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Abstract Background Football, as a global phenomenon, intertwines team quality and fan attachment. This study, centered on Changchun Yatai Football Club (CYFC) fans, explores how emotional satisfaction acts as a mediator in this intricate relationship, providing nuanced perspectives crucial for understanding and optimizing the dynamics of fan-team connections in football culture. Objectives The primary objective of this research is to examine the influence of team quality on emotional satisfaction and fans’ attachment. Additionally, it aims to investigate the mediating role of emotional satisfaction in the relationship between team quality and fans’ attachment. By achieving these objectives, the study seeks to contribute valuable insights into the dynamics of fan-team relationships in the context of football. Methodology The research adopts an applied approach in terms of its purpose, aiming to provide practical implications for football clubs. The data collection method is descriptive, utilizing electronic questionnaires voluntarily completed by 396 fans of CYFC. The research tool comprises three questionnaires: the team quality questionnaire adapted from Zhan et al. (1997), the emotional satisfaction questionnaire developed by Reynold and Bettie (1999), and a researcher-made attachment questionnaire. Structural equation modeling is employed to analyze the gathered data. Results The results obtained through structural equation modeling reveal a significant impact of team quality on both emotional satisfaction and fans’ attachment. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship is identified between emotional satisfaction and fans’ attachment. The study also confirms the positive mediating role of emotional satisfaction in the connection between team quality and fans’ attachment. Conclusions In conclusion, the research suggests that football clubs can influence fans’ attachment by strategically enhancing team quality. This improvement can be achieved through measures such as acquiring high-quality players and stars. Understanding and addressing the mediating role of emotional satisfaction can be a key strategy for clubs looking to strengthen their connection with fans. The findings provide practical insights for football clubs seeking to optimize their strategies for fan engagement and attachment.

Abstract The effective design of combinatorial libraries to balance fitness and diversity facilitates the engineering of useful enzyme functions, particularly those that are poorly characterized or unknown in biology. We introduce MODIFY, a machine learning (ML) algorithm that learns from natural protein sequences to infer evolutionarily plausible mutations and predict enzyme fitness. MODIFY co-optimizes predicted fitness and sequence diversity of starting libraries, prioritizing high-fitness variants while ensuring broad sequence coverage. In silico evaluation shows that MODIFY outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised methods in zero-shot fitness prediction and enables ML-guided directed evolution with enhanced efficiency. Using MODIFY, we engineer generalist biocatalysts derived from a thermostable cytochrome c to achieve enantioselective C-B and C-Si bond formation via a new-to-nature carbene transfer mechanism, leading to biocatalysts six mutations away from previously developed enzymes while exhibiting superior or comparable activities. These results demonstrate MODIFY’s potential in solving challenging enzyme engineering problems beyond the reach of classic directed evolution.

Abstract With the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), creating devices to digitalize aspects of pulse diagnosis has proved to be challenging. The currently available pulse detection devices usually rely on external pressure devices, which are either bulky or poorly integrated, hindering their practical application. In this work, we propose an innovative wearable active pressure three-channel pulse monitoring device based on TCM pulse diagnosis methods. It combines a flexible pressure sensor array, flexible airbag array, active pressure control unit, advanced machine learning approach, and a companion mobile application for human–computer interaction. Due to the high sensitivity (460.1 kPa−1), high linearity (R 2 > 0.999) and flexibility of the flexible pressure sensors, the device can accurately simulate finger pressure to collect pulse waves (Cun, Guan, and Chi) at different external pressures on the wrist. In addition, by measuring the change in pulse wave amplitude at different pressures, an individual’s blood pressure status can be successfully predicted. This enables truly wearable, actively pressurized, continuous wireless dynamic monitoring of wrist pulse health. The innovative and integrated design of this pulse monitoring platform could provide a new paradigm for digitizing aspects of TCM and other smart healthcare systems.

Supersonic and hypersonic flows have gained considerable attention in the aerospace industry in recent years. Flow control is crucial for refining the quality of these high-speed flows and improving the performance and safety of fast aircraft. This paper discusses the distinctive characteristics of supersonic flows compared to low-speed flows, including phenomena such as boundary layer transition, shock waves, and sonic boom. These traits give rise to significant challenges related to drag, noise, and heat. Therefore, a review of several active and passive control strategies is provided, highlighting their significant advancements in flow transitions, reducing drag, minimizing noise, and managing heat. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive analysis of various research methodologies used in the application of flow control engineering, including wind tunnel testing, flight testing, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This work gives an overview of the present state of flow control research and offers insights into potential future advancements.

Abstract The discovery of Mn-Ca complex in photosystem II stimulates research of manganese-based catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, conventional chemical strategies face challenges in regulating the four electron-proton processes of OER. Herein, we investigate alpha-manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) with typical MnIV-O-MnIII-HxO motifs as a model for adjusting proton coupling. We reveal that pre-equilibrium proton-coupled redox transition provides an adjustable energy profile for OER, paving the way for in-situ enhancing proton coupling through a new “reagent”— external electric field. Based on the α-MnO2 single-nanowire device, gate voltage induces a 4-fold increase in OER current density at 1.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the proof-of-principle external electric field-assisted flow cell for water splitting demonstrates a 34% increase in current density and a 44.7 mW/cm² increase in net output power. These findings indicate an in-depth understanding of the role of proton-incorporated redox transition and develop practical approach for high-efficiency electrocatalysis.

Methionine oxidation can substantially alter the structure and functionality of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), especially when it occurs in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). It is imperative to fully understand the effects of methionine oxidation because these modifications can affect the binding affinity, stability, and immunogenicity of mAbs. Moreover, the presence of multiple methionines in close proximity within the amino acid sequence increases the complexity of accurate characterization, and sophisticated analytical methods are required to detect these modifications. In this study, we used hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and homology modeling to investigate the effects of dual methionine oxidations (heavy chain (HC) Met111 and Met115) within a single CDR on the structure of a mAb. Our findings reveal that the solvent-accessible methionine (HC Met111) is more prone to oxidation, but such a modification does not result in conformational changes in the mAb. In contrast, the methionine (HC Met115) at the VH-VL interface, when subjected to different oxidative stresses, can undergo oxidation with selective stereochemistry. This can lead to predominant formation of either the S- or R-form of methionine sulfoxide diastereomer, each of which can induce distinct local conformational changes. A mechanism is proposed to elucidate these observations in this particular antibody. Furthermore, binding assays confirm that both CDR methionine oxidations do not compromise antigen binding, which alleviates concerns about potential loss of therapeutic efficacy.

