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Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is marked by the progressive degradation of joint cartilage and subchondral bone. The precise molecular mechanisms driving meniscus deterioration in OA, especially at the single-cell level, remain poorly understood. Method We analyzed two datasets from the GEO database, GSE220243 and GSE98918, focusing on meniscus tissue sequencing data from OA and non-OA patients. The standard Seurat procedure was employed to process single-cell data and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Immune cell infiltration was assessed using the Microenvironment Cell Populations (MCP) counter and CIBERSORT algorithms. For the microarray data, DEGs were identified with the limma package, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using ClusterProfiler. The overlapping DEGs from both datasets were imported into Cytoscape to generate protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identify hub genes. Transcription factor (TF) and miRNA interaction networks were analyzed using NetworkAnalyst, and gene-related predictive drugs were enriched through the DSigDB platform. Result After quality control, 34,763 cells from the OA patients and 34,145 cells from the healthy controls were analyzed. UMAP identified and SingleR annotated 14 cell clusters. The 10 largest cell clusters were selected for further analysis. The OA group exhibited a notable increase in macrophages and a reduction in cytotoxic lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the meniscus. In GSE98918, 220 DEGs were identified, and the MCODE plug-in in Cytoscape pinpointed a key module containing 12 candidate genes. The MCC methodfiltered the top 20 DEGs in each GSE220243 cluster. Overlapping DEGs from GSE220243 and GSE98918 identified COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A2, COL6A3, LOX, and VEGFA as significantly decreased in OA, with COL3A1, COL5A2, LOX, and VEGFA upregulated in meniscal chondrocytes. The interaction network highlighted 3 key miRNAs and 13 shared TFs. Ten gene-related predictive drug molecules were identified. Conclusion This research highlights crucial genes in the OA meniscus and uncovers their differing regulatory patterns between chondrocytes and non-chondrocytes. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving OA pathogenesis and aid in identifying potential drug targets.

Rock abrasiveness is an important factor affecting the tool's lifetime and efficiency in breaking a rock. Characterizing rock abrasiveness helps in the design, optimization, and mean-life prediction of tools. X-ray diffraction, cast thin section analysis, and CERCHAR abrasiveness tests were performed on 18 different sandstones to characterize rock abrasiveness and explore new methods for characterization. The relationship between the mineral composition and microstructure of sandstone and abrasiveness was investigated. The results show that different structural maturities have varying effects on abrasiveness. In addition, the higher the structural maturity, the more the abrasiveness. Furthermore, in sandstones of the same structural maturity, the abrasiveness increases with equivalent quartz content (EQC). The texture coefficient (TC) and CERCHAR abrasiveness index (CAI) of sandstones with the same structural maturity showed a good linear relationship. Moreover, the correlation coefficients considering the combined parameters are above 0.85. Therefore, obtaining the microstructure and mineral composition of sandstone can effectively characterize rock abrasiveness. It also provides a new method for predicting the abrasiveness of the rock in the well.

Tumor metastasis, the apex of cancer progression, poses a formidable challenge in therapeutic endeavors. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), resilient entities originating from primary tumors or their metastases, significantly contribute to this process by demonstrating remarkable adaptability. They survive shear stress, resist anoikis, evade immune surveillance, and thwart chemotherapy. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate landscape of CTC formation, metastatic mechanisms, and the myriad factors influencing their behavior. Integral signaling pathways, such as integrin-related signaling, cellular autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and interactions with platelets, are examined in detail. Furthermore, we explore the realm of precision nanomedicine design, with a specific emphasis on the anoikis‒platelet interface. This innovative approach strategically targets CTC survival mechanisms, offering promising avenues for combatting metastatic cancer with unprecedented precision and efficacy. The review underscores the indispensable role of the rational design of platelet-based nanomedicine in the pursuit of restraining CTC-driven metastasis.

Abstract Background Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), well known for its chemoresistance to platinum-based chemotherapy, exhibited a good response in clinical trials of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. By assessing PD-L1 expression, we sought to determine the potential therapeutic benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in OCCC. Methods and results The retrospective study included 152 individuals with OCCC between 2019 and 2022 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Paired tumors of primary versus recurrent lesions (17 pairs from 15 patients) or primary versus metastatic lesions (11 pairs from 9 patients) were also included. The 22C3 pharmDx assay and whole sections were used for PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining. Pathologists with experience in premarket clinical trials evaluated PD-L1 expression based on various diagnostic criteria (TPS 1%, CPS 1, or CPS 10). The number and percentage of positive PD-L1 cases were 34 (22.4%, TPS ≥ 1%) and 59 (38.8%, CPS ≥ 1), respectively. Thirty-three (21.7%) of the cases had high PD-L1 expression (CPS ≥ 10). Half of the platinum-resistant patients (11/22) were PD-L1 positive (CPS ≥ 1). In addition, positive PD-L1 expression (CPS ≥ 1) was related to clinicopathological characteristics that represented a worse prognosis, such as advanced stages, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (p = 0.032, p

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous and malignant cancer with poor overall survival. The application of sorafenib is a major breakthrough in the treatment of HCC. In our study, FOXQ1 was significantly overexpressed in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and suppressed sorafenib-induced ferroptosis. We found that phosphorylation of FOXQ1 at serine 248 is critical for the suppression of sorafenib-induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, as the upstream phosphorylation kinase of FOXQ1, JNK1, which is activated by sorafenib, can directly phosphorylate the serine 248 site of FOXQ1. Then, the phosphorylated FOXQ1 got a high affinity for the promoter of ETHE1 and activates its transcription. Further flow cytometry results showed that ETHE1 reduced intracellular lipid peroxidation and iron levels. Collectively, our study implicated the JNK1-FOXQ1-ETHE1 axis in HCC ferroptosis induced by sorafenib, providing mechanistic insight into sensitivity to sorafenib therapy of HCC.

The reduced nutrient digestibility of low-protein (LP) diets has been shown to be caused by the weakened fermentative capacity of the post-gut flora. The dynamic regulation of dietary protein contents on post-gut microbial population and fermentative metabolism is unclear. Twelve growing barrows (19.9 ± 0.8 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the blind end of the cecum were randomly administered a high-protein (HP, 21.5% crude protein [CP]) diet or an LP (15.5% CP) diet for 28 d. The cecal content and feces were collected at d 1, 14, and 28 of the experiment for microflora structures and metabolite concentrations analysis. The nutrient digestibility coefficient and plasma biochemical parameters were also determined. Compared with the HP treatment, the LP treatment showed decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentration and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and CP (P

Abstract On 2022‐02‐15, solar eruptions caused one of the most intensive Solar Particle Events (SPEs) in Solar Cycle 25 observed at various heliospheric locations. This study focuses on the enhancements of energetic proton flux observed by multiple detectors located at the orbit and on the surface of Mars. We carry out the first analysis by the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer (MEPA) instrument on board the Chinese Tianwen‐1 spacecraft (TW‐1) at Mars orbit which also serves to validate the instrument's capability to measure protons of up to 100 MeV. We reconstruct the event spectrum up to 1 GeV and further model the event doses at Mars's orbit and surface which are then validated against the corresponding dosimetry data. Our study utilizes all available radiation detectors at Mars, advances our understanding of Mars's radiation environment induced by large SPEs, and emphasizes the necessity of continuous and synergistic radiation monitoring at Mars.

