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Abstract Arterial thrombosis is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with no effective bioassay for clinical prediction. As a symbolic feature of arterial thrombosis, severe stenosis in the blood vessel creates a high-shear, high-gradient flow environment that facilitates platelet aggregation towards vessel occlusion. Here, we present a thrombus profiling assay that monitors the multi-dimensional attributes of thrombi forming in such biomechanical conditions. Using this assay, we demonstrate that different receptor–ligand interactions contribute distinctively to the composition and activation status of the thrombus. Our investigation into hypertensive and older individuals reveals intensified biomechanical thrombogenesis and multi-dimensional thrombus profile abnormalities, endorsing the diagnostic potential of the assay. Furthermore, we identify the hyperactivity of GPIbα-integrin αIIbβ3 mechanosensing axis as a molecular mechanism that contributes to hypertension-associated arterial thrombosis. By studying drug-disease interactions and inter-individual variability, our work reveals a need for personalized anti-thrombotic drug selection that accommodates each patient’s pathological profile.

Abstract Objectives Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant tumor originating from the bronchial mucosa or glands of the lung, with the fastest increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the prognosis of lung cancer remains poor. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2) is a widely existing protein pattern sequence in biology and is closely related to tumor progression. The therapy values of GPD2 inhibitor in LUAD were unclear. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the therapy values of GPD2 inhibitor in LUAD. Materials and methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD database was used to analyze the expression levels of GPD2 in LUAD tissues. The relationship between GPD2 expression and LUAD patient survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Moreover, KM04416 as a target inhibitor of GPD2 was used to further investigate the therapy value of GPD2 inhibitor in LUAD cells lines (A549 cell and H1299 cell). The TISIDB website was used to investigate the associations between GPD2 expression and immune cell infiltration in LUAD. Results The results showed that GPD2 is overexpressed in LUAD tissues and significantly associated with poor survival. KM04416 can suppress the progression of LUAD cells by targeting GPD2. Low expression of GPD2 is related to high infiltration of immune cells. Conclusions In summary, our present study found that targeting inhibition of GPD2 by KM04416 can suppress LUAD progression via adjusting immune cell infiltration.

Abstract Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital regulatory functions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cisplatin (DDP) resistance has significantly decreased the effectiveness of DDP-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SH3PXD2A antisense RNA 1 (SH3PXD2A-AS1) on DDP resistance in NSCLC. Methods Proliferation and apoptosis of DDP-resistant NSCLC cells were detected using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays. The interaction between SH3PXD2A-AS1 and sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) was assessed using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence assays, while succinylation (SUCC) of Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) was analyzed by IP and Western blot assays. The role of SH3PXD2A-AS1 in vivo was explored using a xenografted tumor model. Results Expression of SH3PXD2A-AS1 was found elevated in DDP-resistant NSCLC cells, while it’s knocking down translated into suppression of cell viability and promotion of apoptosis. Moreover, silencing of SH3PXD2A-AS1 resulted in decreased FOXM1 protein level and enhanced FOXM1-SUCC protein level. The SIRT7 was found to interact with FOXM1, translating into inhibition of FOXM1 SUCC at the K259 site in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells. Overexpressing of SIRT7 reversed the increase of FOXM1-SUCC protein level and apoptosis, and the decrease of cell viability induced by silencing of SH3PXD2A-AS1. In tumor-bearing mice, SH3PXD2A-AS1 inhibition suppressed tumor growth and the protein levels of Ki67, SIRT7, and FOXM1. Conclusion SH3PXD2A-AS1 promoted DDP resistance in NSCLC cells by regulating FOXM1 SUCC via SIRT7, offering a promising therapeutic approach for NSCLC.

Abstract Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) has been implicated in susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease. Schwann cells (SCs), the predominant glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), play a crucial role in myelination, providing trophic support for neurons and nerve regeneration. However, the function of TREM2 in SCs has not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that TREM2 is expressed in SCs but not in neurons in the PNS. TREM2 deficiency leads to disruption of glycolytic flux and oxidative metabolism in SCs, impairing cell proliferation. The energy crisis caused by TREM2 deficiency triggers mitochondrial damage and autophagy by activating AMPK and impairing PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. Combined metabolomic analysis demonstrated that energic substrates and energy metabolic pathways were significantly impaired in TREM2-deficient SCs. Moreover, TREM2 deficiency impairs energy metabolism and axonal growth in sciatic nerve, accompanied by exacerbation of neurological deficits and suppression of nerve regeneration in a mouse model of acute motor axonal neuropathy. These results indicate that TREM2 is a critical regulator of energy metabolism in SCs and exerts neuroprotective effects on peripheral neuropathy. TREM2 deficiency impairs glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in Schwann cells, resulting in compromised cell proliferation. The energy crisis caused by TREM2 deficiency induces mitochondrial damage and autophagy by activating AMPK and impairing PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. Moreover, TREM2 deficiency disrupts the energy metabolism of the sciatic nerve and impairs support for axonal regeneration, accompanied by exacerbation of neurological deficits and suppression of nerve regeneration in a mouse model of acute motor axonal neuropathy (by FigDraw).

Earthworms’ activities not only increase soil nitrogen (N) uptake by crops but also lead to N losses to environment. However, it remains unclear whether earthworms’ impact on the fate of fertilizer N differs based on the type of fertilizer application. Therefore, the present pot experiment examined the transformation and fate of two types of 15N-labeled fertilizer (synthetic fertilizer urea and organic fertilizer compost applied at rate of 400 mg N/pot) with and without earthworms (Amynthas corticis) in a soil-lettuce system over three seasons of cultivation. Results showed that earthworms increased the fresh biomass of lettuce in all three seasons, regardless of the type of fertilizer used. However, the effect of earthworms on fertilizer N uptake varied depending on the type of fertilizer. With earthworms present, lettuce took up an additional 20.97 mg/pot of synthetic fertilizer N in the first season, which sharply decreased to 2.72 mg/pot and 4.63 mg/pot in the second and third seasons, respectively. In contrast, the uptake of organic fertilizer N by lettuce increased by 10.08–11.24 mg/pot throughout the entire experiment when earthworms were present. The presence of earthworms increased the percentage of synthetic fertilizer N lost to the environment by 0.8 %, due to increased N leaching, N2O emission, NH3 volatilization, etc. In contrast, earthworms decreased the percentage of organic fertilizer N lost to the environment by 1.9 %, primarily through reduced NH3 volatilization, etc. This study underscores the pivotal role of earthworms in modulating fertilizer N dynamics, with organic fertilizer offering superior ecosystem services compared to synthetic fertilizer. Given that only one earthworm species was studied and nearly half of the organic fertilizer remained in the soil, future long-term experiments incorporating diverse earthworm species and changes in the soil’s native N pool are essential to fully understand the role of earthworms in agro-ecosystem N cycling.