Ultrasound imaging stands as the predominant modality for neonatal health assessment, with recent advancements in ultrafast Doppler (μDoppler) technology offering significant promise in fields such as neonatal brain imaging. Combining μDoppler with high-frequency ultrasound (HF-μDoppler) presents a potential efficient avenue to enhance in vivo microvascular imaging in small animals, notably newborn rats, a crucial preclinical animal model for neonatal disease and development research. It is necessary to verify the imaging performance of HF-μDoppler in preclinical trials. This study investigates the microvascular imaging capabilities of HF-μDoppler using a 30 MHz high-frequency linear array probe in newborn rats. Results demonstrate the clarity of cerebral microvascular imaging in rats aged 1 to 7 postnatal days, extending to whole-body microvascular imaging, encompassing the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. In conclusion, HF-μDoppler technology emerges as a reliable imaging tool, offering a new perspective for preclinical investigations into neonatal diseases and development.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of activin A on the migration and adhesion of murine breast cancer 4T1 cells. MethodsThe viability of in vitro cultured 4T1 cells was studied using the 3- (4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Scratch assay was conducted to evaluate the wound healing capacity of 4T1 cells. The ability of adhesion of 4T1 cells was detected by real time cell analysis (RTCA). The microfluidic chip-based cell patterning was used to assay 4T1 cells migration. Results MTT assay results showed that the optical density (OD) values of culture medium of 4T1 cells of control group, treated with activin A of 1.25, 5, and 20 (ng/mL) for 24 hours were 0.47 ± 0.01, 0.53 ± 0.006, 0.63 ± 0.02, and 0.66 ± 0.02 and those treated for 48 hours were 0.63 ± 0.04, 0.68 ± 0.01, 0.75 ± 0.03, and 0.85 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating significantly increased viability of 4T1 cells treated with activin A of 5 and 20 ng/mL (P < 0.01 for all). Significantly difference was observed in percentage of migration area between 4T1 cells of control (18.3 ± 2.15%) and those treated with activin A (37.0 ± 1.44%) in scratch-wounded test (P < 0.01). The microfluidic observation showed that the number of migrated cells per vision field was 16 ± 3 for 4T1 cells treated with 20 ng/mL activin A for 12 hours, significantly higher than that (8 ± 2) of control cells in microfluidic chip-based cell patterning (P < 0.01). RTCA showed a significant difference in cell index between control 4T1 cells and the 4T1 cells treated with 20 ng/mL activin A for 8 hours (1.06 ± 0.12 vs. 1.43 ± 0.05, P < 0.01). ConclusionIn summary, activin A promotes not only viability, but also migration and adhesion of murine breast cancer 4T1 cells, which may play an important role in metastasis of breast cancer cells.

Abstract Post-surgical treatments of the human throat often require continuous monitoring of diverse vital and muscle activities. However, wireless, continuous monitoring and analysis of these activities directly from the throat skin have not been developed. Here, we report the design and validation of a fully integrated standalone stretchable device platform that provides wireless measurements and machine learning-based analysis of diverse vibrations and muscle electrical activities from the throat. We demonstrate that the modified composite hydrogel with low contact impedance and reduced adhesion provides high-quality long-term monitoring of local muscle electrical signals. We show that the integrated triaxial broad-band accelerometer also measures large body movements and subtle physiological activities/vibrations. We find that the combined data processed by a 2D-like sequential feature extractor with fully connected neurons facilitates the classification of various motion/speech features at a high accuracy of over 90%, which adapts to the data with noise from motion artifacts or the data from new human subjects. The resulting standalone stretchable device with wireless monitoring and machine learning-based processing capabilities paves the way to design and apply wearable skin-interfaced systems for the remote monitoring and treatment evaluation of various diseases.

Abstract Extreme fast charging of Ampere-hour (Ah)-scale electrochemical energy storage devices targeting charging times of less than 10 minutes are desired to increase widespread adoption. However, this metric is difficult to achieve in conventional Li-ion batteries due to their inherent reaction mechanism and safety hazards at high current densities. In this work, we report 1 Ah soft-package potassium-ion hybrid supercapacitors (PIHCs), which combine the merits of high-energy density of battery-type negative electrodes and high-power density of capacitor-type positive electrodes. The PIHC consists of a defect-rich, high specific surface area N-doped carbon nanotube-based positive electrode, MnO quantum dots inlaid spacing-expanded carbon nanotube-based negative electrode, carbonate-based non-aqueous electrolyte, and a binder- and current collector-free cell design. Through the optimization of the cell configuration, electrodes, and electrolyte, the full cells (1 Ah) exhibit a cell voltage up to 4.8 V, high full-cell level specific energy of 140 Wh kg−1 (based on the whole mass of device) with a full charge of 6 minutes. An 88% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 10 C (10 A) and a voltage retention of 99% at 25 ± 1 °C are also demonstrated.

Early socialization during lactation is advocated as a feeding strategy to reduce the weaning stress of piglets. However, early socialization has often been accompanied by more frequent aggression between individuals, and its effect on the immune system of piglets has yet to be evaluated. In this study, 89 piglets were raised separately under conventional feeding and early socialization environments. Based on differences in the aggressive behavior of the piglets in different environments during lactation, we further investigated the effects of early socialization on oxidative stress in the spleen of the piglets and the inflammatory responses involved in the canonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The results revealed that early socialization led to a higher aggression level between individuals (p < 0.01), increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and inhibited glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the piglet spleens (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the protein kinase A (PKA), inhibitor of kappa B kinase-α (IKK-α), inhibitor of kappa B kinase-β (IKK-β), inhibitor of NF-κB-α (IκB-α), NF-κB(p65), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), iNOS, and heat shock protein (HSP) genes were significantly up-regulated, as well as the protein levels of P-p65, IKK-β, P-IkB-α, pro-IL-1β, and TNF-α. In summary, early socialization caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the spleen of the piglets by inducing ROS production and the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Our study revealed that early socialization significantly increased the ROS level in the piglet spleens and activated the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which induced a high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX2) and HSP genes regulated by NF-κB signaling, leading to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response.

