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Fig S1. ELISA formats for detection of various analytes. Fig S2. Biophysical characterization of CAT-02-106. Fig S3. Competitive ELISA data showing CAT-02-106 binding to CD22. Fig S4. CAT-02-106 internalization on Ramos, Granta-519, and WSU-DLCL2 cells. Fig S5. CAT-02-106 in vitro cytotoxicity test on CD22-negative cells. Fig S6. The CAT-02-106-related ADC, anti-HER2 RED-106, does not induce bystander killing. Fig S7. Comparison of cell surface CD22 expression levels on Ramos and WSU-DLCL2 cells. Fig S8. Ramos and WSU-DLCL2 xenograft study data plotted as individual animals. Fig S9. Mouse body weights from Ramos and WSU-DLCL2 xenograft studies. Fig S10. CAT-02-106 binding to cynomolgus monkey B cells as assessed by flow cytometry. Fig S11. CAT-02-106 cross-reactivity to human and cynomolgus tissues. Table S1. Summary of pharmacokinetic findings in rats dosed at 3 mg/kg with CAT-02-106.

Hematologically derived tumors make up ∼10% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases in the United States. Of these, the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) designation describes a diverse group of cancers that collectively rank among the top 10 most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Although long-term survival trends are improving, there remains a significant unmet clinical need for treatments to help patients with relapsed or refractory disease, one cause of which is drug efflux through upregulation of xenobiotic pumps, such as MDR1. CD22 is a clinically validated target for the treatment of NHL, but no anti-CD22 agents have yet been approved for this indication. Recent approval of an anti-CD22 antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory ALL supports the rationale for targeting this protein. An opportunity exists for a next-generation anti-CD22 antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) to address unmet medical needs in the relapsed/refractory NHL population. We describe a site-specifically conjugated antibody–drug conjugate, made using aldehyde tag technology, targeted against CD22 and bearing a noncleavable maytansine payload that is resistant to MDR1-mediated efflux. The construct was efficacious against CD22+ NHL xenografts and could be repeatedly dosed in cynomolgus monkeys at 60 mg/kg with no observed significantly adverse effects. Exposure to total ADC at these doses (as assessed by AUC0-inf) indicated that the exposure needed to achieve efficacy was below tolerable limits. Together, the data suggest that this drug has the potential to be used effectively in patients with CD22+ tumors that have developed MDR1-related resistance to prior therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(1); 161–8. ©2017 AACR.

Contains 3 tables and 8 figures with legends.

Supplementary Figure Legends

Supplementary Methods and Synthesis of RED-106

We use a physical model to optimize the mechanical and magnetic properties of a magneto-thermoelectric generator (MTG) device to improve its performance. The key to the MTG device designed for thermal energy harvesting is the use of the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition of Gd metal induced by a temperature difference between two heat sources. To increase the heat transfer between the Gd and the heat sources, a clamped and simply supported beam structure is proposed as an alternative to cantilevers. For the mechanical and magnetic optimization of the proposed structure, a physics model is used to develop theoretical predictions. Experiments confirmed that the MTG device operates within the predicted range.

Although peptide motifs represent the majority of cleavable linkers used in clinical-stage antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the sequences are often sensitive to cleavage by extracellular enzymes, such as elastase, leading to systemic release of the cytotoxic payload. This action reduces the therapeutic index by causing off-target toxicities that can be dose-limiting. For example, a common side-effect of ADCs made using peptide-cleavable linkers is myelosuppression, including neutropenia. Only a few reports describe methods for optimizing peptide linkers to maintain efficient and potent tumor payload delivery while enhancing circulating stability. Herein, we address these critical limitations through the development of a tandem-cleavage linker strategy, where two sequential enzymatic cleavage events mediate payload release. We prepared dipeptides that are protected from degradation in the circulation by a sterically-encumbering glucuronide moiety. Upon ADC internalization and lysosomal degradation, the monosaccharide is removed and the exposed dipeptide is degraded, liberating the attached payload inside the target cell. We used CD79b-targeted monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugates as our model system, and compared the stability, efficacy, and tolerability of ADCs made with tandem-cleavage linkers to ADCs made using standard technology with the vedotin linker. The results—where rat studies showed dramatically improved tolerability in the hematopoietic compartment—highlight the role that linker stability plays in efficacy and tolerability, and offer a means of improving an ADC’s therapeutic index for improved patient outcomes.

