chromatography coupled with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). This technique has made it possible to detect the variability obtained under different SFE conditions and the separation of different chemical compounds in P. speciosa seeds. The FTIR-PCA results were verified by GC/TOF-MS, and the FTIR-PCA method successfully identified the unsaturated carboxylic acids with the highest percentage area under the different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is to determine the solubility of castor oil by using supercritical carbon dioxide as extracting solvent. A simple dynamic technique was used to obtain the solubility of castor oil in supercritical carbon dioxide. The solubility was measured at temperatures ranging from 313 to 335 K and pressures from 20 to 36 MPa. Under extraction conditions, the measured solubilities were in the range from 1.29 × 10 −3 to 4.88 × 10 −3 (g of oil)/(g of CO 2 ). Measurements confirmed that temperature and pressure have direct effects on solubility-enhancement factors. Five semi-empirical models were tested for their ability to correlate experimental data: the Chrastil, Del Valle Aguilera (VA), Bartle, Kumar and Johnston (KJ), and Mendez-Santiago and Teja (MST) models. Over the temperature and pressure ranges studied, solubilities from these models had the following average absolute relative deviations from experimental data: Chrastil, VA, Bartle, KJ and MST models with an average absolute relative deviation percent (AARD%) of 0.05%, 0.30%, 0.38%, 5.98% and 28.4%, respectively. Thus, the Chrastil, VA and Bartle models correlated the castor oil solubility data with the lowest AARD%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]