ABSTRACTGenerating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.

ABSTRACT: Goose astrovirus (GoAstV) is an emerging avian pathogen that induces gout in goslings with a mortality of up to 50%. Organ damage caused by GoAstV infection was considered the cause of gout, but it is still unclear whether other factors are involved. Human and murine studies have linked the gut microbiome-derived urate and gout, thus we hypothesized that gut microbiome may also play an important role in gout induced by GoAstV infection. This study tested the pathogenicity of our isolated GoAstV genotype 2 strain on goslings, while the appearance of clinical signs, histopathological changes, viral distribution and the blood level of cytokines were monitored for 18 d postinfection (dpi). The dynamics in the gut microbiome were profiled by 16S sequencing and then correlated with GoAstV infection. Results showed that this study successfully developed an experimental infection model for studying the pathogenicity of the GoAstV infection which induces typical symptoms of gout. GoAstV infection significantly altered the gut microbiome of goslings with the enrichment of potential proinflammatory bacteria and depletion of beneficial bacteria that can produce short-chain fatty acids. More importantly, the microbial pathway involved in urate production was significantly increased in goslings infected with GoAstV, suggesting that gut microbiome-derived urate may also contribute to the gout symptoms. Overall, this study demonstrated the role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of GoAstV infection, highlighting the potential of gut microbiome-based therapeutics against gout symptoms.

Abstract The respiratory system, especially the lung, is the key site of pathological injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the low feasibility of targeted delivery of antibodies into the lungs by intravenous administration and the short half-life period of antibodies in the lungs by intranasal or aerosolized immunization, mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies with lung-targeting capability can perfectly provide high-titer antibodies in lungs to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we firstly identify a human monoclonal antibody, 8-9D, with broad neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The neutralization mechanism of this antibody is explained by the structural characteristics of 8-9D Fabs in complex with the Omicron BA.5 spike. In addition, we evaluate the efficacy of 8-9D using a safe and robust mRNA delivery platform and compare the performance of 8-9D when its mRNA is and is not selectively delivered to the lungs. The lung-selective delivery of the 8-9D mRNA enables the expression of neutralizing antibodies in the lungs which blocks the invasion of the virus, thus effectively protecting female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with the Beta or Omicron BA.1 variant. Our work underscores the potential application of lung-selective mRNA antibodies in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Objective: To investigate the effects of acupuncture on promoting nerve regeneration in mice with sciatic nerve crushed injury, an animal model of peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Methods: Acupuncture was performed on the ''Huantiao'' (GB30) and ''Yanglingquan'' (GB34) acupoints in PNI mice model for 2 weeks. Gait analysis, toe spreading test, electrophysiological test, toluidine blue staining and immunostaining of myelin basic protein (MBP), neurofilament-200 (NF200), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and growth associated protein-43 (GAP43) were respectively performed to investigate the effects of acupuncture on crushed sciatic nerve. Results: Acupuncture stimulation of “Huantiao” (GB30) and ''Yanglingquan'' (GB34) acupoints promoted the recovery of motor function and electrophysiological function in PNI mice model, which was indicated by a better gait level, toe spreading level and CMAP value in acupuncture group. The number of myelinated nerve fibers and the fluorescence intensity of MBP, NF200, p75NTR and GAP43 staining demonstrated that the acupuncture stimulation promoted the regeneration of injured nerves in PNI mice model. Conclusion: Acupuncture significantly promoted the functional and morphological recovery of crushed sciatic nerve via promoting the expression of p75NTR in Schwann cells.

Abstract A recently emerging cell death pathway, known as copper‐induced cell death, has demonstrated significant potential for treating infections. Existing research suggests that cells utilizing aerobic respiration, as opposed to those reliant on glycolysis, exhibit greater sensitivity to copper‐induced death. Herein, a MnO2‐loaded copper metal–organic frameworks platform is developed denoted as MCM, to enhance bacterial cuproptosis‐like death via the remodeling of bacterial respiratory metabolism. The reversal of hypoxic microenvironments induced a cascade of responses, encompassing the reactivation of suppressed immune responses and the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Initially, MCM catalyzed O2 production, alleviating hypoxia within the biofilm and inducing a transition in bacterial respiration mode from glycolysis to aerobic respiration. Subsequently, the sensitized bacteria, characterized by enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, underwent cuproptosis‐like death owing to increased copper concentrations and aggregated intracellular dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase (DLAT). The disruption of hypoxia also stimulated suppressed dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby strengthening their antimicrobial activity through chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Moreover, the nutritional effects of copper elements, coupled with hypoxia alleviation, synergistically facilitated the regeneration of bones and blood vessels. Overall, reshaping the infection microenvironment to enhance cuproptosis‐like cell death presents a promising avenue for eradicating biofilms.

Little is known about the effect of the long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on P-use efficiency, P budget, and the residual effect of P fertilizer. To clarify the effect of different fertilization on soil P balance in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system is helpful to promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Thus, a thirty-five-year fertilizer experiment was conducted with eight treatments, including an unfertilized control (CK); chemical nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers; and organic manure (M) either alone or in combination treatments (N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK). The results indicated that crop yields and P uptake were higher in the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer treatments than in the manure or chemical fertilizer alone treatments. Soil P budget indicated a 23.4–55.4 kg P ha−1 yr−1 surplus in the organic combined with or without mineral fertilizer treatments, but the soil P budget indicated a 20.0 and 21.9 kg P ha−1 yr−1 deficit in the control and N treatments. The proportion of residual fertilizer P converted to soil available P in NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments was 4.5%, 4.8%, 19.1%, 19.0%, 11.5%, and 13.3%, respectively, over a 35-year period. Furthermore, according to the higher P content and crop uptake in organic manure treatment compared with chemical P fertilizer alone, an organic addition could effectively reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and become an effective way of sustainable development in practice. Therefore, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer will be a practical method to increase crop yields and soil P status in a rice–wheat planting system.