Trastuzumab and the related antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), both target HER2-overexpressing cells. Together, these drugs have treatment indications in both early-stage and metastatic settings for HER2+ breast cancer. T-DM1 retains the antibody functionalities of trastuzumab and adds the potency of a cytotoxic maytansine payload. Interestingly, in the clinic, T-DM1 cannot always replace the use of trastuzumab plus chemotherapy administered together as single agents. We hypothesize that this failure may be due in part to the limited systemic exposure achieved by T-DM1 relative to trastuzumab because of toxicity-related dosing constraints on the ADC. We have developed a trastuzumab-based ADC site-specifically conjugated to maytansine through a noncleavable linker. This construct, termed CAT-01-106, has a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 1.8, approximately half the average DAR of T-DM1, which comprises a mixture of antibodies variously conjugated with DARs ranging from 0-8. The high DAR species present in T-DM1 contribute to its toxicity and limit its clinical dose. CAT-01-106 showed superior in vivo efficacy compared to T-DM1 at equal payload dosing and was equally or better tolerated compared to T-DM1 at equal payload dosing up to 120 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats and 60 mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys. CAT-01-106 also showed improved pharmacokinetics in rats relative to T-DM1, with 40% higher ADC exposure levels. Together, the data suggest that CAT-01-106 may be sufficiently tolerable to enable clinical dosing at trastuzumab-equivalent exposure levels, combining the functions of both the antibody and the payload in one drug and potentially improving patient outcomes.

The morphology, crystal size, and trap density of perovskite films significantly affect the luminescent properties of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Recently, numerous studies have been...

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive metal oxide material in optoelectronics because of its visible light-emitting property caused by various deep-level defects. To exploit this property to its full potential in optoelectronic device applications, it is necessary to synthesize quantum-dot sized ZnO and to obtain p-type ZnO for achieving a p-n homojunction. In this study, for the first time, Sb-doped p-ZnO quantum dots (QDs) were successfully synthesized with a doping concentration of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 at.% by a facile solution process at a low temperature of 30 °C. The obtained Sb-doped p-ZnO QDs exhibited strong and broad deep-level emission due to various deep-level defects. The p-type conductivity of the Sb-doped p-ZnO QDs was confirmed by applying QDs to a channel layer in TFTs. By using the obtained Sb-doped p-ZnO QDs as a p-type layer and growing n-ZnO nanorods (NRs) hydrothermally on top of the p-ZnO QD layer, ZnO-based homojunction white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) were successfully fabricated. The fabricated WLEDs exhibited naked-eye observable white light emitting over the entire visible spectral region.

In designing highly efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the most significant process is to deposit perovskite film without pinholes and vacancies because discontinuous film results in high leakage current. To fabricate a continuous methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) film, a hydrophilic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was added to the MAPbBr3 precursor solution. Due to the increased wettability of the precursor solution, a full surface coverage of MAPbBr3-PVP composite film without pinholes was produced. Moreover, zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dot (QD) was synthesized by hydrothermal process in order to use as an electron transporting layer (ETL), and surface modification of QD was performed by oleic acid (OA) molecules in order to increase spatial distribution in the anti-solvent of perovskite. It was found that, due to the reduced agglomeration of QDs during a spin-coating process, a smooth and highly transparent OA-modified ZnO (OA-ZnO) QD layer was obtained. Thus, the PeLED prepared by using MAPbBr3-PVP composite film and OA-ZnO QD layer exhibited an excellent device performance of a maximum luminance of 11095.1 cd m−2 at 6 V and a maximum current efficiency of 6.79 cd A−1 at 4 V. Therefore, it is believed that adding PVP to perovskite materials and using OA-ZnO QD layer as an ETL are effective way to develop perovskite-based high performance LEDs.