Abstract Conventional solid-to-solid conversion-type cathodes in batteries suffer from poor diffusion/reaction kinetics, large volume changes and aggressive structural degradation, particularly for rechargeable aluminium batteries (RABs). Here we report a class of high-capacity redox couples featuring a solution-to-solid conversion chemistry with well-manipulated solubility as cathodes—uniquely allowed by using molten salt electrolytes—that enable fast-charging and long-lived RABs. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a highly reversible redox couple—the highly soluble InCl and the sparingly soluble InCl3—that exhibits a high capacity of about 327 mAh g−1 with negligible cell overpotential of only 35 mV at 1 C rate and 150 °C. The cells show almost no capacity fade over 500 cycles at a 20 C charging rate and can sustain 100 mAh g−1 at 50 C. The fast oxidation kinetics of the solution phase upon initiating the charge enables the cell with ultrafast charging capability, whereas the structure self-healing via re-forming the solution phase at the end of discharge endows the long-term cycling stability. This solution-to-solid mechanism will unlock more multivalent battery cathodes that are attractive in cost but plagued by poor reaction kinetics and short cycle life.

Highlights A comprehensive discussion of the approaches for developing carbon-based sulfur hosts is presented, encompassing structural design and functional optimization. The recent implementation of effective machine learning methods in discovering carbon-based sulfur hosts has been systematically examined. The challenges and future directions of carbon-based sulfur hosts for practically application have been comprehensively discussed. A summary of the strengths and weaknesses, along with the outlook on carbon-based sulfur hosts for practical application has been incorporated.

Abstract As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non‐invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long‐term use, which greatly limits the development of miniaturized implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturized power sources along with their advantages and limitations is given. Despite recent advances in microfabrication techniques, biocompatible materials have facilitated the development of IMEs system toward non‐invasive, ultra‐flexible, bioresorbable, wireless and multifunctional, progress in the development of minimally invasive power sources in implantable systems has remained limited. Here three promising minimally invasive power sources summarized, including energy storage devices (biodegradable primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), human body energy harvesters (nanogenerators and biofuel cells) and wireless power transfer (far‐field radiofrequency radiation, near‐field wireless power transfer, ultrasonic and photovoltaic power transfer). The energy storage and energy harvesting mechanism, configurational design, material selection, output power and in vivo applications are also discussed. It is expected to give a comprehensive understanding of the minimally invasive power sources driven IMEs system for painless health monitoring and biomedical therapy with long‐term stable functions.

Nitrite is an environmental pollutant in cultures of Macrobrachium nipponense and may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis. The oriental river prawn is an important economic aquaculture species in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia but is experiencing degradation of germplasm resources. Hybridization is a means of genetic improvement that could help to overcome this serious problem. In this study, the parental population (Dianshan Lake (DS) and Dongting Lake (DT)) and the hybrid population were exposed to 0 and 10 mg/L nitrite for 96 h. The survival rate of the hybrid group was significantly greater than the DS and DT groups (P

ABSTRACTDevelopment of novel bispecific antibody (bsAb) platforms offers unprecedented opportunities for a wide variety of therapeutic applications. However, the expression and manufacturing of bsAbs with desired structures can be challenging. Owing to the uniqueness of each bsAb platform, more comprehensive and customized structural characterization is particularly important to understand the chemical or biological reactivity of bsAbs, as well as to guide process development, risk assessment, and manufacturing. In this work, we performed higher order structure characterization of the Regeneron bsAb platform with Fc site-specific substitutions through hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Structural deprotection was identified at the CH2-CH3 interface in the Fc domain, owing to the site-specific substitutions. The structural deprotection was found to correlate with the decreased conformational stability of Fc domain. Under oxidative and thermal stress conditions, the Met residues located near the structurally deprotected region were identified to be susceptible to oxidation. In addition, the introduction of substitutions in the bsAb Fc resulted in a slight reduction of its binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The detailed structural elucidation by HDX-MS improves understanding of the structure–property relationship of the Regeneron bsAb format, thus greatly aiding in process development, risk assessment, and manufacturing.

Abstract Recently, flexible iontronic pressure sensors (FIPSs) with higher sensitivities and wider sensing ranges than conventional capacitive sensors have been widely investigated. Due to the difficulty of fabricating the nanostructures that are commonly used on electrodes and ionic layers by screen printing techniques, strategies for fabricating such devices using these techniques to drive their mass production have rarely been reported. Herein, for the first time, we employed a 2-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as both an additive and an ionic liquid reservoir in an ionic film, making the sensor printable and significantly improving its sensitivity and sensing range through screen printing. The engineered sensor exhibited high sensitivity (Smin> 261.4 kPa−1) and a broad sensing range (0.05–450 kPa), and it was capable of stable operation at a high pressure (400 kPa) for more than 5000 cycles. In addition, the integrated sensor array system allowed accurate monitoring of wrist pressure and showed great potential for health care systems. We believe that using h-BN as an additive in an ionic material for screen-printed FIPS could greatly inspire research on 2D materials for similar systems and other types of sensors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was employed for the first time to make iontronic pressure sensor arrays with high sensitivity and a broad sensing range by screen printing.

The influence of polymer emulsion, pigment filler, and dispersant on the corrosion resistance of polymer cement-based composite anti-corrosion coatings were investigated in this study. Adhesion loss rate tests and electrochemical tests were conducted on samples. The research results show that optimal corrosion resistance can be achieved with a 45 wt% dosage of emulsion, a 6 wt% dosage of pigment filler, and a 0.30 wt% dosage of dispersant. The bonding properties of bare steel bars, epoxy-coated steel bars, and polymer cement-based composite anti-corrosion coated steel bars with grout were compared. The results show that the polymer cement-based composite anti-corrosion coating can enhance the bonding properties of the samples. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis was conducted on the samples. The results demonstrate that the appropriate addition of emulsion can fill internal pores of the coating, tightly bonding hydration products with unhydrated cement particles. Moreover, incorporating a suitable dosage of functional additives enhances the stability of the coating system and leads to a denser microstructure.

Abstract Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage industries. An understanding of the reaction processes and degradation mechanism in LIBs is crucial for optimizing their performance. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a surface‐sensitive tool has been applied in the real‐time monitoring of the interfacial processes within lithium batteries. Here, we reviewed the recent progress of the application of in situ AFM for battery characterizations, including LIBs, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. We summarized advances in the in situ AFM for recording electrode/electrolyte interface, mechanical properties, morphological changes, and surface evolution. Future directions of in situ AFM for the development of lithium batteries were also discussed in this review.

Bimetallic cobalt–nickel supported on carbon fiber (Co-Ni@CF) was synthesized by a straightforward homogeneous co-precipitation approach. Electrochemical results demonstrated that the modified Co-Ni@CF electrode demonstrated excellent electrooxidation activity toward dopamine (DA) and hydroquinone (HQ) without any other activating treatments, which could be modified as an electrochemical biosensor for DA and HQ detection simultaneously. The as-proposed biosensor was developed for simultaneous detection of DA and HQ, featuring low detection limits (LODs) of 0.4698 μM for DA and 0.2388 mM for HQ, respectively. The sensor also offers broad linear ranges for DA (5.0–30 μM), and HQ (0.5–5.0 mM). Along with these attractive features, the Co-Ni@CF electrode also performed good long-term stability and reproducibility, making it a promising candidate for electrochemical biosensing of DA and HQ.