Grinding surface residual stress (RS) has an important influence on the service life of parts. In this study, the mathematical model of grinding force (GF) and grinding temperature (GT) of single particle was established. The relationship between grinding parameters, grinding force-thermal coupling and residual stress of single particle was analyzed by numerical simulation. Meanwhile, aiming at the multi-grain grinding of aviation precision high-speed bearing rings, the experimental analysis of crystal fragmentation, element content and residual stress of service and non-service bearing rings were carried out. Based on the above, the following results were obtained: in the simulation, the residual stress in the Y direction > the residual stress in the X direction > the residual stress in the Z direction at the same grinding force and grinding temperature. In the experiment, (1) The grain size of bearing raceway before service was about 24 μm, and the grain size of bearing raceway after service was about 3 times smaller than that before service. (2) C, Si, Cr and Fe decreased by 0.83 %, 0.07 %, 1.09 % and 32.75 % respectively after crushing (after service). On the contrary, it increased 0.66 % O and 34.08 % Pr. The Pr element was mainly distributed in the broken grain boundaries. (3) After service, the tangential residual compressive stress decreased by 169.3 MPa, while the axial residual stress increased by 172.6 MPa.

The huge amount of urea applied has necessitated best-developed practices to slow down the release of nitrogen (N) fertilizer while minimizing nitrate loss. However, the impact of nitrification inhibitors on mineral-N turnover and the associated microbial mechanisms at different stages remains unknown. A 60-day incubation experiment was conducted with four treatments: no fertilizer (CK), urea (U), urea with copper pyrazole (UC), and urea coated with copper pyrazole (SUC), to evaluate the changes about soil ammonia N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3−-N) levels as well as in soil microbial community throughout the whole incubation period. The results showed that copper pyrazole exhibited significantly higher inhibition rates on urease compared to other metal-pyrazole coordination compounds. The soil NH4+-N content peaked on the 10th day and was significantly greater in UC compared to U, while the NO3−-N content was significantly greater in U compared to UC on the 60th day. Copper pyrazole mainly decreased the expression of nitrifying (AOB-amoA) and denitrifying (nirK) genes, impacting the soil microbial community. Co-occurrence network suggested that Mycobacterium and Cronobacter sakazakii-driven Cluster 4 community potentially affected the nitrification process in the initial phase, converting NH4+-N to NO3−-N. Fusarium-driven Cluster 3 community likely facilitated the denitrification of NO3−-N and caused N loss to the atmosphere in the late stage. The application of copper pyrazole may influence the process of nitrification and denitrification by regulating soil microbial traits (module community and functional genes). Our research indicates that the addition of copper pyrazole alters the community function driven by keystone taxa, altering mineral-N turnover and supporting the use of nitrification inhibitors in sustainable agriculture.

Abstract Chiral spin textures, as exotic phases in magnetic materials, hold immense promise for revolutionizing logic, and memory applications. Recently, chiral spin textures have been observed in centrosymmetric magnetic insulators (FMI), due to an interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (iDMI). However, the source and origin of this iDMI remain enigmatic in magnetic insulator systems. Here, the source and origin of the iDMI in Pt/Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)/substrate structures are deeply delved by examining the spin‐Hall topological Hall effect (SH‐THE), an indication of chiral spin textures formed due to an iDMI. Through carefully modifying the interfacial chemical composition of Pt/YIG/substrate with a nonmagnetic Al3+ doping, the obvious dependence of SH‐THE on the interfacial chemical composition for both the heavy metal (HM)/FMI and FMI/substrate interfaces is observed. The results reveal that both interfaces contribute to the strength of the iDMI, and the iDMI arises due to strong spin−orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking at both interfaces in HM/FMI/substrate. Importantly, it is shown that nonmagnetic substitution and interface engineering can significantly tune the SH‐THE and iDMI in ferrimagnetic iron garnets. The approach offers a viable route to tailor the iDMI and associated chiral spin textures in low‐damping insulating magnetic oxides, thus advancing the field of spintronics.

The finished precision rolling bearings after processing are required to pass the life test before they can be put into the market. The life testing takes a lot of time and expense. Aiming to solve the problem of time and expense, the 1D-CNN and 1D-CNN-LSTM hybrid neural networks are used for deep learning based on the existing rolling bearing life big data results (a total of 791152 date). Taking the wear of bearing as the target, the life prediction of bearing is carried out by using Python. The results show that: (1) 1D-CNN-LSTM algorithm and ''all parameters” are selected as the best prediction options. (2) ''XYZ direction displacement” and ''all parameters” have the best fitting effect on the predicted wear value, and the MAPE is 4.18877, 1.2102, 2.68903 and 1.19981, respectively. The 1D-CNN-LSTM algorithm is slightly better than the 1D-CNN algorithm. (3) Using 1D-CNN-LSTM algorithm and ''all parameters” to predict the bearing wear life will obtain good results. Compared with the highest 1D-CNN and ''Four Bearing Temperatures” parameters, it is reduced by 14.7 times. (4) The prediction process and results provide a wear prediction method for relevant bearing enterprises in the experimental running-in stage. It can also provide reliable research ideas for subsequent related enterprises and scholars.

Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a heterogeneous group of biliary tract cancer. Our previous CCA mutation pattern study focused on genes in the post-transcription modification process, among which the alternative splicing factor RBM10 captured our attention. However, the roles of RBM10 wild type and mutations in CCA remain unclear. Methods RBM10 mutation spectrum in CCA was clarified using our initial data and other CCA genomic datasets from domestic and international sources. Real-time PCR and tissue microarray were used to detect RBM10 clinical association. Function assays were conducted to investigate the effects of RBM10 wild type and mutations on CCA. RNA sequencing was to investigate the changes in alternative splicing events in the mutation group compared to the wild-type group. Minigene splicing reporter and interaction assays were performed to elucidate the mechanism of mutation influence on alternative splicing events. Results RBM10 mutations were more common in Chinese CCA populations and exhibited more protein truncation variants. RBM10 exerted a tumor suppressive effect in CCA and correlated with favorable prognosis of CCA patients. The overexpression of wild-type RBM10 enhanced the ASPM exon18 exon skipping event interacting with SRSF2. The C761Y mutation in the C2H2-type zinc finger domain impaired its interaction with SRSF2, resulting in a loss-of-function mutation. Elevated ASPM203 stabilized DVL2 and enhanced β-catenin signaling, which promoted CCA progression. Conclusions Our results showed that RBM10C761Y-modulated ASPM203 promoted CCA progression in a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent manner. This study may enhance the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that link mutation-altering splicing variants to CCA.