As the lighting technology evolves, the need for violet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is growing for high color rendering index lighting. The present technology for violet LEDs is based on the high-cost GaN materials and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process; therefore, there have recently been intensive studies on developing low-cost alternative materials and processes. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrated violet LEDs based on low-cost materials and processes using a p-CuI thin film/n-MgZnO quantum dot (QD) heterojunction. The p-CuI thin film layer was prepared by an iodination process of Cu films, and the n-MgZnO layer was deposited by spin-coating presynthesized n-MgZnO QDs. To maximize the performance of the violet LED, an optimizing process was performed for each layer of p- and n-type materials. The optimized LED with 1 × 1 mm2-area pixel fabricated using the p-CuI thin film at the iodination temperature of 15 °C and the n-MgZnO QDs at the Mg alloying concentration of 2.7 at. % exhibited the strongest violet emissions at 6 V.

This study investigated particulate matter (PM) produced during brake application, focusing on the effect of space fillers in low-steel friction composites. The composites ranked in terms of brake emissions in a descending order were BaSO4, Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3. CaCO3 produced thicker friction films on the steel fibres than Ca(OH)2, whereas bare steel fibres were found with BaSO4, indicating strong effects of the filler-dependent coverup layers, which was confirmed by microhardness tests. The filler effect on PM suggests that proper selection of space fillers can reduce brake emissions from grey iron discs by preventing direct adhesion with steel fibres.

The advantages of site-specific over stochastic bioconjugation technologies include homogeneity of product, minimal perturbation of protein structure/function, and – increasingly – the ability to perform structure activity relationship studies at the conjugate level. When selecting the optimal location for site-specific payload placement, many researchers turn to in silico modeling of protein structure to identify regions predicted to offer solvent-exposed conjugatable sites while conserving protein function. Here, using the aldehyde tag as our site-specific technology platform and human IgG1 antibody as our target protein, we demonstrate the power of taking an unbiased scanning approach instead. Scanning insertion of the human formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) recognition sequence, LCTPSR, at each of the 436 positions in the light and heavy chain antibody constant regions followed by co-expression with FGE yielded a library of antibodies bearing an aldehyde functional group ready for conjugation. Each of the variants was expressed, purified, and conjugated to a cytotoxic payload using the Hydrazinyl Iso-Pictet-Spengler ligation to generate an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), which was analyzed in terms of conjugatability (assessed by drug-to-antibody ratio, DAR) and percent aggregate. We searched for insertion sites that could generate manufacturable ADCs, defined as those variants yielding reasonable antibody titers, DARs of ≥ 1.3, and ≥ 95% monomeric species. Through this process, we discovered 58 tag insertion sites that met these metrics, including 14 sites in the light chain, a location that had proved refractory to the placement of manufacturable tag sites using in silico modeling/rational approaches.

Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) has attracted significant interests owing to its versatility in electronic devices. However, changes in its optical properties caused by its various phases and the formation of oxidation defects limit the application of PFO in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We investigated the effects of the addition of Triton X-100 (hereinafter shortened as TX) in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to induce interlayer diffusion between PEDOT:PSS and PFO to enhance the stability of the PFO phase and suppress its oxidation. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement on PFO/TX-mixed PEDOT:PSS layers revealed that, upon increasing the concentration of TX in the PEDOT:PSS layer, the β phase of PFO could be suppressed in favor of the glassy phase and the wide PL emission centered at 535 nm caused by ketone defects formed by oxidation was decreased considerably. LEDs were then fabricated using PFO as an emission layer, TX-mixed PEDOT:PSS as hole-transport layer, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods as electron-transport layer. As the TX concentration reached 3 wt %, the devices exhibited dramatic increases in current densities, which were attributed to the enhanced hole injection due to TX addition, along with a shift in the dominant emission wavelength from a green electroluminescence (EL) emission centered at 518 nm to a blue EL emission centered at 448 nm. The addition of TX in PEDOT:PSS induced a better hole injection in the PFO layer, and through interlayer diffusion, stabilized the glassy phase of PFO and limited the formation of oxidation defects.