Summary: Rapid, reliable, sensitive, portable, and accurate diagnostics are required to control disease outbreaks such as COVID-19 that pose an immense burden on human health and the global economy. Here we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based electrochemical test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19. The test is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction between pyrophosphates (generated from positive LAMP reaction) and molybdate that is detected by cyclic voltammetry using inexpensive and disposable carbon screen printed electrodes. Our test showed higher sensitivity (detecting as low as 5.29 RNA copies/μL) compared to the conventional fluorescent reverse transcriptase (RT)-LAMP. We validated our tests using human serum and saliva spiked with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and clinical (saliva and nasal-pharyngeal) swab samples demonstrating 100% specificity and 93.33% sensitivity. Our assay provides a rapid, specific, and sensitive test with an electrochemical readout in less than 45 min that could be adapted for point-of-care settings.

Highlights The latest progress on the integration of flexible mechanical sensing platforms with machine learning (ML) is reviewed. The advantages, challenges, and future perspectives of the application of ML to intelligent flexible mechanical sensing technology are discussed. The fundamental working mechanisms and common types of flexible mechanical sensors are reviewed.

Chlorine disinfection has been reported to be ineffective in controlling RO membrane biofouling in some projects. Feed water temperature is a crucial factor in the formation of RO membrane biofouling. It has a positive impact on the wide application of the RO process to ascertain whether chlorine disinfection can alleviate the membrane biofouling at low temperatures. In this study, the effects of chlorination on the RO membrane biofouling at low feed water temperature (10 °C) were investigated by a lab-scale RO apparatus. The final normalized flux was 0.33 and 0.29 with and without chlorination, respectively. According to the normalized flux decline curve, chlorination could not alleviate the RO membrane fouling at low temperature. Based on the intermediate blocking model, chlorination increased the membrane fouling potential of the feed water. At low temperature, the biofilm on the membrane with chlorination was thinner and denser than that without chlorination. In addition, the membrane with chlorination contained more foulants and dissolved organic matter than that without chlorination. Chlorination failed to continuously prevent bacteria accumulation on RO membrane at low temperature, but screened out bacteria that were potentially more suitable for the low-temperature membrane environment. HIGHLIGHTS Effects of chlorination on RO membrane biofouling at low temperature were studied.; Chlorine disinfection could not alleviate the RO membrane fouling at low temperature.; The biofilm with chlorination was thinner but had more foulants at low temperature.; Chlorine disinfection failed to prevent bacterial accumulation at low temperature.; Chlorination changed the microbial community structure at low temperature.;

Hot stamping (or press hardening) is a new technology that is widely used in the production of advanced high-strength steel parts for automotive applications. Electrochemical measurements, including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and accelerated corrosion tests (the neutral salt spray test and periodic immersion test) were conducted on press-hardened samples produced from uncoated (cold-rolled and cold strip production (CSP) hot-rolled) and Al–Si-coated press-hardened steels to elucidate their distinct anti-corrosion mechanisms. The cross-sectional micromorphology and element distribution of three types of press-hardened steels after a neutral salt spray test were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The corrosion resistance of Al–Si-coated press-hardened steel was found to be significantly diminished following the hot stamping process due to the presence of microcracks and elevated iron content in the coating subsequent to austenitizing heat treatment. On the other hand, the corrosion resistance of uncoated press-hardened sheets produced from cold-rolled and CSP hot-rolled press-hardened steel was found to be proximal due to their nearly identical composition and microstructure (fully martensite) after the hot stamping process. Considering the high efficiency and energy-saving properties of hot-rolled press-hardened steel, it holds the potential to replace cold-rolled and even aluminum–silicon-coated press-hardened steel in automobile manufacturing.

Real-time physiological information monitoring can predict and prevent disease, or improve treatment by early diagnosis. A comprehensive and continuous monitoring of human health requires highly integrated wearable and comfortable sensing devices. To address this need, we propose a low-cost electronic fabric-enabled multifunctional flexible sensing integration platform that includes a flexible pressure sensor for monitoring postural pressure, a humidity sensor for monitoring the humidity of the skin surface, and a flexible temperature sensor for visualizing the ambient temperature around the human body. Thanks to the unique rough surface texture, hierarchical structure, and robust electromechanical features of the MXene-modified nonwoven fabrics, the flexible pressure sensor can achieve a monitoring sensitivity of 1529.1 kPa ^−1 and a pressure range of 150 kPa, which meets the demand for human pressure detection. In addition, the unique porous structure of the fabric and the stacked multilayer structure of MXene enable the humidity sensor to exhibit extremely high monitoring sensitivity, even through clothing, and still be able to detect the humidity on the skin surface. Temperature sensors based on screen-printed thermochromic liquid crystals enable visual monitoring in the range of 0 °C–65 °C. Through further integration with flexible printed circuit board circuits, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept device that enables real-time monitoring of human physiological information such as physical pressure, humidity, and ambient temperature environment, suggesting that the device provides an excellent platform for the development of commercially viable wearable healthcare monitors.

Live prey is characterized by balanced rich nutrients and high palatability and is widely used for the seedling cultivation of freshwater dark sleeper (Odontobutis potamophila) larvae. In this study, we evaluated the effects of four groups of paired feeding regimens (group C (Daphnia magna), group L (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri), group H (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix fry), and group M (mixed groups C, L, and H)) on glycolipid and energy metabolism in O. potamophila larvae. We observed that fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) mRNA levels were significantly lower in group H when compared to mRNA levels in the other three groups (p < 0.05) and that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1-α) mRNA levels were significantly lower in group L when compared to group M (p < 0.05). Relative glucokinase (GK) expression levels were significantly lower in group M when compared to the other three groups (p < 0.05). Using proteomics, we analyzed and compared groups H and L and identified 457 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 151 were significantly up-regulated and 306 were significantly down-regulated. In the comparison of group M with groups C, L, and H, we found significant enrichment in glycolytic processes, the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, NAD binding, intermediate filaments, and nutrient reservoir activity. Our results provide a theoretical guidance for bait selection during larvae cultivation stages in carnivorous fish.