Peritonitis is a common and life-threatening inflammatory disease. Myeloid cells are elevated in the peripheral blood and contribute to peritonitis, but their circulating dynamics are not clear. In vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) is a noninvasive technique for monitoring the dynamics of circulating cells in live animals. It has been extensively used to detect circulating tumor cells, but rarely for monitoring immune cells. Here, we describe a method adapting an intravital microscope for IVFC so that we can monitor LysM-EGFP-labeled circulating myeloid cells in a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-induced peritonitis mouse model. Using this IVFC method, we quantified the blood flow velocity and cell concentration in circulation. We observed a significant increase in LysM-EGFP+ cells in circulation after TNFα intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, which reached a plateau in ~20 min. Conventional cytometry analysis showed that most LysM-EGFP+ cells were neutrophils. Increasing blood neutrophils were accompanied by neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity and neutrophil emigration from the bone marrow. We then monitored neutrophil CD64 expression in vivo and found a significant increase in TNFα-induced peritonitis. We also found that CD18 blockade doubled the circulating neutrophil number in TNFα-induced peritonitis, suggesting that CD18 is critical for neutrophil recruitment in peritonitis. Overall, we demonstrate that IVFC techniques are useful for studying the circulating dynamics of immune cells during inflammatory diseases.

The present study aimed to evaluate the dietary effects of Clostridium butyricum culture (CC) or sodium butyrate (SB) on the growth, feed utilization, serum indicators, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). CC and coated SB (50%) were supplemented to a low fish meal diet (245 g/kg) (control diet) at the inclusion levels of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg, to form five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets (control, CC-1, CC-2, SB-1, and SB-2). Then, the five diets were fed to largemouth bass with initial body weight of 70.2 ± 0.1 g. After 8 weeks of feeding, dietary supplementation of 1 g/kg CC increased the weight gain (WG) by 7.4% (P 0.05), when compared to the control. The muscle composition was not significantly affected by the inclusion of CC or SB (P > 0.05). Dietary inclusion of CC or SB significantly reduced serum diamine oxidase activity and increased lysozyme activity (P

The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance and flesh quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A 3 × 3 two-factor design was used, including three crude protein levels of 46%, 50%, 54% (P46, P50, P54) and three crude lipid levels of 8%, 12%, 16% (L8, L12, L16). Thus, a total of nine diets (P46/L8, P46/L12, P46/L16, P50/L8, P50/L12, P50/L16, P54/L8, P54/L12 and P54/L16) were prepared and fed to large-size largemouth bass with initial body weight of 109.7 g for 84 days. At the same dietary protein level, weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency rate (PER), viscerosomatic index and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) percent in flesh showed an increasing trend with increasing the dietary lipid level, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a decreasing trend. At P46 and P50, whole fish crude protein, muscle crude protein, total collagen content, hardness, springiness, chewiness and shear force increased, and steaming loss and freezing loss decreased with increasing the dietary lipid level, while the above indicators showed an opposite trend at P54. At P50, the protein retention (PR) of 16% crude lipid group was significantly higher than that in the 8% and 12% crude lipid groups (P 0.05). The P50/L16 group showed the highest PER, PR, whole fish protein, muscle protein, total collagen, PUFAs, muscle hardness, springiness, chewiness, shear force and the lowest steaming loss. In conclusion, based on growth performance and flesh quality, the appropriate dietary protein and lipid requirements for large-size largemouth bass were 50% and 16%, respectively.

Abstract Background Open reduction and plate internal fixation (ORIF) is one of the most common treatment methods for proximal humeral fractures. Complications associated with the greater tuberosity (GT) are rarely reported, therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the complications associated with the GT and the risk factors after locked-plate internal fixation. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical and radiographic data of patients with proximal humeral fractures involving the GT treated with locking plates between January 2016 and July 2019. We divided all patients into two groups, the anatomic GT healing group and the nonanatomic GT healing group, depending on the radiographic outcomes of the GT. Clinical outcome was assessed by the Constant scoring system. Potential risk factors included preoperative and intraoperative factors. Preoperative factors included sex, age, body mass index, fracture type, fracture-dislocation, proximal humeral bone mineral density, humeral head extension, hinge integrity, comminuted GT, volume and surface area of the main GT fragment, and displacement of the main GT fragment. Intraoperative factors were adequate medial support, residual head-shaft displacement, head-shaft angle and residual GT displacement. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors. Results There were 207 patients (130 women and 77 men; mean age, 55 years). GT anatomic healing was observed in 139 (67.1%) patients and nonanatomic healing in 68 (32.9%). Patients with GT nonanatomic healing had significantly inferior Constant scores than those with GT anatomic healing (75.0 ± 13.9 vs. 83.9 ± 11.8, P

Abstract A full understanding of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine-mediated antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants will inform vaccine effectiveness and vaccination development strategies. Here, we offer insights into the inactivated vaccine-induced antibody responses after prime-boost vaccination at both the polyclonal and monoclonal levels. We characterized the VDJ sequence of 118 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and found that 20 neutralizing mAbs showed varied potency and breadth against a range of variants including XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) based on nonoverlapping mAbs exhibited enhanced neutralizing potency and breadth against the most antibody-evasive strains, such as XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. The passive transfer of mAbs or their bsAb effectively protected female hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with an infectious Delta or Omicron BA.2 variant. The neutralization mechanisms of these antibodies were determined by structural characterization. Overall, a broad spectrum of potent and distinct neutralizing antibodies can be induced in individuals immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV, suggesting the application potential of inactivated vaccines and these antibodies for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants.

Abstract The proliferation of seismic networks in Australia has laid the groundwork for high-resolution probing of the continental crust. Here we develop an updated 3D shear-velocity model using a large dataset containing nearly 30 years of seismic recordings from over 1600 stations. A recently-developed ambient noise imaging workflow enables improved data analysis by integrating asynchronous arrays across the continent. This model reveals fine-scale crustal structures at a lateral resolution of approximately 1-degree in most parts of the continent, highlighted by 1) shallow low velocities (