We report the effect of Y2O3 passivation by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using various oxidants, such as H2O, O2 plasma, and O3, on In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors (IGZO TFTs). A large negative shift in the threshold voltage (Vth) was observed in the case of the TFT subjected to the H2O-ALD Y2O3 process; this shift was caused by a donor effect of negatively charged chemisorbed H2O molecules. In addition, degradation of the IGZO TFT device performance after the O2 plasma-ALD Y2O3 process (field-effect mobility (μ) = 8.7 cm2/(V·s), subthreshold swing (SS) = 0.77 V/dec, and Vth = 3.7 V) was observed, which was attributed to plasma damage on the IGZO surface adversely affecting the stability of the TFT under light illumination. In contrast, the O3-ALD Y2O3 process led to enhanced device stability under light illumination (ΔVth = −1 V after 3 h of illumination) by passivating the subgap defect states in the IGZO surface region. In addition, TFTs with a thicker IGZO film (55 nm, which was the optimum thicknes...

The morphology of perovskite films has a significant impact on luminous characteristics of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). To obtain a highly uniform methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) film, a gas-assisted crystallization method is introduced with a mixed solution of MAPbBr3 precursor and polymer matrix. The ultrafast evaporation of the solvent causes a high degree of supersaturation which expedites the generation of a large number of nuclei to form a MAPbBr3-polymer composite film with full surface coverage and nano-sized grains. The addition of the polymer matrix significantly affects the optical properties and morphology of MAPbBr3 films. The PeLED made of the MAPbBr3-polymer composite film exhibits an outstanding device performance of a maximum luminance of 6800 cd·m-2 and a maximum current efficiency of 1.12 cd·A-1. Furthermore, 1 cm2 area pixel of PeLED displays full coverage of a strong green electroluminescence, implying that the high-quality perovskite film can be useful for large-area applications in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

Disc material effects on particle emission were investigated under moderate braking conditions using grey iron discs with different microstructures and a ceramic disc. The results demonstrate that brake emissions are strongly affected by disc hardness and the iron transferred to the pad surface. The transferred iron increased brake emissions due to the reduced cohesive strength of the plateaus on the pad surface. The grey iron microstructure also affected the ultrafine particle concentration owing to the graphite flakes. Conversely, the ceramic disc exhibited significantly lower brake emissions due to high wear resistance and no iron transfer to the pad surface.

Heterojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) comprising p-type Si nanowires (p-Si NWs) and n-type indium gallium zinc oxide (n-IGZO) were fabricated with the different top electrode materials: Al, indium zinc oxide (IZO), and IZO/Ag/IZO oxide–metal–oxide (OMO) multilayer. All the LEDs exhibited typical rectifying behaviors of the p–n junction. Moreover, broad light-emission spectra in the visible range were observed because of the quantum confinement effect (QCE) of the Si NW and Si nanocrystals/nonstoichiometric Si oxide (SiOx) (x < 2) interfaces. In comparison to the LEDs with Al and single IZO electrode, the LED with the OMO multilayer electrode exhibited an enhanced optical performance because the OMO multilayer had an excellent transmittance of 87.7% in the visible range with a low sheet resistance of 5.65 Ω/sq. Furthermore, by investigating the transmittance spectra of the single IZO and OMO multilayer electrodes as a function of the light incidence angle, the OMO multilayer electrode is confirmed to...

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) homojunction-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with variable emission wavelengths depending on the bias polarity, have been fabricated using a simple hydrothermal growth method. The p-type doping of ZnO nanorods (NRs) was achieved using Sb in the precursor solution and the homojunction was fabricated by epitaxial growth of Sb-doped p-type ZnO NRs on top of n-type ZnO NRs. The fabricated devices emitted light under forward and reverse bias with a turn-on voltage of 2.7 V and a breakdown voltage of −3.7 V. The emission wavelength of the devices was dependent on the bias polarity, owing to changes in the types of carrier recombinations. Under forward bias, mixed violet, yellow, and red colored emissions were mainly observed, corresponding to the emission peaks at 475, 625 and 700 nm, respectively, whereas only red colored emission was prominent under the reverse bias, corresponding to a single broad peak centered at 730 nm. Under forward bias, the near-band edge emission (NBE) was red-shifted from 378 to 475 nm, which was attributed to a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect due to the presence of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) formed after annealing of the Ag top electrode. No NBE was observed under reverse bias owing to carrier recombination with existing defects, leading to discordance in the resonance energy with the Ag NPs, and thus no LSPR effect.