The emerging field of flexible tactile sensing systems, equipped with multi-physical tactile sensing capabilities, holds vast potential across diverse domains such as medical monitoring, robotics, and human–computer interaction. In response to the prevailing challenges associated with the limited integration and sensitivity of flexible tactile sensors, this paper introduces a versatile tactile sensing system capable of concurrently monitoring temperature and pressure. The temperature sensor employs carbon nanotube/graphene conductive paste as its sensitive material, while the pressure sensor integrates an ionic gel containing boron nitride as its sensitive layer. Through the application of cost-effective screen printing technology, we have successfully manufactured a flexible dual-mode sensor with exceptional performance, featuring high sensitivity (804.27 kPa−1), a broad response range (50 kPa), rapid response time (17 ms), and relaxation time (34 ms), alongside exceptional durability over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the resistance temperature coefficient of the sensor within the temperature range of 12.5 °C to 93.7 °C is −0.17% °C−1. The designed flexible dual-mode tactile sensing system enables the real-time detection of pressure and temperature information, presenting an innovative approach to electronic skin with multi-physical tactile sensing capabilities.

The Brassica rapa L. and hawthorn were acted as raw materials to develop the compound beverage of Brassica rapa L. and hawthorn. Subsequently, its effect on exercise endurance of animal was researched. Basing on the result of single factor test, the optimum formula of compound beverage was designed by response surface test. Meanwhile its effect on exercise endurance in Vivo was explored by animal test after for low, medium and high dosage groups were given at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mL/10 g·BW intragastric administration, respectively. The optimal formula of the compound beverage were as follows: Volume proportion of hawthorn juice and polysaccharides solution of Brassica rapa L. was 3:1, dosage of erythritol was 3.4%, dosage of citric acid was 0.23%, dosage of compound stabilizer (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose:xanthan gum:sodium alginate = 2:1:1, mass ratio) was 0.06%. The ultimate beverage presented uniform color, moderate sweet and sour, mixture flavor of Brassica rapa L. and hawthorn, not observed obvious precipitate, the sensory score of beverage was 88.9±0.4. Compared with the results of blank control group, the compound beverage at different dosage could prolonged the exercise time of mice (P

Abstract Solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs) have been broadly accepted as a promising candidate for the next generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density, long duration, and high safety. The intrinsic non‐flammable nature and electrochemical/thermal/mechanical stability of solid electrolytes are expected to fundamentally solve the safety problems of conventional LIBs. However, thermal degradation and thermal runaway could also happen in SSLBs. For example, the large interfacial resistance between solid electrolytes and electrodes could aggravate the joule heat generation; the anisotropic thermal diffusion could trigger the uneven temperature distribution and formation of hotspots further leading to lithium dendrite growth. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to exploring solid electrolytes with outstanding performance and harmonizing interfacial incompatibility in the past decades. There have been fewer comprehensive reports investigating the thermal reaction process, thermal degradation, and thermal runaway of SSLBs. This review seeks to highlight advanced thermal‐related analysis techniques for SSLBs, by focusing particularly on multiscale and multidimensional thermal‐related characterization, thermal monitoring techniques such as sensors, thermal experimental techniques imitating the abuse operating condition, and thermal‐related advanced simulations. Insightful perspectives are proposed to bridge fundamental studies to technological relevance for better understanding and performance optimization of SSLBs.

Penaeus vannamei, a high-yield economical shrimp, is confronting germplasm degradation in the culture environments found in China, which results in a sharp drop in production. Genetic improvement by hybridization is an effective way to solve this problem. In this study, we selected the hybrid species adapted to low-salinity culture obtained by intraspecific crossing as the experimental group. The control group consisted of normal variety from the Hainan Lutai Company. The two groups of shrimps were cultured for three months under salinities of 1 PSU, 5 PSU, and 15 PSU. Growth-performance-related indicators, biochemical composition, and molting-related gene expression were examined. The results showed that at salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU, the survival rate and growth performance of the low-salt breeding group were better than those of the normal variety population. The digestive enzyme activity in the low-salt breeding group was higher, which was consistent with its better growth performance, and was also associated with higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, and glycogen content. Lower levels of lactic acid indicated less anaerobic metabolism and better adaptability to the environment. The amino acid and fatty acids analysis showed that levels of essential amino acids and high unsaturated fatty acids were both higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the normal variety shrimp cultured in a low-salinity environment. The expression levels of genes associated with molting (CHS, CaMKI, RXR, EcR, HSP60, and HSP70) were also higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the control group. The results indicated that the hybrid shrimp showed better growth performance and nutritional advantages compared with the normal shrimp under salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU. This research provides a valuable reference for subsequent genetic breeding and shrimp culture.

Salinity is an important factor in the aquatic environment and affects the ion homeostasis and physiological activities of crustaceans. Macrobrachium nipponense is a shrimp that mainly lives in fresh and low-salt waters and plays a huge economic role in China’s shrimp market. Currently, there are only a few studies on the effects of salinity on M. nipponense. Therefore, it is of particular importance to study the molecular responses of M. nipponense to salinity fluctuations. In this study, M. nipponense was set at salinities of 0, 8, 14 and 22‰ for 6 weeks. The gills from the control (0‰) and isotonic groups (14‰) were used for RNA extraction and transcriptome analysis. In total, 593 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 282 were up-regulated and 311 were down-regulated. The most abundant gill transcripts responding to different salinity levels based on GO classification were organelle membrane (cellular component), creatine transmembrane transporter activity (molecular function) and creatine transmembrane transport (biological function). KEGG analysis showed that the most enriched and significantly affected pathways included AMPK signaling, lysosome and cytochrome P450. In addition, 15 DEGs were selected for qRT-PCR verification, which were mainly related to ion homeostasis, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. The results showed that the expression patterns of these genes were similar to the high-throughput data. Compared with the control group, high salinity caused obvious injury to gill tissue, mainly manifested as contraction and relaxation of gill filament, cavity vacuolation and severe epithelial disintegration. Glucose-metabolism-related enzyme activities (e.g., pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, 6-phosphate fructose kinase) and related-gene expression (e.g., hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphate fructose kinase) in the gills were significantly higher at a salinity of 14‰. This study showed that salinity stress activated ion transport channels and promoted an up-regulated level of glucose metabolism. High salinity levels caused damage to the gill tissue of M. nipponense. Overall, these results improved our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of M. nipponense.