West Texas has been a seismically active region in the past decade due to the injection of industrial wastewater and hydrocarbon exploitation. The newly founded Texas seismological network has provided a catalog that characterizes the intense seismicity down to a magnitude of 1.5 Ml. However, there are numerous small-magnitude events (Ml < 1.0) occurring every day that are not analyzed and reported, due to the prohibitively high workload to manually verify the picks from automatic picking methods. We propose to apply an advanced deep learning method, the earthquake compact convolutional transformer (EQCCT), to unleash our power in analyzing hundreds of small earthquakes per day in West Texas. The EQCCT method is embedded in an integrated-detection-and-location framework to output a highly complete earthquake catalog, given a list of available seismic stations, in a seamless way. The EQCCT has enabled us to detect and locate 50-times more earthquakes (mostly smaller than magnitude 1) than we previously could. We applied the EQCCT-embedded detection and location workflow to the Culberson and Mentone earthquake zone (CMEZ) in West Texas and detected thousands of earthquakes per month for consecutively three months. Further relocation of the new catalog revealed an unprecedentedly high-resolution and precise depiction of shallow and deep basement-rooted faults. The highly complete catalog also offers significant insights into the seismo-tectonic status of the CMEZ. Association with nearby injection activities also revealed a strong correlation between the rate of injected fluid volume and the number of small earthquakes.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study is twofold: To develop a method for an ex vivo hypofibrinolytic control and second to analyze patterns in standard and recently developed clinical coagulation assays for the detection of hypofibrinolytic states. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed blood samples from healthy patients first under normal conditions and then laced with human recombinant PAI-1 under three different concentrations. We then analyzed both samples using standard clinical assays (PT, aPTT, D-dimer, Fibrinogen), thromboelastography point-of-care tests (Hemosoncs- Quantra system), and with research assays of clot size and aggregation. Our previous research of diagnostic errors showed the patient group with the highest overall risk of these non-identifiable thrombotic complications was post-menopausal women with chronic diseases. We therefore focused our patient population to healthy post-menopausal women who were not using hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Research assays showed PAI-1 significantly increased clot size and aggregation. Preliminary results of clinical assays showed no detectable difference in hypofibrinolytic samples at any concentration. We anticipate ongoing testing will show similar results. Results on Quantra tests showed much larger differences between control and hypofibrinolysis samples, and we anticipate ongoing testing will achieving statistical significance. It is still unknown whether the mean value for hypofibrinolysis samples on the Quantra Clot Stability assay will be outside of the “normal” reference range. We theorize that this may be due to hypofibrinolytic changes in the overall structure and core density of the clots. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular stress stimulates a concomitant activation of inflammation and coagulation, including decreased fibrinolysis. Unfortunately, current clinical assays do not assess clot breakdown. This connection would account for the increased rate of thrombosis in patients with chronic inflammation without detectable results on clinical tests.

Straw return utilizes waste resources to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers worldwide. However, information is still lacking on the relative impact of straw return on soil fertility, the nutrient composition of different soil aggregates, and soil microbial communities. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the effects of different management practices on the crop yield, soil fertility, and soil community composition in a 14-year wheat–rice rotation system. The treatments included a control (without fertilizer and straw addition), chemical fertilization (NPK), straw return without fertilizer (S), and straw addition with chemical fertilizer (NPKS). The results showed that NPKS improved the wheat and rice yield by 185.12% and 88.02%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. Additionally, compared to the CK treatment, the N, P, and K contents of the wheat stem were increased by 39.02%, 125%, and 20.23% under the NPKS treatment. Compared to the CK treatment, SOM, TN, TP, AN, AP, AK, CEC, AFe, AMn, ACu, and AZn were increased by 49.12%, 32.62%, 35.06%, 22.89%, 129.36%, 48.34%, 13.40%, 133.95%, 58.98%, 18.26% and 33.33% under the NPKS treatment, respectively. Moreover, straw addition promoted the creation and stabilization of macro-aggregates in crop soils. The relative abundance of macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm) increased from 37.49% to 52.97%. Straw addition was associated with a higher proportion of aromatic and carbonyl carbon groups in the soil, which, in turn, promoted the formation of macro-aggregates. Redundancy analysis showed that straw return significantly increased the microbial community diversity. These findings demonstrate that straw addition together with chemical fertilizer could increase the crop yield by improving soil fertility, soil aggregate stability, and the diversity of fungi.

Yeast culture (YC) is a yeast-fermented product of enzymolysis soybean protein with plenty of small peptide and nucleotide. This study aimed to investigate the effects of YC as a substitute for fish meal (FM) on the growth, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal histology and microorganisms of hybrid snakehead (Channa argus ♂ × C. maculate ♀). In a basal diet containing 250 g/kg FM, YC was included at the levels of 0, 40, 80, 120 g/kg to replace 0, 29.5, 59.0 and 88.5 g/kg FM to form four isonitrogenous diets (CON, YC-40, YC-80 and YC-120). The four diets were fed to hybrid snakehead with initial body weight (9.2 ± 0.1 g) for 70 days. The results showed that there were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention (PR) and lipid retention (LR) among the three groups of CON, YC-40 and YC-80 groups (P > 0.05). However, the WG, PER, PR and LR in YC-120 group were significantly lower than those in the CON group (P 0.05). In serum biochemical parameters, superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in YC-40 and YC-80 groups were significantly increased, and total cholesterol content in YC-120 group was significantly decreased when compared to the control (P 0.05). Intestinal microbial analysis showed that the major intestinal microorganisms in all groups were Firmicutes, Spirochaetota, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Brevinema in YC-120 group was significantly higher than that in CON group (P

Highlights Cattle dung can be effectively managed through vermicomposting Biochar showed both positive and negative effects on earthworms’ performance 5% biochar addition promoted compost quality by stimulating earthworms’ activity Higher doses of biochar were not suitable for vermicomposting Available N and functional genes drove compost quality and N2O emissions Biochar increased AOB but decreased nirS gene numbers in fresh cast of earthworms

The gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) have long been sought by pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments, in the forms of both a stochastic GW background (GWB) and individual sources. Evidence for a GWB was reported recently by several PTAs with origins to be determined. Here we use a BBH population synthesis model to investigate the detection probability of individual BBHs by the Chinese PTA (CPTA) and the constraint on the GWB origin that may be obtained by PTA observations of both GWB and individual BBHs. If the detected GWB signal is entirely due to BBHs, a significantly positive redshift evolution (∝ (1 + z ) ^2.07 ) of the mass scaling relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies is required. In this case, we find that the detection probability of individual BBHs is ∼85% or 64% if using a period of 3.4 yr of CPTA observation data, with an expectation of ∼1.9 or 1.0 BBHs detectable with a signal-to-noise ratio ≥3 or 5, and it is expected to increase to >95% if the observation period is extended to 5 yr or longer. Even if the contribution from BBHs to the GWB power signal is as small as ∼10%, a positive detection of individual BBHs can still be expected within an observation period of ∼10 yr. A nondetection of individual BBHs within several years from now jointly with the detected GWB signal can put a strong constraint on the upper limit of the BBH contribution to the GWB signal and help identify/falsify a cosmological origin.