Abstract Background The host–microbiota interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and disease susceptibility, and microbial tryptophan metabolites are potent modulators of host physiology. However, whether and how these metabolites mediate host–microbiota interactions, particularly in terms of inter-microbial communication, remains unclear. Results Here, we have demonstrated that indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) is a key molecule produced by Lactobacillus in protecting against intestinal inflammation and correcting microbial dysbiosis. Specifically, Lactobacillus metabolizes tryptophan into ILA, thereby augmenting the expression of key bacterial enzymes implicated in tryptophan metabolism, leading to the synthesis of other indole derivatives including indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Notably, ILA, IPA, and IAA possess the ability to mitigate intestinal inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota in both DSS-induced and IL-10−/− spontaneous colitis models. ILA increases the abundance of tryptophan-metabolizing bacteria (e.g., Clostridium), as well as the mRNA expression of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and indolelactate dehydrogenase in vivo and in vitro, resulting in an augmented production of IPA and IAA. Furthermore, a mutant strain of Lactobacillus fails to protect against inflammation and producing other derivatives. ILA-mediated microbial cross-feeding was microbiota-dependent and specifically enhanced indole derivatives production under conditions of dysbiosis induced by Citrobacter rodentium or DSS, but not of microbiota disruption with antibiotics. Conclusion Taken together, we highlight mechanisms by which microbiome-host crosstalk cooperatively control intestinal homoeostasis through microbiota-derived indoles mediating the inter-microbial communication. These findings may contribute to the development of microbiota-derived metabolites or targeted “postbiotic” as potential interventions for the treatment or prevention of dysbiosis-driven diseases. Video Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the properties of small intestinal fluid (SIF) from white- and yellow-feathered broilers fed variable dietary CP to test the hypothesis that digestive enzymes sourced from the SIF of yellow-feathered broilers could serve as a viable alternative for preparing in vitro SIF specifically for white-feathered broilers. Ten Arbor Acres Plus broilers (32 days of age) and 20 Chinese yellow chickens (51 days of age) were fitted with jejunal cannulas and assigned to dietary treatments as follows: 1) white-feathered broilers (BW of 4.08 ± 0.39 kg) fed diet 1 with CP of 19.88 %, 2) yellow-feathered broilers (BW of 2.89 ± 0.27 kg) fed diet 1, and 3) yellow-feathered broilers (BW of 2.84 ± 0.20 kg) fed diet 2 with CP of 16.32 %. Each treatment contained 10 replicates with 1 broiler in each replicate. Digestive enzyme activities, ion concentrations, pH, 16 amino acid (AA, excluding Tyr and Trp) contents, molecular weight distribution (MWD) of protein, hydrolysis rates on wheat starch, corn starch, casein, and soybean protein concentrate, and in vitro digestible energy of corn, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal were evaluated for SIF. Activities of chymotrypsin and amylase, pH, concentrations (mg/mL) of total amino acid (TAA) and 13 AA (excluding Pro, Cys, and Glu), and hydrolysis rates in casein or soybean protein concentrate were greater (P < 0.05), whereas MWD of protein from 19 to 23 kDa was lower (P < 0.05) in the SIF of yellow compared to white-feathered broilers fed diet 1. Furthermore, activities of chymotrypsin and amylase, concentrations of Na+, and Cl−, MWD of protein from 15 to 18 kDa were greater, while concentrations of K+ were lower in the SIF of yellow-feathered broilers fed diet 2 compared to white feathered broilers fed diet 1. Activities of chymotrypsin and amylase, K+ concentration, pH, TAA and 13 AA (excluding Pro, Cys, and Glu), hydrolysis rates in casein or soybean protein concentrate increased (P < 0.05), while concentrations of Na+ and Cl− (P < 0.05) decreased with dietary CP in SIF from yellow-feathered broilers. This experiment demonstrated diet composition and breed modulate digestive enzyme activities, ions (Na+, K+, Cl−), pH, and AA concentrations in the SIF. Our findings revealed no substantial difference in the hydrolytic characteristics of SIF from white-feathered broilers fed diet 1 and yellow-feathered broilers fed diet 2. Consequently, it is feasible to use digestive enzymes extracted from the SIF of yellow-feathered broilers to prepare simulated SIF for in vitro digestion of white-feathered broilers.

ABSTRACT: This study determined metabolizable energy (ME) and developed ME prediction equations for broilers based on chemical composition of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) using a 2 × 10 factorial arrangement of age (11 to 14 or 25 to 28 d of age) and 10 sources of each ingredient. Each treatment contained 6 replicates of 8 broilers. The ME values were determined by total collection of feces and urine. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the chemical composition clearly revealed distinct differences in SBM and RSM based on a principal components (PC) score plot. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of SBM was higher in broilers from 25 to 28 than 11 to 14 d of age (P = 0.013). Interactions between broiler age and ingredient source affected apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of SBM and ME of RSM (P < 0.05). The ME of SBM in 11 to 14 and 25 to 28-day-old broilers were estimated by crude protein (CP) content (R2≥ 0.782; SEP ≤ 83 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001). The AME and AMEn of RSM in 11 to 14-day-old broilers were estimated by ether extract (EE), ash and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (R2 = 0.897, SEP = 106 kcal/kg DM; P = 0.002), and by EE and ash (R2 = 0.885, SEP = 98 kcal/kg DM; P = 0.001), respectively. The AME and AMEn of RSM in 25 to 28-day-old broilers were estimated by ash and ADF (R2 = 0.925, SEP = 104 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001) and by ash and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (R2 = 0.921, SEP = 91 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001), respectively. These results indicate that ME of these 2 plant protein ingredients are affected interactively by chemical composition and age of broilers. This study developed robust, age-specific prediction equations of ME for broilers based on chemical composition for SBM and RSM. Overall, ME values can be predicted from CP content for SBM, or EE, ash, ADF, and NDF for RSM.