Abstract Reduced salinity is a major factor that causes macrobenthic degradation in reclaimed wetlands. We investigated populations of the sesarmid crab Chiromantes dehaani in reclaimed and natural wetlands. Then, in the laboratory, we exposed male and female crabs to four salinity levels (0, 6, 12 and 18) for 96 h to analyse the effects of reduced salinity on osmoregulatory enzyme activities in the posterior gills and digestive and immune enzyme activities in the hepatopancreas of C. dehaani. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of crabs and salinity. In the laboratory, we found that the isosmotic point of C. dehaani was close to 16 ppt. The crabs showed strong hyper-osmotic regulation when exposed to 0–6 ppt salinities. Moreover, in this salinity range, amylase activities were significantly inhibited. Under low-salinity stress, the immune enzyme activities were significantly activated. However, phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were inhibited in the freshwater environment. The male and female crabs showed no significant differences in most of the enzyme activities. Thus, reduced salinity can adversely affect the digestive and immune functions of C. dehaani, which may cause population degradation in reclaimed wetlands. Our findings can provide new insights into the effects of reclamation on macrobenthos.

Abstract Rechargeable magnesium batteries are identified as a promising next‐generation energy storage system, but their development is hindered by the anode−electrolyte−cathode incompatibilities and passivation of magnesium metal anode. To avoid or alleviate these problems, the exploitation of alternative anode materials is a promising choice. Herein, we present titanium pyrophosphate (TiP2O7) as anode materials for magnesium‐ion batteries (MIBs) and investigate the effect of the crystal phase on its magnesium storage performance. Compared with the metastable layered TiP2O7, the thermodynamically stable cubic TiP2O7 displays a better rate capability of 72 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1. Moreover, cubic TiP2O7 exhibits excellent cycling stability with the capacity of 60 mAh g−1 after 5000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1, which are better than previously reported Ti‐based anode materials for MIBs. In situ X‐ray diffraction technology confirms the single‐phase magnesium‐ion intercalation/deintercalation reaction mechanism of cubic TiP2O7 with a low volume change of 3.2%. In addition, the density functional theory calculation results demonstrate that three‐dimensional magnesium‐ion diffusion can be allowed in cubic TiP2O7 with a low migration energy barrier of 0.62 eV. Our work demonstrates the promise of TiP2O7 as high‐rate and long‐life anode materials for MIBs and may pave the way for further development of MIBs.

The functional groups and the ecological health of a constructed oyster reef were investigated during April 2016 to October 2017 in the Yangtze estuary. The data of the long-term monitoring program (14 years) confirmed the feasibility of creating an artificial oyster reef in Yangtze estuary. One or two functional groups were absent from moderate salinity conditions (5.17% - 8.73%), while macrobenthos functional group species richness, abundance, and biomass were greatest under high salinity conditions. The feeding evenness index (jFD) showed that 14 years after construction, the ecosystem health of the artificial oyster reefs were good or high, and was better under high salinity conditions. Ecological health was lower under moderate levels of salinity, possibly due to the absence of some functional groups. Redundancy analysis indicated ecosystem health was associated with changes in salinity and substrate factors. Our study confirmed artificial oyster reef construction is feasible and has a positive effect on estuarine ecosystem health.

In recent years, more and more single-cell technologies have been developed. A vast amount of single-cell omics data has been generated by large projects, such as the Human Cell Atlas, the Mouse Cell Atlas, the Mouse RNA Atlas, the Mouse ATAC Atlas, and the Plant Cell Atlas. Based on these single-cell big data, thousands of bioinformatics algorithms for quality control, clustering, cell-type annotation, developmental inference, cell-cell transition, cell-cell interaction, and spatial analysis are developed. With powerful experimental single-cell technology and state-of-the-art big data analysis methods based on artificial intelligence, the molecular landscape at the single-cell level can be revealed. With spatial transcriptomics and single-cell multi-omics, even the spatial dynamic multi-level regulatory mechanisms can be deciphered. Such single-cell technologies have many successful applications in oncology, assisted reproduction, embryonic development, and plant breeding. We not only review the experimental and bioinformatics methods for single-cell research, but also discuss their applications in various fields and forecast the future directions for single-cell technologies. We believe that spatial transcriptomics and single-cell multi-omics will become the next booming business for mechanism research and commercial industry. Public summary: • Single-cell sequencing can reveal molecular characteristics at the cell level • Spatial omics can reconstruct the organization of cells and their interactions • Single-cell multi-omics will picture the cell in a comprehensive way

Objective Previous studies have shown that ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) is safe and feasible for newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study reports our experience with EXIT in fetuses with CDH in an attempt to explore the efficacy of EXIT on the survival rate of this population.Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 116 children with CDH was conducted. The children were assigned to EXIT and non-EXIT groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) toward clinical data was performed, and the clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared. Taking survival at discharge as the main outcome, logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore the efficacy of EXIT on survival.Results During the study period, 30 of 116 children received EXIT. After PSM, the survival rates of the EXIT group and the non-EXIT group were 82.76% (24/29) and 48.28% (14/29), respectively (p=0.006). EXIT (OR=0.083, 95% CI=0.013to 0.525, p=0.008), liver herniation (OR=16.955, 95% CI=2.342 to 122.767, p=0.005), and gestational age at diagnosis (OR=0.662, 95% CI=0.497 to 0.881, p=0.005) were independent mortality-related risk factors of all children with CDH. Ninety-nine of 116 children underwent surgery. After PSM, the postoperative survival rates of the EXIT group and non-EXIT group were 84.6% (22/26) and 76.9% (20/26), respectively (p=0.754). Liver herniation (OR=10.451, 95% CI=1.641 to 66.544, p=0.013) and gestational age at diagnosis (OR=0.736, 95% CI=0.577 to 0.938, p=0.013) were independent mortality-related risk factors of children after surgery.Conclusion EXIT can be performed safely for selected prenatally diagnosed CDH neonates with potentially better survival and does not cause more maternal complications compared with traditional cesarean section.

The layout of a city is complex, and indoor spaces have thousands of aspects that make them susceptible to fire. If a fire breaks out, it is difficult to quell, so a fire in the city will cause great harm. However, the traditional fire detection algorithm has a low detection efficiency and high detection rate of small targets, and disasters have occurred during detection. Therefore, this paper proposes a fire safety detection algorithm based on CAGSA-YOLO and constructs a fire safety dataset to integrate common fire safety tools into fire detection, which has a preventive detection effect before a fire occurs. In the improved algorithm, the upsampling in the original YOLOv5 is replaced with the CARAFE module. By adjusting its internal Parameter contrast, the algorithm pays more attention to local regional information and obtains stronger feature maps. Secondly, a new scale detection layer is added to detect objects larger than 4 × 4. Furthermore, the sampling Ghost lightweight design replaces C3 with the C3Ghost module without reducing the mAP. Finally, a lighter SA mechanism is introduced to optimize visual information processing resources. Using the fire safety dataset, the precision, recall, and mAP of the improved model increase to 89.7%, 80.1%, and 85.1%, respectively. At the same time, the size of the improved model is reduced by 0.6 M to 13.8 M, and the Param is reduced from 7.1 M to 6.6 M.