More than 100 tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been detected at multiple bands, which can be viewed as extreme laboratories to investigate the accretion physics and gravity in the immediate vicinity of massive black holes. Future transient surveys are expected to detect several tens of thousands of TDEs, among which a small fraction may be strongly gravitationally lensed by intervening galaxies. In this paper, we statistically estimate the detection rate of lensed TDEs, with dependence on the limiting magnitude of the transient all-sky surveys searching for them. We find that the requisite limiting magnitude for an all-sky transient survey to observe at least 1 yr ^−1 is ≳21.3, 21.2, and 21.5 mag in the u , g , and z bands, respectively. If the limiting magnitude of the all-sky survey can reach ∼25–26 mag in the u , g , and z bands, the detection rate can be up to about several tens to hundreds per year. The discovery and identification of the first image of the lensed TDE can be taken as an early warning of the second and other subsequent images, which may enable detailed monitoring of the pre-peak photometry and spectroscopy evolution of the TDE. The additional early-stage information may help to constrain the dynamical and radiation processes involved in the TDEs.

The Johnson–Cook model is widely used because of its ability to meet the simulation material requirements in various situations. However, under different working conditions, the accuracy of the model may have errors. In this work, based on Abaqus (Abaqus R2022 Education Edition, Dassault Systèmes, Paris, France) simulation software, Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model parameters and compression parameters were selected to simulate the improvement of surface roughness during the ball milling of a 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. In the numerical simulation of ball polishing, the changes in the residual stress field when the Johnson–Cook parameters change are analyzed. By comparing the numerically simulated residual stress fields under the JC parameters calculated at different strain rates, a set of parameters that agrees with the experimental values is selected. The results show that the residual stresses are in line with the experimental values when the strain rate is 10−4s −1. The changes in roughness corresponding to the selected parameters are analyzed. The results indicate that the simulated trend of roughness variation is consistent with the experimental values, and the optimal surface roughness value under a static pressure of 300 N is obtained.

Interactions between proteins coordinate biological processes in an organism and may impact its responses to changing environments and diseases through feedback systems. Feedback systems function by using changes in the past to influence behaviors in the future, which we refer to here as memory. Here, we summarized several observations made, ideas conceptualized, and mathematical models developed for quantitatively analyzing memory effects in repetitive protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Specifically, we consider how proteins on the cell or in isolation retain information about prior interactions to impact current interactions. The micropipette, biomembrane force probe, and atomic force microscopic techniques were used to repeatedly assay PPIs. The resulting time series were analyzed by a previous and two new models to extract three memory indices of short (seconds), intermediate (minutes), and long (hours) timescales. We found that interactions of cell membrane, but not soluble, T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) exhibits short-term memory that impacts on-rate, but not off-rate of the binding kinetics. Peptide dissociation from MHC resulted in intermediate- and long-term memories in TCR–pMHC interactions. However, we observed no changes in kinetic parameters by repetitive measurements on living cells over intermediate timescales using stable pMHCs. Parameters quantifying memory effects in PPIs could provide additional information regarding biological mechanisms. The methods developed herein also provide tools for future research.

Abstract Background Accurate posterior column reduction remains a challenging and controversial topic in the management of complex pilon fractures (AO/OTA C3). We aim to report the outcomes of surgical treatment for 22 AO/OTA C3 pilon fracture cases between January 2015 and May 2017 and highlight some traps and tips. Methods Three patients underwent two-stage early plating on the posterior column through a posterolateral approach. The remaining 19 patients were treated with two-stage delayed plating on the posterior column: 11 patients were treated with a posterolateral approach, five patients with a modified posteromedial approach, and three patients with a single anterior approach. The reduction of the posterior column was evaluated according to the Burwell-Charnley’s radiographic criteria, and functional outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores. Results Posterior column malreduction occurred in five cases, including in one case that was re-adjusted immediately and in another case that was re-adjusted during a two-staged delayed operation. According to Burwell-Charnley’s criteria, the satisfactory rate of fracture reduction was 81.8%. After 1 year, the mean AOFAS score was 81.9 (81.9 ± 9.9); the outcome was excellent in three (20.0%), good in nine (60.0%), and fair in three (20.0%). Excellent or good outcomes were noted in 12 patients (80.0%). Conclusions The combined anterior and posterior approach is suggested in the second stage of plating so that the posterior column fragments can be re-adjusted intraoperatively, if necessary. Following these procedures, satisfactory reduction and recovery of good ankle function can be anticipated.

This study investigated the effects of replacing soybean meal (SM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, flesh quality, and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass. In a diet with 400 g/kg FM inclusion (FSM-0), FSM was used to substitute 120 g/kg SM, 120 g/kg SM + 80 g/kg CGM, and 65 g/kg FM at the inclusion of 100 g/kg (FSM-10-SM), 200 g/kg (FSM-20), and 100 g/kg (FSM-10-FM), respectively. Then, largemouth bass weighing 225.7 ± 2.6 g was fed the four diets for 60 days. The WG of FSM-20 group was increased by 11.8% (P

Restoring skin integrity after wound infection remains a tougher health challenge due to the uncontrolled antibiotic-resistant pathogens caused by antibiotic abuse. Herein, an injectable hydrogel with dual antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities composed of gold nanoclusters (GNCs) and carbomer (CBM) is developed for wound dressing to overcome multidrug-resistant infection. Firstly, both experimental investigations and molecular dynamics simulation validate the protonation state of 6-mercaptohexanoic acid (MHA) ligands play an important role in its antibacterial action of GNCs. The self-organizing GNCs-CBM composite hydrogel is then spontaneously cross-linked by the dimeric hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between the MHA ligands and the acrylic acid groups of CBM. Benefitting from the dimeric H-bonds, the hydrogel becomes thickening enough as an ideal wound dressing and the GNCs exist in the hydrogel with a high protonation level that contributes to the enhanced bactericidal function. In all, by combining bactericidal and immunomodulatory actions, the GNCs-CBM hydrogel demonstrated excellent synergy in accelerating wound healing in animal infection models. Hence, the dimeric H-bonds strengthening strategy makes the GNCs-CBM hydrogel hold great potential as a safe and effective dressing for treating infected wounds.