Liquid metal high-temperature oscillating heat pipes (LMHOHPs) can effectively operate in high-temperature environments, with the average temperature exceeding 500 °C, and the highest temperature capable of reaching above 800 °C. The influences of the turn number, inner diameter and length of adiabatic section on the heat transfer performance were studied in current paper. A semi-empirical model for heat transfer performance predicting based on experimental data has been established. The results showed that: (1) LMHOHPs with the turn number ranging from 2 to 8, inner diameter between 2 mm and 8 mm, and adiabatic length between 90 mm and 240 mm could start and achieve efficient heat transfer through the oscillation of the working fluid. (2) As the turn number and the inner diameter increased, the heat transfer performance improved, while an increase in the adiabatic length led to a reduction in thermal conductivity. The highest thermal conductivity achieved by the LMHOHP with an inner diameter of 8 mm reached 4805W/(m·°C). (3) The model's predictions were in reasonable accordance with the experimental results. The mean discrepancy between the predicted and experimental values was 13.12 %, and 89.47 % of the predicted values were within the ±25 % margin of error.

BackgroundSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection, yet the potential causal relationship between the immunophenotype and sepsis remains unclear.MethodsGenetic variants associated with the immunophenotype served as instrumental variables (IVs) in Mendelian randomization (MR) to elucidate the causal impact of the immunophenotype on three sepsis outcomes. Additionally, a two-step MR analysis was conducted to identify significant potential mediators between the immunophenotype and three sepsis outcomes.ResultsOur MR analysis demonstrated a significant association between the immunophenotype and sepsis outcome, with 36, 36, and 45 the immunophenotype associated with the susceptibility, severity, and mortality of sepsis, respectively. Specifically, our analysis highlighted the CD14+ CD16+ monocyte phenotype as a significant factor across all three sepsis outcomes, with odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) indicating its impact on sepsis (OR = 1.047, CI: 1.001-1.096), sepsis in Critical Care Units (OR = 1.139, CI: 1.014-1.279), and sepsis-related 28-day mortality (OR = 1.218, CI: 1.104-1.334). Mediation analyses identified seven cytokines as significant mediators among 91 potential cytokines, including interleukin-5 (IL-5), S100A12, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform, cystatin D, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Furthermore, reverse MR analysis revealed no causal effect of sepsis outcomes on the immunophenotype.ConclusionOur MR study suggests that the immunophenotype is significantly associated with the susceptibility, severity, and mortality of patient with sepsis, providing, for the first time, robust evidence of significant associations between immune traits and their potential risks. This information is invaluable for clinicians and patients in making informed decisions and merits further attention.

ABSTRACT: Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) is an alternative to antibiotics, while the probiotic effect of short-term application in mature broiler chickens remains unclear. In the current study, 48 Arbor Acres male broilers were chosen to investigate the effects of E. faecium on growth performance, the gut microbiome and intestinal health during the finishing period. Forty-eight birds were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups that were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (Con), a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg amoxicillin (ABX), 5×106 CFU/g encapsulated E. faecium (cEF), or 5×106 CFU/g uncoated E. faecium (EF) from d 33 to 42. The results showed that 10 d of antibiotic treatment decreased the growth performance of the broilers (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio of the cEF and EF groups were lower than that of the Con group by 0.13 and 0.07, respectively (P > 0.05). The abundance of viable ileal and cecal E. faecium in the cEF group was greater than that in the EF group (P < 0.05), and both groups were markedly greater than those in the Con and ABX groups (P < 0.05). The ABX treatment decreased the Shannon and Chao1 indices of the cecal microbiota, while the dietary E. faecium treatment resulted in significant differences in the β diversity of the ileal and cecal microbiota (P < 0.05). Mantel correlation revealed that the ileal microbiota at the genus level was significantly correlated with the growth performance of broilers, with Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Escherichia-Shigella showing positive and strong correlations (P < 0.05). In the ileum, the crypt depth was lower in the cEF group than in the Con group, but the villi height-to-crypt depth ratio was greater in the cEF group than in the other groups (P = 0.037). However, the expression of the ZO-2 and Occludin genes was downregulated in the E. faecium-fed birds (P < 0.05). In the cecum, the acetate, butyrate and total SCFA levels were greater in the EF group (P < 0.05), while the propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate levels were lower in the ABX group (P < 0.05). In summary, 10 d of dietary supplementation with E. faecium markedly increased colonization in mature broilers and potentially improved growth performance by modulating the ileal microbiota. Encapsulation techniques could enable a slow release of E. faecium in the intestine, thereby reducing the negative impacts of rapid expansion of E. faecium on the intestinal epithelium.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide. The NDC80 kinetochore complex component NUF2 has been previously identified as up-regulating in HCC and associated with patient prognosis. However, the pathophysiological effects and molecular mechanisms of NUF2 in tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed a significant increase in NUF2 expression in HCC tissues and established a correlation between high NUF2 expression and adverse outcomes in HCC patients. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that genetic inhibition of NUF2 suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells and disrupted the cell cycle. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms revealed that NUF2 interacted with ERBB3, inhibiting its ubiquitination degradation, thus activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and influencing cell cycle regulation. Overall, this study revealed the crucial role of NUF2 in promoting the malignant progression of HCC, suggesting its potential as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for HCC.

As a key sensor, radar plays an important role in obtaining war information. However, radar will be affected by the deteriorating electromagnetic environment on the battlefield. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out electromagnetic interference effect experiments to improve the anti-interference ability. In the electromagnetic interference experiment of the radar TR component, the signal output from the signal generator passes through the power amplifier, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, and then is applied to the TR component. In the experiment, to obtain a certain size of interference signal acting on the TR component, it is often necessary to manually adjust the output signal strength of the signal generator repeatedly through human experience. The experimental process is complicated, and the experimental error is large. Therefore, it will make the experiment more convenient and accurate to achieve the desired interference signal size on the TR component by accurately predicting the output signal strength value of the signal generator, which has important practical significance. This paper proposes an IGWO-SVR based signal generator output signal strength prediction model, which includes Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithms. IGWO is a new swarm optimization algorithm proposed in this paper. By improving the convergence factor a and the final position of $\omega $ wolf, IGWO solves the problems that the traditional GWO algorithm easily falls into local optimum and the convergence speed is slow. IGWO is used to optimize two hyperparameters of SVR (penalty coefficient C and kernel parameter $\gamma $ ). SVR is used to predict the output signal strength value of the signal generator. To prove the validity of the IGWO-SVR, comparison experiments are made between the IGWO-SVR and 20 other models. The real data obtained from the experiments of electromagnetic interference effect by irradiation method are selected as the experimental data. Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Fitting Degree R Squared $(R^{2})$ are used to evaluate the overall performance of the models. Through comparative experiments, the MAE of the IGWO-SVR model is 1.1481, MSE is 2.6679, $R^{2}$ is 0.9430, and its performance in various evaluation indexes is better than other models.