In this study, the essential oil of the fruits of Amomum villosum Lour. (AVEO) was extracted through steam distillation and the components of the AVEO were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the antioxidant capacity in vitro of the AVEO was gauged using radical scavenging activity (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; the antioxidant effect of a certain concentration of AVEO is even comparable to 0.08 mg/mL of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Moreover, AVEO was applied to sunflower oil in a 30 h successive deep-frying experiment. Throughout the frying procedure, the sunflower oil-added antioxidant showed different degrees of benign changes in the physical and chemical parameters compared to the blank group, with 1 g/kg of AVEO being more consistent with 0.01 g/kg of tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), while 1.5 g/kg of essential oil revealed a stronger antioxidative capability. Meanwhile, the organoleptic characteristics of Chinese Maye, including its appearance, taste, flavor, and overall acceptability, were ameliorated when AVEO was added at 1.5 g/kg. Consequently, AVEO can be applied to substitute synthetic antioxidants as a natural antioxidant and flavoring agent during the deep-frying course of food.

In recent years, flexible pressure sensing arrays applied in medical monitoring, human-machine interaction, and the Internet of Things have received a lot of attention for their excellent performance. Epidermal sensing arrays can enable the sensing of physiological information, pressure, and other information such as haptics, providing new avenues for the development of wearable devices. This paper reviews the recent research progress on epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays. Firstly, the fantastic performance materials currently used to prepare flexible pressure sensing arrays are outlined in terms of substrate layer, electrode layer, and sensitive layer. In addition, the general fabrication processes of the materials are summarized, including three-dimensional (3D) printing, screen printing, and laser engraving. Subsequently, the electrode layer structures and sensitive layer microstructures used to further improve the performance design of sensing arrays are discussed based on the limitations of the materials. Furthermore, we present recent advances in the application of fantastic-performance epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays and their integration with back-end circuits. Finally, the potential challenges and development prospects of flexible pressure sensing arrays are discussed in a comprehensive manner.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to identify novel targets in the carcinogenesis, therapy and prognosis of osteosarcoma from genomic level, together with screening ideal lead compounds with potential inhibition regarding MMP-9. Methods Gene expression profiles from GSE12865, GSE14359, GSE33382, GSE36001 and GSE99671 were obtained respectively from GEO database. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and functional enrichment analysis, such as GO, KEGG, GSEA, PPI were performed to make a comprehensive understanding of the hub genes. Next, a series of high-precision computational techniques were conducted to screen potential lead compounds targeting MMP9, including virtual screening, ADME, toxicity prediction, and accurate docking analysis. Results 10 genes, MMP9, CD74, SPP1, CXCL12, TYROBP, FCER1G, HCLS1, ARHGDIB, LAPTM5 and IGF1R were identified as hub genes in the initiation of osteosarcoma. Machine learning, multivariate Cox analysis, ssGSEA and survival analysis demonstrated that these genes had values in prognosis, immune-correlation and targeted treatment. Tow novel compounds, ZINC000072131515 and ZINC000004228235, were screened as potential inhibitor regarding MMP9, and they could bind to MMP9 with favorable interaction energy and high binding affinity. Meanwhile, they were precited to be efficient and safe drugs with low-ames mutagenicity, none weight evidence of carcinogenicity, as well as non-toxic with liver. Conclusions This study revealed the significance of 10-gene signature in the development of osteosarcoma. Besides, drug candidates identified in this study provided a solid basis on MMP9 inhibitors’ development.

Abstract High-performance and low-cost sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) show tremendous potential applications in public transport and grid energy storage. However, conventional SICs are limited by the low specific capacity, poor rate capability, and low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of anode materials. Herein, we report layered iron vanadate (Fe5V15O39 (OH)9·9H2O) ultrathin nanosheets with a thickness of ~ 2.2 nm (FeVO UNSs) as a novel anode for rapid and reversible sodium-ion storage. According to in situ synchrotron X-ray diffractions and electrochemical analysis, the storage mechanism of FeVO UNSs anode is Na+ intercalation pseudocapacitance under a safe potential window. The FeVO UNSs anode delivers high ICE (93.86%), high reversible capacity (292 mAh g−1), excellent cycling stability, and remarkable rate capability. Furthermore, a pseudocapacitor–battery hybrid SIC (PBH-SIC) consisting of pseudocapacitor-type FeVO UNSs anode and battery-type Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F cathode is assembled with the elimination of presodiation treatments. The PBH-SIC involves faradaic reaction on both cathode and anode materials, delivering a high energy density of 126 Wh kg−1 at 91 W kg−1, a high power density of 7.6 kW kg−1 with an energy density of 43 Wh kg−1, and 9000 stable cycles. The tunable vanadate materials with high-performance Na+ intercalation pseudocapacitance provide a direction for developing next-generation high-energy capacitors.

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are widely used for material handling in warehouses and automated production lines due to their high efficiency and low cost. However, AGVs usually interact with each other because of the restricted capacity of the layout. Although many algorithms have been proposed to address the problem, most of them are inefficient for collision and deadlock avoidance in dynamic environments. This paper proposes a dynamic resource reservation (DRR) based method supporting time-efficient scheduling and collision avoidance of multiple AGVs. In this method, the layout is divided into square blocks with the same size that are abstracted as points in the undirected graph. In order to solve the collision and deadlock problem dynamically, the shared resource points of each vehicle are extracted from their guide paths in real time. Unlike the traditional approaches most of which adopt a static point occupation policy, DRR exploits dynamical reservations of shared resource points to change AGV movement states for avoiding collisions and deadlocks, resulting in better time efficiency. We jointly implement the algorithm on both central and local controllers. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed collision and deadlock prevention method.