Residents’ satisfaction with post-disaster reconstruction in earthquake-stricken areas directly affects their quality of life, which cannot be ignored in post-disaster reconstruction. More than 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, we took ten randomly selected villages in the five areas hardest-hit by the Wenchuan earthquake as research objects and obtained 483 valid completed questionnaires. The villagers were randomly sampled and descriptive statistical analysis, factor analysis, and ordered logistic regression were used to explore the factors and relationships influencing villagers’ satisfaction with post-disaster reconstruction in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas. The results show that: 1) the more rural residents know about the post-disaster reconstruction, the greater their level of satisfaction; 2) the more the annual income of families increases after resettlement, the greater the satisfaction of rural residents with the post-disaster reconstruction; 3) six public factors, namely the village committee acts as, housing construction quality, public service, policy of benefiting farmers, cultural environment, and hardware environment, all significantly positively affect residents’ overall satisfaction with post-earthquake reconstruction. This study thus enriches the theory of residents’ satisfaction studies and the practice of post-earthquake reconstruction.

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in human blood. They are critical for fighting infections and are involved in inflammatory diseases. Mitochondria are indispensable for eukaryotic cells, as they control the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production. Mitochondria in neutrophils have been underestimated since glycolysis is a major metabolic pathway for fuel production in neutrophils. However, several studies have shown that mitochondria are greatly involved in multiple neutrophil functions as well as neutrophil-related diseases. In this review, we focus on how mitochondrial components, metabolism, and related genes regulate neutrophil functions and relevant diseases.

The rapid urbanization in China urges scholars to investigate the impacts of built environment on the level of travel satisfaction of rural residents to improve their quality of life and make planning exercises more human-centric. This study samples six villages out of the 25 top rural areas in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, as the research object and constructs a structural equation model to explore the direct and indirect impacts of the built environment on daily travel satisfaction of rural residents. The research finds that building density (0.609), road density (0.569), the number of accessible markets (0.314), and private car ownership (0.02) have significant positive impacts on travel satisfaction. Public transport (−0.063) has a direct negative impact on travel satisfaction. Consequently, in order to further improve travel satisfaction, construction departments and rural planners should improve the building and road densities of new rural areas and increase the number of accessible markets. The convenience of rural public transport services also needs improvement.

Media has paid more attention recently on environmental issues caused by construction companies which imposes public opinion pressure on construction companies and could potentially impact their decision-making processes for green innovations. However, research on the relationship between public opinions pressure and construction company green innovation behavior is still limited. To understand how such public opinions pressure can impact construction companies' green transition and formulate advice accordingly, it is necessary to use empirical data to find the correlations. Therefore, this research has gathered questionnaire data of the construction companies in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle of China to study the influencing mechanism of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior, analyzes the realization path of leaders' environmental intention as a mediating variable in the impact of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior, and reveals the role boundary of environmental regulation as a moderating variable in the impact of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior. The results show that environmental public opinion pressure has a significant positive impact on enterprise green innovation behavior. More specifically, enterprise green innovation behavior is affected by leaders' environmental intention and the latter plays a partial mediating role between environmental public opinion pressure and enterprise green innovation behavior. Environmental regulation also enhances the sensitivity of companies to environmental public opinion pressure, and therefore can significantly strengthen the relationship between environmental public opinion pressure and enterprise green innovation behavior. Further research find that, compared with incentive-based environmental regulations, mandatory environmental regulations make companies more sensitive to environmental public opinion pressure and has a more significant positive moderating effect. The research conclusions could be used to provide theoretical reference with empirical data for accelerating the green innovation transformation and promoting the high-quality development in the construction industry.

Abstract Closed reduction and internal fixation with antegrade intramedullary nails is a feasible and effective treatment for displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures (FMNFs). The present study aimed to compare clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with displaced FMNFs after treatment with single or dual antegrade elastic intramedullary nails (AEIMNs). Thirty-three patients were treated with a single 2.0 mm AEIMN and 34 patients were treated with two 1.5 mm AEIMNs. Clinical and radiological outcomes included grip strength, active range of motion (ROM), active flexion and extension of the fifth metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, dorsal angulation loss, and metacarpal shortening of the fifth metacarpal at 12 months after treatment. No significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to grip strength, ROM or flexion of the fifth MCP joint. The average values of dorsal angulation loss, metacarpal shortening, and extension of the fifth MCP joint of the dual nails group were better than those of the single nail group (dorsal angulation loss, 2.79 ± 1.93° vs. 4.05 ± 1.59°, P = 0.009; metacarpal shortening, 1.66 ± 0.80 mm vs. 2.12 ± 0.88 mm, P = 0.028; extension of the fifth MCP joint, 7.71 ± 4.43° vs. 4.82 ± 4.09°, P = 0.012). In conclusion, dual AEIMNs fixation provided better MCP extension and radiological outcomes than single AEIMN fixation.

Earthquakes occur frequently in rural areas of Sichuan, China, causing huge damage and high mortality. The built environment plays a significant role in providing residents with safe and resilient settlements in such areas. There is yet little research on how rural families in developing countries cope with geological disasters like earthquakes, and how built environmental factors would influence their resettlement choices which would directly affect their quality of life afterward. Urban planning activities should be accompanied by these insights to design and create human-centric resettlements accordingly. In this study, the resettlement choices after three major earthquakes in Sichuan were studied for this reason. Random sampling and face-to-face questionnaire surveys were combined with factor analysis and binary logistic regression to understand the resettlement modes desired by the residents and the influencing factors. The results show that residents who have lived in their current places long and whose houses were not built recently are more likely to choose the in-situ resettlement. Accessibility to employment and public services has a significant impact on residents' choice of in-situ resettlement or reallocated resettlement, and so does the previous resettlement experience. The research results can provide useful suggestions for Chinese rural area post-earthquake resettlement planning following a human-centric approach with empirical data.

Work-from-home (WFH) influences both work and life, and further impacts family relationships. The current study explored the impacts of WFH on family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified effective adaptive processes for maintaining family relationships under WFH. Using the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation (VSA) model, the study examined the roles of adaptive processes (spending time with family members and balancing work and life) and demographic differences (gender, age, marital status, and education level) in the relation between WFH and family relationships. Path analysis results based on an online survey (N = 150) suggested that, overall, WFH improved family relationships through proper adaptive processes. WFH had a positive relation to time spent with family members, and this relation was especially salient for workers with lower education levels. While there was no statistically significant overall relation between WFH and work-life balance, older workers tended to engage in increased work-life balance during WFH. Both adaptive processes were positively related to family relationship quality. The findings advance the understanding of family relationships and WFH and provide practical recommendations to enhance family relationships under WFH.