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, essential for enhancing road safety, driving efficiency, and traffic management, must be robust against cybersecurity threats for successful deployment and acceptance. This survey comprehensively explores V2X security challenges, focusing on prevalent cybersecurity threats such as jamming, spoofing, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and eavesdropping attacks. These threats were selected due to their prevalence and ability to compromise the integrity and reliability of V2X systems. Jamming can disrupt communications, spoofing can lead to data and identity manipulation, DDoS attacks can saturate system resources, and eavesdropping can compromise user privacy and information confidentiality. Addressing these major threats ensures that V2X systems are robust and secure for successful deployment and widespread acceptance. This work makes significant contributions to the field of V2X cybersecurity, starting with a thorough review and categorization of existing survey papers, providing a clear map of the current research landscape, and identifying areas needing further study. An extensive review uncovered a global landscape of V2X cybersecurity research. We highlight contributions from the leading countries in scientific publications and patent innovations, with notable advancements from leading corporations. This work educates and informs on the current state of V2X cybersecurity and identifies emerging trends and future research directions based on a year-by-year analysis of the literature and patents. The findings underscore the evolving cybersecurity landscape in V2X systems and the importance of continued innovation and research in this critical field. The survey navigates the complexities of securing V2X communications, emphasizing the necessity for advanced security protocols and technologies, and highlights innovative approaches within the global scientific and patent research context. By providing a panoramic view of the field, this survey sets the stage for future advancements in V2X cybersecurity.

Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological activities. It is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China. However, knowledge of the effect of alcohol on the absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins is limited. The effects of alcohol on digestion, absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in BALB/c mice were investigated after gavage and tail intravenous injection. The results showed that the content of saponins in serum and liver was significantly higher under the influence of alcohol than that in the control group after oral administration. Alcohol promoted the absorption of sea cucumber saponins prototype as well as inhibited the process of saponins being transformed into deglycositic metabolites in the small intestine. Moreover, sea cucumber saponins remained in circulation for a long time and alcohol slowed down the clearance of sea cucumber saponins under the influence of alcohol after intravenous injection. This confirmed the feasibility of marinating sea cucumber in Baijiu to improve the efficacy of saponins and provides an important theoretical basis for the utilization of sea cucumber and the development of sea cucumber liquor.

Abstract Aim As the second most prevalent subtype of epithelial ovarian cancers, ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is known for its chemoresistance to conventional platinum‐based therapy. In this work, we examined the tryptophan (Trp) metabolism enzymes' differential expression in patients with OCCC to assess the potential for personalised treatment. Methods A total of 127 OCCC tissues were used to construct tissue microarrays, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of the Trp enzymes IDO1, IDO2, TDO2 and IL4I1 was performed. The correlations between Trp enzyme expression and clinical characteristics were analysed. Results Positive IDO1, IDO2, TDO2 and IL4I1 staining was identified in 26.8%, 94.5%, 75.6% and 82.7% of OCCC respectively. IDO1‐positive samples were more common in the chemoresistant group than in the platinum‐sensitive group (46.7% vs. 19.8%). Moreover, positive expression of IDO1, TDO2 and IL4I1 was related to advanced stage, metastasis, bilateral tumours, endometriosis and tumour rupture (p

In this paper, Panax ginseng cyclophilin (PgCyP) was successfully obtained through a genetic engineering technique. A bioinformatics method was used to analyze the physicochemical properties and structure of PgCyP. The results showed that PgCyP belongs to the cyclophilin gene family. The protein encoded by the PgCyP gene contains the active site of PPIase (R62, F67, and H133) and a binding site for cyclosporine A (W128). The relative molecular weight of PgCyP is 187.11 bp; its theoretical isoelectric point is 7.67, and it encodes 174 amino acids. The promoter region of PgCyP mainly contains the low-temperature environmental stress response (LTR) element, abscisic acid-responsive cis-acting element (ABRE), and light-responsive cis-acting element (G-Box). PgCyP includes a total of nine phosphorylation sites, comprising four serine phosphorylation sites, three threonine phosphorylation sites, and two tyrosine phosphorylation sites. PgCyP was recombined and expressed in vitro, and its recombinant expression was investigated. Furthermore, it was found that the recombinant PgCyP protein could effectively inhibit the germination of Phytophthora cactorum spores and the normal growth of Phytophthora cactorum mycelia in vitro. Further experiments on the roots of susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana showed that the PgCyP protein could improve the resistance of arabidopsis to Phytophthora cactorum. The findings of this study provide a basis for the use of the PgCyP protein as a new type of green biopesticide.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) represents an inflammatory disease characterized by fluctuations in severity, posing substantial challenges in treatment. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of UC. This study sought to identify drugs specifically targeting the gut microbiota to mitigate UC. We initiated a meta-analysis on gut microbiota in UC patients to identify UC-associated bacterial strains. Subsequently, we screened 164 dietary herbal medicines in vitro to identify potential prebiotics for the UC-associated bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The DSS-induced colitis mouse model was utilized to evaluate the anti-colitis efficacy of the identified dietary herbal medicine. Full-length 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing was employed to observe changes in gut microbiota following dietary herbal medicine intervention. The relative abundance of Bacteroides was notably diminished in UC patients compared to their healthy counterparts. B. thetaiotaomicron exhibited an inverse relationship with UC symptoms, indicating its potential as an anti-colitis agent. In vitro assessments revealed that H. Herba significantly bolstered the proliferation of B. thetaiotaomicron. Further experiments showed that treating DSS-induced mice with an aqueous extract of H. Herba considerably alleviated colitis indicators such as weight loss, colon shortening, disease activity score (DAI), and systemic inflammation. Microbial analysis revealed B. thetaiotaomicron as the sole bacterium substantially augmented by H. Herba in vivo. Overall H. Herba emerges as a promising prebiotic for B. thetaiotaomicron, offering significant anti-colitis benefits. Employing a gut microbiota-centric approach proves valuable in the quest for drug discovery.This study provides a new paradigm for drug discovery that targets the gut microbiota to treat UC.