We investigated the electrical and optical properties of indium zinc oxide (IZO)/Ag/IZO oxide–metal–oxide (OMO) multilayer for a flexible and transparent electrode of the electronic applications. The optimized OMO multilayer structures with excellent sheet resistance of 5.65 Ω/sq as well as average transmittance of 87.7% in the visible range were employed as the source and drain (S/D) electrodes of thin film transistors (TFTs). In addition, the a-IGZO TFT with OMO S/D electrodes exhibited the enhanced electrical performance in comparison to the TFT with single IZO S/D electrodes, resulted from lowering work function by inserting Ag mid-layer between the oxide layers. Furthermore, the same TFTs were fabricated on a polyimide (PI) substrate to verify the potential of OMO electrode for flexible devices. The TFTs on PI substrate were found to be significantly resistant to dynamic bending with only 5.37% reduction in field effect mobility and slight change in threshold voltage from 0.21 V to 0.72 V even after 10,000 cycles of repeated bending at a radius of curvature of 10 mm.

The School of Drama of the Korean National University of the Arts was established in 1994. The apparent success of its educational program is very misleading. Its invisible but major failure does not come from students, but from us teachers, who are so tired that we do not challenge ourselves with creative ideas of new pedagogy; we return to an archaic authoritarianism to enjoy the luxury of unconfessed laziness. If teachers are confined to their own small field, the only solution, for the sake of students, who are—and will be—living under the multi-disciplinary arts that deny borders between genres, is to develop and facilitate team teaching, literal collective teaching. What this paper argues is the need to (re)design our educational programs from the students’ perspectives. To do so, we must first try our best to transcend our own ego. And I confess that I have not done enough to this direction in my long career as theatre teacher. And that is painful.

Brake emissions during high-temperature brake applications were investigated using four different brake discs—FC170 and FC250 Gy iron discs, oxynitride-coated gray iron discs, and ceramic discs. The brake emission tests were performed with a low-steel brake pad using a 1/5 scale brake dynamometer with a high resolution electrical low-pressure impactor. The highest number concentration was observed using ceramic discs, whereas the gray iron discs produced higher mass concentrations than others. The effect of the disc material on brake emissions at elevated temperatures was primarily determined by the thermal conductivity of the disc and the time- and temperature-dependent variations of contact plateaus on the pad surface.

The ionic crystals of perovskites have been widely studied for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) applications because their optical bandgap can be adjusted by changing the composition of the halide anions. However, the small ion size of Cs+ in inorganic perovskite causes poor crystallinity and a low exciton binding energy owing to the inherent defects in the bulk perovskite, which hinder the luminescence efficiency of perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs). Moreover, cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3), which is studied as an emitter of red PeLEDs, is not only required to be heat-treated at a high temperature of 300 °C for phase stabilization but also vulnerable to O2 and moisture in the air. To solve these problems, high performance red PeLED based on CsPbBr0.6I2.4 perovskites were fabricated by using poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOXA) as a hydrophilic polymer. This method reduced the transition temperature of CsPbBr0.6I2.4 from the δ–phase (tilted octahedral) to the α–phase (cubic) and stabilized the perovskite phase. Thus, an exceptionally efficient and stable PeLED based on a CsPbBr0.6I2.4–45% PEOXA film with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.4%, luminance of 201.2 cd/m2, and current efficiency (CE) of 3.2 cd/A was fabricated. Moreover, the PeLED exhibited a low turn-on voltage (1.5 V) and CIE coordinates of (0.726, 0.274), with pure-red emission.