Abstract Electronic skin (e‐skin), new generation of flexible wearable electronic devices, has characteristics including flexibility, thinness, biocompatibility with broad application prospects, and a crucial place in future wearable electronics. With the increasing demand for wearable sensor systems, the realization of multifunctional e‐skin with low power consumption or even autonomous energy is urgently needed. The latest progress of multifunctional self‐powered e‐skin for applications in physiological health, human–machine interaction (HMI), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) is presented here. Various energy conversion effects for the driving energy problem of multifunctional e‐skin are summarized. An overview of various types of self‐powered e‐skins, including single‐effect e‐skins and multifunctional coupling‐effects e‐skin systems is provided, where the aspects of material preparation, device assembly, and output signal analysis of the self‐powered multifunctional e‐skin are described. In the end, the existing problems and prospects in this field are also discussed.

Platelet function tests are essential to profile platelet dysfunction and dysregulation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clinically they provide critical guidance to the patient management and therapeutic evaluation. Recently, the biomechanical effects induced by hemodynamic and contractile forces on platelet functions attracted increasing attention. Unfortunately, the existing platelet function tests on the market do not sufficiently incorporate the topical platelet mechanobiology at play. Besides, they are often expensive and bulky systems that require large sample volumes and long processing time. To this end, numerous novel microfluidic technologies emerge to mimic vascular anatomies, incorporate hemodynamic parameters and recapitulate platelet mechanobiology. These miniaturized and cost-efficient microfluidic devices shed light on high-throughput, rapid and scalable platelet function testing, hematological disorder profiling and antiplatelet drug screening. Moreover, the existing antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy while incurring several adverse bleeding side effects on certain individuals. Encouraged by a few microfluidic systems that are successfully commercialized and applied to clinical practices, the microfluidics that incorporate platelet mechanobiology hold great potential as handy, efficient, and inexpensive point-of-care tools for patient monitoring and therapeutic evaluation. Hereby, we first summarize the conventional and commercially available platelet function tests. Then we highlight the recent advances of platelet mechanobiology inspired microfluidic technologies. Last but not least, we discuss their future potential of microfluidics as point-of-care tools for platelet function test and antiplatelet drug screening.

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are anticipated to detect the stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) as well as the gravitational waves from individual BBHs. Recently, a common process signal was reported by several PTAs. In this paper, we investigate the constraints on the BBH population model(s) by current PTA observations and further study the detections of both the GWB and individual BBHs by current and future PTAs. We find that the massive black hole–host galaxy scaling relation, an important ingredient of the BBH population model, is required to either evolve significantly with redshift or have a normalization ∼0.86–1.1 dex higher than the empirical ones if the GWB is the same as the common process signal. For both cases, the estimated detection probability for individual BBHs is too small for a positive detection by current PTAs. By involving either the constrained scaling relations or those empirical ones into the BBH population models, we estimate that the GWB may be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio ≳3 by the China Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope PTA (CPTA) and the Square Kilometre Array PTA (SKAPTA) after ∼2–3 (or ∼6–11) yr observation if it is the same as (or 1 order of magnitude lower than) the common process signal. The detection time of individual BBHs by CPTA and SKAPTA is close to that of the GWB detection. We show that the BBH population model can be strongly constrained by the number and property distributions of BBHs to be detected by future PTAs.

Stars can be either disrupted as tidal disruption events (TDEs) or swallowed whole by massive black holes (MBHs) at galactic centers when they approach sufficiently close to these MBHs. In this work, we investigate the correlations of such stellar consumption rates with both the MBH mass M _BH and the inner slope of the host-galaxy mass density distribution α . We introduce a simplified analytical power-law model with a power-law stellar-mass density distribution surrounding MBHs and separate the contributions of two-body relaxation and stellar orbital precession for the stellar orbital angular momentum evolution in nonspherical galaxy potentials. The stellar consumption rates derived from this simplified model can be well consistent with the numerical results obtained with a more realistic treatment of stellar distributions and dynamics around MBHs, providing an efficient way to estimate TDE rates. The origin of the correlations of stellar consumption rates with M _BH and α is explained by the dependence of this analytical model on those MBH/host-galaxy properties and by the separation of the stellar angular momentum evolution mechanisms. We propose that the strong positive correlation between the rates of stellar consumption due to two-body relaxation and α provides one interpretation for the overrepresentation of TDEs found in some rare E+A/poststarburst galaxies. We find high TDE rates for giant stars, up to those for solar-type stars. Understanding the origin of the correlations of the stellar consumption rates will be necessary for obtaining the demographics of MBHs and their host galaxies via TDEs.

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology for recording vibration signals via the optical fibers buried in subsurface conduits. Its relatively easy-to-deploy and high spatial and temporal sampling characteristics make DAS an appealing tool to record seismic wavefields at higher quantity and quality than traditional geophones. Considering that the usage of optical fibers in the urban environment has drawn relatively less attention aside from its functionality as a telecommunication cable, we examine its ability to record seismic signals and investigate its preliminary application in city traffic monitoring. To solve the problems that DAS signals are prone to a variety of environmental noise and are generally of weak amplitude compared to noise, we propose a fast workflow for real-time DAS data processing, which can enhance the detection of regular car signals and suppress the other components. We conduct a DAS experiment in Hangzhou, China, a typical metropolitan area that can provide us with a rich data library to validate our DAS data-processing workflow. The well-processed data enable us to extract their slope and coherency attributes that can provide an estimate of real traffic situations. The one-minute (with video validations) and 24 h statistics of these attributes show that the speed and volume of car flow are well correlated demonstrates the robustness of the proposed data processing workflow and great potential of DAS for city traffic monitoring with high precision and convenience. However, challenges also exist in view that all the attributes are statistically analyzed based on the behaviors of a large number of cars, which is meaningful but lacking in precision. Therefore, we suggest developing more quantitative processing and analyzing methods to provide precise information on individual cars in future works.