Abstract Background Spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunit 3 (SKA3) plays an important role in cell proliferation by regulating the separation of chromosomes and their division into daughter cells. Previous studies demonstrated that SKA3 was strongly implicated in tumor development and progression. However, the roles of SKA3 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed with paired CCA tissues and normal adjacent tissues (NATs). SKA3 was chose to be the target gene because of its remarkably upregulation and unknown function in cholangiocarcinoma in TCGA datasets, GSE107943 datasets and our sequencing results. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining were used to detect the expression of SKA3 in paired CCA tissues and normal adjacent tissues. The SKA3 knockdown and overexpression cell line were constructed by small interfering RNA and lentivirus vector transfection. The effect of SKA3 on the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma under hypoxic conditions was detected by experiments in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq was used to find out the differentially expressed pathways in cholangiocarcinoma proliferation under hypoxia regulated by SKA3. IP/MS analysis and Western blot assays were used to explore the specific mechanism of SKA3 in regulating the expression of HIF-1a under hypoxia. Results SKA3 was up-regulated in NGS, TCGA and GSE107943 databases and was associated with poor prognosis. Functional experiments in vitro and in vivo showed that hypoxia-induced SKA3 promoted cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation. RNA-sequencing was performed and verified that SKA3 enhanced fatty acid synthesis by up-regulating the expression of key fatty acid synthase, thus promoting cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions. Further studies indicated that under hypoxic conditions, SKA3 recruited PARP1 to bind to HIF-1a, thus enhancing the poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) of HIF-1a. This PARylation enhanced the binding between HIF-1a and USP7, which triggered the deubiquitylation of HIF-1a under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, PARP1 and HIF-1a were upregulated in CCA and promoted CCA cell proliferation. SKA3 promoted CCA cell proliferation and fatty acid synthesis via the PARP1/HIF-1a axis under hypoxic conditions. High SKA3 and HIF-1a expression levels were associated with poor prognosis after surgery. Conclusion Hypoxia-induced SKA3 promoted CCA progression by enhancing fatty acid synthesis via the regulation of PARylation-dependent HIF-1a deubiquitylation. Furthermore, increased SKA3 level enhanced chemotherapy-resistance to gemcitabine-based regimen under hypoxic conditions. SKA3 and HIF-1a could be potential oncogenes and significant biomarkers for the analysis of CCA patient prognosis.

In the rapidly developing drone industry, drone use has led to a series of safety hazards in both civil and military settings, making drone detection an increasingly important research field. It is difficult to overcome this challenge with traditional object detection solutions. Based on YOLOv8, we present a lightweight, real-time, and accurate anti-drone detection model (EDGS-YOLOv8). This is performed by improving the model structure, introducing ghost convolution in the neck to reduce the model size, adding efficient multi-scale attention (EMA), and improving the detection head using DCNv2 (deformable convolutional net v2). The proposed method is evaluated using two UAV image datasets, DUT Anti-UAV and Det-Fly, with a comparison to the YOLOv8 baseline model. The results demonstrate that on the DUT Anti-UAV dataset, EDGS-YOLOv8 achieves an AP value of 0.971, which is 3.1% higher than YOLOv8n’s mAP, while maintaining a model size of only 4.23 MB. The research findings and methods outlined here are crucial for improving target detection accuracy and developing lightweight UAV models.

Abstract The two most prevalent subtypes of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) are ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC). Patients with OCCC have a poor prognosis than those with HGSC due to chemoresistance, implying the need for novel treatment target. In this study, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) together with bulk RNA-seq data from the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database (the GSE189553 dataset) to characterize and compare tumor heterogeneity and cell-level evolution between OCCC and HGSC samples. To begin, we found that the smaller proportion of an epithelial OCCC cell subset in the G2/M phase might explain OCCC chemoresistance. Second, we identified a possible pathogenic OCCC epithelial cell subcluster that overexpresses LEFTY1. Third, novel biomarkers separating OCCC from HGSC were discovered and subsequently validated on a wide scale using immunohistochemistry. Amine oxidase copper containing 1 (AOC1) was preferentially expressed in OCCC over HGSC, while S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2) was detected less frequently in OCCC than in HGSC. In addition, we discovered that metabolic pathways were enriched in the epithelial compartment of the OCCC samples. In vitro experiments verified that inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis pathways exerted direct antitumor effects on both OCCC and HGSC cells, while targeting glutamine metabolism or ferroptosis greatly attenuated chemosensitivity only in OCCC cells. Finally, to determine whether there were any variations in immune cell subsets between OCCC and HGSC, data from scRNA-seq and mass cytometry were pooled for analysis. In summary, our work provides the first holistic insights into the cellular and molecular distinctions between OCCC and HGSC and is a valuable source for discovering new targets to leverage in clinical treatments to improve the poor prognosis of patients with OCCC.

Abstract Background Metabolites of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in the tumor microenvironment play crucial immunosuppressive roles in various cancers. However, the role of Trp metabolism in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma (NK/TCL) remains unelucidated. Methods We investigated the potential role of Trp metabolism in a cohort of 43 patients with DLBCL and 23 with NK/TCL. We constructed tissue microarrays and performed in situ staining of Trp‐catabolizing enzymes and PD‐L1 using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results We observed 14.0% positive staining of IDO1 in DCBCL and 60.9% in NK/TCL; 55.8% of IDO2 in DCBCL and 95.7% in NK/TCL; 79.1% of TDO2 in DCBCL and 43.5% in NK/TCL; 29.7% of IL4I1 in DCBCL and 39.1% in NK/TCL. However, IDO1, IDO2, TDO2, and IL4I1 positivity did not significantly differ between PD‐L1+ and PD‐L1− biopsy tissue samples of NK/TCL; nonetheless, a positive correlation of IDO1 (r = 0.87, p

Abstract Plasmaspheric hiss waves are important to shape the Earth’s electron radiation belt. These waves are commonly envisioned to have a long lifetime which allows them to permeate the global plasmasphere from a spatially restricted source. However, this hypothesis has not been experimentally confirmed yet, because of the challenging observational requirements in terms of location and timing. With wave and particle measurements from five magnetospheric satellites and detailed modeling, we present the first report of long lifetime (∼42 s) hiss rays in the substorm‐disturbed plasmasphere. The low‐frequency hiss waves are found to originate from the middle piece of the plasmaspheric plume, bounce between two hemispheres, and eventually drift into the plasmaspheric core. These hiss rays can travel through ∼3 hr magnetic local time and ∼4 magnetic shell. Such a long‐time and large‐scale permeation of hiss rays could benefit from the ducting process by plasmaspheric field‐aligned density irregularities.

The three successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that erupted from 2023 November 27–28, provide the first opportunity to shed light on the entire process of a shock propagating through, sequentially compressing, and modifying two preceding CMEs using in situ data from Solar Orbiter, Wind, and STEREO-A. We describe the interaction of the three CMEs as follows: CME-1 and CME-2 interacted with each other at distances close to the Sun. Subsequently, the shock (S3) driven by CME-3 caught up with and compressed ICME-2 before 0.83 au, forming a typical shock–ICME interaction event observed by the Solar Orbiter. The S3 continued to propagate, crossing ICME-2 and propagating into ICME-1 as observed by Wind, and completely overtaking both ICME-1 and ICME-2 at STEREO-A. The interaction between S3 and the preceding two ICMEs leads to a clear compression of preceding ICMEs including an increase in magnetic field (∼150%) and a reduction in the interval of ICMEs. It presents direct and compelling evidence that a shock can completely traverse two preceding CMEs, accompanied by a significant decrease in shock strength (magnetic compression ratio decrease from 1.74 to 1.49). Even though the three ICMEs interact significantly in the heliosphere, their magnetic field configurations exhibit coherence at different observation points, especially for ICME-3. Those results highlight the significant implications of shock–CME interactions for CME propagation and space weather forecasting.