It was investigated how the amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) channel of a back-gate of thin film transistor (TFT) is affected by the deposition of silicon oxide layers on their top surfaces by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Preliminary investigations showed that the deposition of silicon oxide layer caused damages to the surfaces of pristine silicon wafers resulting in substantial roughening. However, bombardments by the energetic particles involved in the sputtering process seem to have played beneficial roles in that the a-IGZO channel TFTs showed improved performances in respect of the carrier density, field effect mobility, and on-off current ratio. Such improvements are attributed to the modification of the a-IGZO channel to decrease the concentration of oxygen vacancy sites and/or to average the oxygen vacancy sites thereby increasing the carrier concentrations and decreasing the density of trap sites, as revealed in the negative shift of the threshold voltage. On the other hand, such channel modification by the passivation process resulted in the slight increase in the subthreshold swing. It is suggested that the a-IGZO channel TFTs can be passivated by simple sputtering process without etch stop layer since the process rather improved the device performances despite some damages to the passivated surfaces.

Highly stretchable, deformable, and contact-responsive light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated using a methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite film as light-emissive layer. The polymer matrix formed through the mixing of PEO induced stretchability to the composite films, which were mechanically robust. The stretchable LEDs emitted pure green light at 538 nm and exhibited outstanding performance of a low turn-on voltage of about 2.5 V, maximum luminance of 4257 cd m−2, and current efficiency of 1.77 cd A−1. Furthermore, the device can be stretched up to tensile strain of 70% without failure and can stably operate after 1000 repetitive stretching cycles with no significant degradation of the device performance.

We report the effect of Y

A direct printing method for fabricating devices by using metal oxide transfer layers instead of conventional transfer media such as polydimethylsiloxane is presented. Metal oxides are not damaged by organic solvents; therefore, electrodes with gaps less than 2 μm can be defined on a metal oxide transfer layer through photolithography. In order to determine a suitable metal oxide for use as transfer layer, the surface energies of various metal oxides are measured, and Au layers deposited on these oxides are transferred onto polyvinylphenol (PVP). To verify the feasibility of our approach, Au source–drain electrodes on transfer layers and Si nanowires (NWs) addressed by the dielectrophoretic (DEP) alignment process are transferred onto rigid and flexible PVP-coated substrates. Based on transfer test and DEP process, Al2O3 is determined to be the best transfer layer. Finally, Si NWs field effect transistors (FETs) are fabricated on a rigid Si substrate and a flexible polyimide film. As the channel length decreases from 3.442 to 1.767 μm, the mobility of FET on the Si substrate increases from 127.61 ± 37.64 to 181.60 ± 23.73 cm2 V−1 s−1. Furthermore, the flexible Si NWs FETs fabricated through this process show enhanced electrical properties with an increasing number of bending cycles.

Structural optimization of the indium zinc oxide (IZO)–Ag–IZO oxide–metal–oxide (OMO) transparent flexible electrode structure was carried out in terms of the thickness of the Ag layer based on the Haacke figure of merit. While showing sufficient sheet resistance and visible transmittance, the optimized OMO structure also exhibited good resistance to fracture under repeated bending which resulted in very small change in sheet resistance over the 10 000 cycles of repeated bending. Low sheet resistance was found to be beneficial to lowering the contact resistances at the source and drain electrodes when the OMO structure was applied to a model thin film transistor (TFT) as revealed in the improved device performances. Device application potential of the OMO structure was demonstrated in a fully transparent TFT formed on a glass substrate in which the source, drain, and back gate electrodes were all formed using the OMO structure.

This study explores low-temperature solution-process-based seed-layer-free ZnO p-n homojunction light-emitting diode (LED). In order to obtain p-type ZnO nanodisks (NDs), antimony (Sb) was doped into ZnO by using a facile chemical route at 120 °C. The X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated the presence of (SbZn-2VZn) acceptor complex in the Sb-doped ZnO NDs. Using these NDs as freestanding templates, undoped n-type ZnO nanorods (NRs) were epitaxially grown at 95 °C to form ZnO p-n homojunction. The homojunction with a turn-on voltage of 2.5 V was found to be significantly stable up to 100 s under a constant voltage stress of 5 V. A strong orange-red emission was observed by the naked eye under a forward bias of 5 V. The electroluminescence spectra revealed three major peaks at 400, 612, and 742 nm which were attributed to the transitions from Zni to VBM, from Zni to Oi, and from VO to VBM, respectively. The presence of these deep-level defects was confirmed by the photoluminescence of ZnO NRs. This study paves the way for future applications of ZnO homojunction LEDs using low-temperature and low-cost solution processes with the controlled use of native defects.