Rice is the main staple food worldwide, yet paddy fields are a primary source of artificial methane (CH4) emissions. Phosphorus (P) is a key element in the growth of plants and microbes, and P fertilizer input is a conventional agricultural practice adopted to improve rice yield. However, the impact of long-term P fertilizer addition on CH4 emissions in rice paddies is still unclear. To test this impact, a 36-yr field experiment with and without P fertilizer application treatments under a double-rice cropping system was used in this study to explore how continuous P application affects CH4 emissions and related plant and soil properties. The cumulative CH4 emissions were 21.2% and 28.6% higher without P fertilizer application treatment than with P fertilizer application treatment during the early and late season, respectively. Long-term P fertilizer application increased the rice aboveground biomass by 14.7–85.1% and increased grain yield by 24.5–138.7%. However, it reduced the ratio of root biomass to aboveground biomass. Long-term P fertilizer input reduced the soil NH4+ concentrations in both rice seasons but increased the soil DOC concentrations in the late season. The soil methanogenic abundance and CH4 production potential were similar without and with P fertilizer application treatments; however, the methanotrophic abundance and soil CH4 oxidation potential with P fertilizer application treatment were significantly higher than without P fertilizer application treatment. Our findings indicate that long-term P fertilizer input reduces CH4 emissions in rice fields, mainly by improving CH4 oxidation, which highlights the need for judicious P management to increase rice yield while reducing CH4 emissions.

The USArray of EarthScope is a seismic broadband network acquiring global seismic data. Here, the authors apply an iterative rank-reduction method to obtain free earthquake data at locations where no seismic stations are available as well as enhancing existing data recorded by the USArray.

Abstract Plants are often repeatedly exposed to stresses during their lives and have a mechanism called stress imprinting that provides “memories” of stresses they experience and increases their ability to cope with later stresses. To test hypotheses that primed bryophytes can preserve their stress imprinting after 6 days of recovery and induce higher levels of osmolytes and ROS‐scavenging activities upon later stress exposure, and there exist population‐level differentiation in their desiccation defenses, we transplanted samples of two populations of each of two moss species, Hypnum plumaeforme and Pogonatum cirratum, in a nature reserve in southern China. After 16 months of acclimation, sets of each population were subjected to control, one‐time desiccation stress, duplicated desiccation stress and cross‐stress (low temperature stress followed by desiccation stress) treatments. Levels of oxidant enzymes, osmolytes, and phytohormones in the samples were then determined. The desiccation stress generally led to increases in activities or contents of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, proline, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and stress hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates (JA), and salicylic acid (SA), with differences between both species and populations. After a 6‐day recovery period, contents of phytohormones (including ABA, JA, SA, and cytokinins) in stressed H. plumaeforme had substantially fallen toward control levels. The duplicated and cross‐stress treatments generally led to further accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins, with further increases in activities of antioxidant enzymes in some cases. Furthermore, significant differences between allochthonous and native populations were found in contents of malondialdehyde and osmolytes, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities. Our results confirm the hypotheses and highlight the importance of osmolytes in mosses' stress responses.

Two challenging theories, accretion versus collision, approach the orogenesis of the North American Cordillera. Here, the authors present new, high-resolution geophysical datasets consistent with a model of collision in response to westward subduction of the North American craton.

Optimal soil nitrogen management is vital to crop production and environment protection. Little knowledge is available on crop yield, nitrogen uptake, use efficiency and balance in paddy rice-upland wheat cropping system of China. A thirty-five-year long-term field experiment was designed with nine treatments, including an unfertilized treatment (control), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) fertilizer, manure (M), and manure combined with mineral fertilizer treatments. Crop yield, N uptake, use efficiency, and N surplus or deficit amount were determined. The results indicated that rice, wheat yield and N uptake amount in the manure combined with mineral fertilizer treatments were higher than that in the manure alone or mineral fertilizer alone treatments. N use efficiency was the highest in the treatment with manure alone. Soil N input indicated a surplus in the mineral fertilizer in combination with manure treatment, but soil N input indicated a deficit in the control, NPK and M treatments. Considering crop yields, N use efficiency and N balance, recommended N application amount is almost 220 kg N/ha/year in the paddy rice-upland wheat cropping system. Taking into account labour and fertilizer sources, half mineral N and half organic N applications were recommended.

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and are critical for innate immunity and inflammation. Integrins are critical for neutrophil functions, especially for their recruitment to sites of inflammation or infections. Integrin conformational changes during activation have been heavily investigated but are still not fully understood. Many regulators, such as talin, Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), Rap1, and kindlin, are critical for integrin activation and might be potential targets for integrin-regulating drugs in treating inflammatory diseases. In this review, we outline integrin activation regulators in neutrophils with a focus on the above critical regulators, as well as newly discovered modulators that are involved in integrin activation.

Background: The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed a serious threat to China, followed by compulsive measures taken against the national emergency to control its further spread. This study was designed to describe residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors (KAP) during the outbreak of COVID-19.Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was randomly administrated to residents in mainland China between Mar 7 and Mar 16, 2020. Residents' responses to KAP were quantified by descriptive and stratified analyses. A Multiple Logistic Regression model was employed to identify risk factors associated with KAP scores.Results: A total of 10,195 participants were enrolled from 32 provinces of China. Participants of the ≥61 years group had higher KAP scores [adjusted Odds Ratio (ORadj) = 4.8, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.0–7.7, P < 0.0001], and the married participants and those in low-income families had higher scores of KAP (ORadj = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.3; ORadj = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.6–2.2, respectively, both P < 0.0001). The participants living with more than two family members had higher scores in an increasing ORs when the family members increased (ORadj = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.6, P = 0.013; ORadj = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.6, P = 0.003; ORadj = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6, P = 0.02; for groups of 2, 3–4 and ≥5, respectively).Conclusions: Out of the enrolled participants who completed the survey, 85.5% responded positively toward the mandatory public health interventions implemented nationwide by the Chinese authorities. These effective practices seem to be related to a proper attitude generated by the increased knowledge and better awareness of the risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent need for safe and responsible behavior.

Pyridinyl-triazole ligand systems (including N2-2-pyridinyl 1,2,3-triazoles and N1/N2-substituted 2-(NH-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridines) were found to be superior ligands for CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Low catalyst loadings, short reaction times, facile catalyst recyclability, ambient temperature, and open-flask conditions made this catalytic system very practical. The iodide anions could form iodine bridges to construct stable dinuclear Cu(I) complexes with these ligands, which was the key to achieve high catalytic activities. While CuBr and CuCl were not suitable for this ligand system because of the improper size of Br and Cl atoms for the formation of the corresponding dinuclear Cu(I) complexes.