Abstract Martian mini‐magnetospheres contain whistler‐mode chorus waves potentially contributing to atmospheric escape, analogous to the Earth's inner magnetosphere. At Earth, the chorus waves have been found to originate from the near‐equatorial region spanning approximately 2% of the entire magnetic field line length. However, because of the lack of wave Poynting flux measurements, the Martian chorus source region remains unclear. By comparing the frequency dependence between observed wave power and modeled linear growth rates, we present the first attempt to explore the chorus wave source distribution along the Martian mini‐magnetospheric field lines. Our data‐to‐model comparisons support that these waves are not generated by a single source tightly confined near the magnetic strength minimal location but by intermittent or continuous sources spanning up to 40% of the entire field line length. These results imply that the Martian mini‐magnetospheres could have more active energy transfer processes mediated by whistler‐mode chorus waves than the expectation.

Abstract Magnetic fluids are the suspensions composed of magnetic nanoparticles, surfactants, and non-magnetic carrier liquids. Magnetic fluids are widely used in various fields, especially in sealing, because of their excellent features, including rapid magnetic response, flexible flow ability, tunable magneto-viscous effect, and reliable self-repairing capability. Here, we provide an in-depth, comprehensive insight into the theoretical analyses and diverse applications of magnetic fluids in sealing from three categories: static sealing, rotary sealing, and reciprocating sealing. We summarize the magnetic fluid sealing mechanisms and the development of magnetic fluid seals from 1960s to the present, particularly focusing on the recent progress of magnetic fluid seals. Although magnetic fluid sealing technology has been commercialized and industrialized, many difficulties still exist in its applications. At the end of the review, the present challenges and future prospects in the progress of magnetic fluid seals are also outlined.

Genetic compensation is a remarkable biological concept to explain the genetic robustness in an organism to maintain its fitness and viability if there is a disruption occurred in the genetic variation by mutation. However, the underlying mechanism in genetic compensation remain unsolvable. The initial concept of genetic compensation has been studied in model organisms when there was a discrepancy between knockout-mediated and knockdown-mediated phenotypes. In the zebrafish model, several studies have reported that zebrafish mutants did not exhibit severe phenotype as shown in zebrafish morphants for the same genes. This phenomenon in zebrafish mutants but not morphants is due to the response of genetic compensation. In 2019, two amazing works partially uncovered genetic compensation could be triggered by the upregulation of compensating genes through regulating NMD and/or PTC-bearing mRNA in collaboration with epigenetic machinery in mutant zebrafish. In this review, we would like to update the recent advances and future perspectives of genetic compensation studies, which including the hypothesis of time-dependent involvement and addressing the discrepancy between knockout-mediated and knockdown-mediated to study gene function in the zebrafish model. At last, the study of genetic compensation could be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat human genetic disorder related diseases.

The Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer (MOMAG) is a scientific instrument onboard the orbiter of China’s first mission for Mars — Tianwen-1. Since November 13, 2021, it has been recording magnetic field data from the solar wind to the magnetic pile-up region surrounding Mars. Here we present its in-flight performance and first science results, based on its first one and one-half months’ data. Comparing these early MOMAG observations to the magnetic field data in the solar wind from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, we report that the MOMAG magnetic field data are at the same level in magnitude, and describe the same magnetic structures with similar variations in three components. We recognize 158 clear bow shock (BS) crossings in these MOMAG data; their locations match well statistically with the modeled average BS. We also identify and compare five pairs of datasets collected when Tianwen-1’s orbiter and the MAVEN probe made simultaneous BS crossings. These BS crossings confirm the global shape of modeled BS, as well as the south-north asymmetry of the Martian BS. Two cases presented in this paper suggest that the BS is probably more dynamic at flank than near the nose. So far, MOMAG performs well, and provides accurate magnetic field vectors. MOMAG is continuously scanning the magnetic field surrounding Mars. Data from MOMAG’s measurements complement data from MAVEN and will undoubt edly advance our understanding of the plasma environment of Mars.

Anammox process has attracted attention due to its excellent nitrogen removal properties in nitrogen-rich wastewater treatment. However, there were some obstacles for the application of anammox to treat high saline wastewater due to its sensitivity to salinity. In this study, Fe(III) addition strategy was developed to assist anammox to adapt high saline surroundings, with the defense mechanism involved in Fe(III)-assisted anammox emphasized. Nitrogen removal performance of anammox was deteriorated at 3.5% salinity, with the average total nitrogen removal rate of 0.85 kg/(m3·d) observed. The continuous addition of Fe(III) could significantly assist anammox to resist high salinity through facilitating the enrichment of anammox species. Candidatus Kuenenia was the main anammox species and outcompeted Candidatus Brocadia under high saline surrounding. The relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia increased with increased salinity and reached 41.04% under 3.5% salinity. The synthesis of key enzymes of anammox species were improved through Fe(III) addition and then facilitated the energy metabolism of anammox bacteria under 3.5% salinity. This study provides a new thought in Fe(III)-assisted anammox enhancement technologies and deepens the insight of anammox in high saline wastewater treatment.

The objective of this experiment was to develop a new computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of unconventional plant protein meals for growing pigs. Nine meals tested included 1 source of rapeseed meal, 4 sources of cottonseed meal, 2 sources of sunflower meal, and 2 sources of peanut meal. Twenty growing pigs (Duroc × [Landrace × Large White]) with an initial body weight (BW) of 41.7 ± 2.6 kg were allotted to a replicated 10 × 3 incomplete Latin square design to determine the DE and ME of 1 basal diet and 9 experimental diets formulated with 9 unconventional plant protein meals. The DE and ME values of unconventional plant protein meals were calculated by the difference method. The in vitro digestible energy (IVDE) of 1 basal diet, 9 experimental diets, and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were determined with 5 replicates of each sample in a complete randomized arrangement. The IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 or 1.00 to 1.01, and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE or ME was 0.97 or 0.98 in 10 experimental diets. Accordingly, the IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.86 to 1.05 or 0.96 to 1.20, and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE or ME was 0.92 or 0.91 in 9 unconventional plant protein meals. The coefficient of variation (CV) of IVDE was less than that of DE and ME in the experimental diets (0.43%, 0.80%, and 0.97% for CV of IVDE, DE and ME, respectively) and unconventional plant protein meals (0.92%, 4.84%, and 6.33% for CV of IVDE, DE and ME, respectively). The regression equations to predict DE from IVDE in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were DE = 0.8851 × IVDE +539 (R2 = 0.9411, residual standard deviation [RSD] = 23 kcal/kg DM, P