Coagulation factor XIa is a candidate target for anticoagulants that better separate antithrombotic efficacy from bleeding risk. We report a co-crystal structure of the FXIa protease domain with DEF, a human monoclonal antibody that blocks FXIa function and prevents thrombosis in animal models without detectable increased bleeding. The light chain of DEF occludes the FXIa S1 subsite and active site, while the heavy chain provides electrostatic interactions with the surface of FXIa. The structure accounts for the specificity of DEF for FXIa over its zymogen and related proteases, its active-site-dependent binding, and its ability to inhibit substrate cleavage. The inactive FXIa protease domain used to obtain the DEF-FXIa crystal structure reversed anticoagulant activity of DEF in plasma and invivo and the activity of a small-molecule FXIa active-site inhibitor invitro. DEF and this reversal agent for FXIa active-site inhibitors may help support clinical development of FXIa-targeting anticoagulants.

During the life cycle of retroviruses, establishment of a productive infection requires stable joining of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into host cell chromosomes. Retroviruses are thus promising vectors for the efficient and stable delivery of genes in therapeutic protocols. Integration of retroviral DNA is catalyzed by the viral enzyme integrase (IN), and one salient feature of retroviral DNA integration is its lack of specificity, as many chromosomal sites can serve as targets for integration. Despite the promise for success in the clinic, one major drawback of the retrovirus-based vector is that any unintended insertion events from the therapy can potentially lead to deleterious effects in patients, as demonstrated by the development of malignancies in both animal and human studies. One approach to directing integration into predetermined DNA sites is fusing IN to a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, which results in a bias of integration near the recognition site of the fusion partner. Encouraging results have been generated in vitro and in vivo using fusion protein constructs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 IN and E2C, a designed polydactyl zinc-finger protein that specifically recognizes an 18-base pair DNA sequence. This review focuses on the method for preparing infectious virions containing the IN fusion proteins and on the quantitative PCR assays for determining integration site specificity. Efforts to engineer IN to recognize specific target DNA sequences within the genome may lead to development of effective retroviral vectors that can safely deliver gene-based therapeutics in a clinical setting.

Tribological properties of phenolic resin, potassium titanate whiskers, and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) cured by aldehide were investigated using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. They were typical ingredients used in the commercial brake pads and, in this study, their friction properties were evaluated using a non-asbestos organic type formulation. Results showed that the phenolic resin increased the coefficient of friction while it revealed high noise propensity during sliding. On the other hand, the noise occurrence was reduced by increasing the CNSL in the friction material. Wear resistance of the friction material was enhanced by additional phenolic resin, whereas potassium titanate and CNSL deteriorated wear resistance. This investigation also suggested that the brake pads having low hardness, high porosity, and high compressibility tended to reduce noise propensity.

The deposition of high-quality ZrO2 films has been achieved using both pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (P-PE-CVD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) with (C5H5)Zr[N(CH3)2]3 as a Zr precursor. The authors compared the growth characteristics, chemical compositions, and electrical properties of P-PE-CVD and PE-ALD ZrO2 prepared under various deposition conditions. The ZrO2 films prepared using both methods showed high purity and good stoichiometry. Electrical characterization of a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor utilizing the ZrO2 films showed that PE-ALD films have a relatively lower leakage current than P-PE-CVD films, whereas the dielectric constant, interface trap density, and hysteresis of both films are similar. Applying both methods, the electrical properties of ZrO2 films were also evaluated using In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors (TFTs), which showed a good device performance in terms of high Ion-Ioff ratios (>108) and low off-currents (