As a class of convolutional error-correction codes (ECCs), spatially coupled protograph low-density parity-check (SC-PLDPC) codes with a sufficiently large coupling length can approach the channel capacity under belief propagation (BP) decoding. However, such codes suffer from poor performance in the case of small coupling lengths. To address the above weakness, we investigate the optimization and analysis of SC-PLDPC-coded bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) systems over Rayleigh fading channels. Specially, inspired by the unequal-error-protection (UEP) mechanism of M-ary phase-shift keying/ quadrature amplitude modulation (M-PSK/QAM), we put forward a novel interleaver design scheme, referred to as spatial position match mapping (SPMM) scheme. Based on the mutual information (MI) analysis, the proposed interleaver can be used to significantly boost the performance of the SC-PLDPC codes in BICM systems. Furthermore, we propose a block-scheduling protograph-based extrinsic information transfer (BS-PEXIT) algorithm to estimate the convergence performance (i.e, decoding threshold) of the SPMM-aided SC-PLDPC codes in BICM scenarios. Simulation results are well consistent with the theoretical analyses, and show that the proposed SPMM-aided SC-PLDPC-coded BICM systems are superior to the state-of-the-art counterparts.

Summary: A growing number of governments are pledging to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century. Despite such ambitions, realized emissions reductions continue to fall alarmingly short of modeled energy transition pathways for achieving net-zero. This gap is largely a result of the difficulty of realistically modeling all the techno-economic and sociopolitical capabilities that are required to deliver actual emissions reductions. This limitation of models suggests the need for an energy-systems analytical framework that goes well beyond energy-system modeling in order to close the gap between ambition and reality. Toward that end, we propose the Emissions-Sustainability-Governance-Operation (ESGO) framework for structured assessment and transparent communication of national capabilities and realization. We illustrate the critical role of energy modeling in ESGO using recent net-zero modeling studies for the world's two largest emitters, China and the United States. This illustration leads to recommendations for improvements to energy-system modeling to enable more productive ESGO implementation.

A large number of inhibitory receptors recruit SHP1 and/or SHP2, tandem-SH2-containing phosphatases through phosphotyrosine-based motifs immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). Despite the similarity, these receptors exhibit differential effector binding specificities, as exemplified by the immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and BTLA, which preferentially recruit SHP2 and SHP1, respectively. The molecular basis by which structurally similar receptors discriminate SHP1 and SHP2 is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that human PD-1 and BTLA optimally bind to SHP1 and SHP2 via a bivalent, parallel mode that involves both SH2 domains of SHP1 or SHP2. PD-1 mainly uses its ITSM to prefer SHP2 over SHP1 via their C-terminal SH2 domains (cSH2): swapping SHP1-cSH2 with SHP2-cSH2 enabled PD-1:SHP1 association in T cells. In contrast, BTLA primarily utilizes its ITIM to prefer SHP1 over SHP2 via their N-terminal SH2 domains (nSH2). The ITIM of PD-1, however, appeared to be de-emphasized due to a glycine at pY+1 position. Substitution of this glycine with alanine, a residue conserved in BTLA and several SHP1-recruiting receptors, was sufficient to induce PD-1:SHP1 interaction in T cells. Finally, structural simulation and mutagenesis screening showed that SHP1 recruitment activity exhibits a bell-shaped dependence on the molecular volume of the pY+1 residue of ITIM. Collectively, we provide a molecular interpretation of the SHP1/SHP2-binding specificities of PD-1 and BTLA, with implications for the mechanisms of a large family of therapeutically relevant receptors.

The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a methylated modification enzyme of Histone H3-Lys 27. The high expression of EZH2 in cells is closely related to the progression, invasion, and metastasis of neoplasm. Therefore, this target is gradually becoming one of the research hot spots of tumor pathogenesis, and the inhibitors of the EZH2 enzyme are expected to become new antitumor drugs. This study used a series of virtual screening technologies to calculate the affinity between the compounds obtained from the ZINC15 database and the target protein EZH2, the stability of the ligand–receptor complex. This experiment also predicted the toxicity and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of the candidate drugs in order to obtain compounds with excellent pharmacological properties. Finally, the ligand–receptor complex under in vivo situation was estimated by molecular dynamics simulation to observe whether the complex could exist steadily in the body. The experimental results showed that the two natural compounds ZINC000004217536 and ZINC000003938642 could bind tightly to EZH2, and the ligand–receptor complex could exist stably in vivo. Moreover, these two compounds were calculated to be nontoxic. They also had a high degree of intestinal absorption and high bioavailability. In vitro experiments confirmed that drug ZINC000003938642 could inhibit the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma, which could serve as potential lead compounds. Therefore, the discovery of these two natural products had broad prospects in the development of EZH2 inhibitors, providing new clues for the treatment or adjuvant treatment of tumors.

Irreversible phase transition caused capacity fading has been considered as an obstacle for rechargeable batteries. An in-depth investigation of the irreversible phase transition is critical for understanding the reaction mechanism and developing advanced batteries. In this work, taking vanadium oxide and its alkali ion-stabilized intercalation compounds (A-V-O, A = Li, Na, K) as prototypes, utilizing operando characterizations, we discovered coupled discontinuous (interlayer)-continuous (intralayer) transitions in the stabilized multielectron intercalation cathodes. The highly ordered crystal of vanadium pentoxide irreversibly transfers to a disordered/amorphous structure after the first cycle, whereas A-V-O enables reversible discontinuous lattice transitions at the interlayer pathway for facilitating lithium diffusion. Among the A-V-O family, K-V-O, with the highest capacity retention, shows a coupled discontinuous-continuous transition, which exhibits a continuous transition and the minimum volume change at the V-O intralayer during lithium intercalation/deintercalation. These coupled discontinuous-continuous lattice transitions were captured for the first time in cathode materials. It implies that the suitable ion intercalation induced continuous intralayer transition inhibits the irreversible ion intercalation and phase transition.

Low temperature is a critical factor restricting the growth and survival of aquatic animals, but research on the mechanism of response to low temperature in Cherax destructor is limited. C. destructor is one of the most important freshwater crustaceans with strong adaptability in Australia, and it has been commercialized gradually in recent years. Here, growth indicators, antioxidant parameters, anti-stress gene expression, and transcriptome sequencing were used on crayfish following 8 weeks of low-temperature acclimation. The results showed that weight gain, length gain, and molting rates decreased as the temperature decreased. The activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased, while the content of antioxidant substances and the expression of anti-stress genes increased. Transcriptome sequencing identified 589 differentially expressed genes, 279 of which were upregulated and 310 downregulated. The gene functions and pathways for endocrine disorders, glucose metabolism, antioxidant defense, and immune responses were identified. In conclusion, although low-temperature acclimation inhibited the basal metabolism and immune ability of crayfish, it also increased the antioxidant substance content and anti-stress-gene expression to protect the organism from low-temperature damage. This study provided molecular insights into the study of low-temperature responses of low-temperature-tolerant crustacean species.