Abstract On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long‐lasting solar energetic particle (SEP) flux enhancements observed by spacecraft located over a wide longitudinal range in the heliosphere. SEPs arriving at Earth caused the 73rd ground level enhancement (GLE) event recorded by ground‐based neutron monitors. In particular, this is also the first GLE event seen on the surface of three planetary bodies, Earth, Moon, and Mars, by particle and radiation detectors as shown in this study. We derive the event‐integrated proton spectrum from measurements by near‐Earth spacecraft and predict the lunar and martian surface radiation levels using particle transport models. Event doses at the lunar and martian surfaces of previous GLE events are also modeled and compared with the current event. This statistical and comparative study advances our understanding of potential radiation risks induced by extreme SEP events for future human explorations of the Moon and Mars.

Abstract The Martian bow shock stands as the first defense against the solar wind and shapes the Martian magnetosphere. Previous studies showed the correlation between the Martian bow shock location and solar wind parameters. Here we present direct evidence of solar wind effects on the Martian bow shock by analyzing Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN data. We examined three cases where Tianwen‐1 data show rapid oscillations of the bow shock, while MAVEN data record changes in solar wind plasma and magnetic field. The results indicate that the bow shock is rapidly compressed and then expanded during the dynamic pressure pulse in the solar wind, and is also oscillated during the IMF rotation. The superposition of variations in multiple solar wind parameters leads to more intensive bow shock oscillation. This study emphasizes the importance of joint observations by Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN for studying the real‐time response of the Martian magnetosphere to the solar wind.

Abstract Magnetosonic waves inside and outside the plasmasphere differ statistically in occurrence rate, frequency, and intensity. How the density interface separates magnetosonic waves inside and outside the plasmasphere remains not fully understood. Here we report an experimental test made with the Van Allen Probes mission from the plasmaspheric plume through the low‐density channel to the plasmaspheric core. Our linear instability analysis and two‐dimensional full‐wave modeling support that the magnetosonic waves propagate from elsewhere to the channel, undergo reflection and transmission at the flanking plasmaspheric density interfaces and eventually exhibit drastic differences in intensity and frequency coverage between neighboring regions. Such a mesoscale (tens of wavelength wide) interface with a strong refractive index gradient allows the transformation of incident waves to surface waves and consequently filters waves in both frequency and orientation. This unexpected filtering pattern could commonly occur at the plasmaspheric boundary and eventually affect the global distribution of magnetosonic waves.

Introduction: YiYiFuZi powder (YYFZ) is a classical formula in Chinese medicine, which is commonly used clinically for the treatment of Chronic Heart Disease (CHD), but it’s pharmacological effects and mechanism of action are currently unclear.Methods: An adriamycin-induced CHD model rat was established to evaluate the pharmacological effects of YYFZ on CHD by the results of inflammatory factor level, histopathology and echocardiography. Metabolomic studies were performed on rat plasma using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS to screen biomarkers and enrich metabolic pathways; network pharmacology analysis was also performed to obtain the potential targets and pathways of YYFZ for the treatment of CHD.Results: The results showed that YYFZ significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α and BNP in the serum of rats, alleviated the disorder of cardiomyocyte arrangement and inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved the cardiac function of rats with CHD. The metabolomic analysis identified a total of 19 metabolites, related to amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Network pharmacology showed that YYFZ acts through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway.Discussion: YYFZ treatment of CHD modulates blood metabolic pattern and several protein phosphorylation cascades but importance specific changes for therapeutic effect require further studies.

BackgroundA bidirectional association between atopic dermatitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been revealed in observational studies, whereas the causality of this association was unclear. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to determine the bidirectional causal association between atopic dermatitis and CKD.MethodsIndependent genetic instruments associated with atopic dermatitis and CKD at the genome-wide significance level were chosen from corresponding meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. Summary-level data for atopic dermatitis were obtained from the EAGLE Eczema consortium (30,047 cases and 40,835 controls) and FinnGen consortium (7,024 cases and 198,740 controls). Summary-level data for CKD were derived from CKDGen consortium (64,164 cases and 625,219 controls) and FinnGen consortium (3,902 cases and 212,841 controls). The inverse-variance weighted method was used in the main analysis and supplemented with three sensitivity analyses.ResultsGenetic predisposition to atopic dermatitis was associated with an increased risk of CKD. For a one-unit increase in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis, the odds ratio of CKD was 1.07 (95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.12). In the reverse Mendelian randomization analysis, the odds ratio of atopic dermatitis was 1.14 (95% confidence interval: 1.03–1.26) for a one-unit increase in the prevalence of CKD. The associations persisted in sensitivity analyses and no pleiotropy was detected.ConclusionThis Mendelian randomization study suggests a bidirectional positive association between atopic dermatitis and CKD.

Coronal jets are one of the most common eruptive activities in the solar atmosphere. They are related to rich physics processes, including, but not limited to, magnetic reconnection, flaring, instabilities, and plasma heating. Automated identification of off-limb coronal jets has been difficult due to their abundant nature, complex appearance, and relatively small size compared to other features in the corona. In this paper, we present an automated jet identification algorithm (AJIA) that utilizes true and fake jets previously detected by a laborious semiautomated jet detection algorithm (SAJIA) as the input of an image segmentation neural network U-NET. It is found that AJIA can achieve a much higher (0.81) detecting precision than SAJIA (0.34) while giving the possibility of whether each pixel in an input image belongs to a jet. We demonstrate that with the aid of artificial neural networks, AJIA can enable fast, accurate, and real-time off-limb coronal jet identification from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly 304 Å observations, which are essential in studying the collective and long-term behavior of coronal jets and their relation to the solar activity cycles.

Using the Stream Interaction Regions list from the Tianwen-1/Mars Orbiter Magnetometer (MOMAG) data between 2021 November and 2021 December and from Wind observations, we present an accurate prediction for the arrival time and in situ parameters of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) when the Earth and Mars have large longitudinal separations. Since CIRs were detected earlier at Earth than at Mars during the period examined, we employ Earth-based CIR detections for predicting CIR observations at Mars. The arrival time is calculated by the Parker spiral model under the assumption of steady corotation of the Sun and coronal holes, while the in situ parameters are derived from Wind data through radial dependent scaling laws. The CIR prediction results are compared to the actual observations obtained from the MOMAG and Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer instruments onboard Tianwen-1, as well as the Magnetometer and Solar Wind Ion Analyzer instruments onboard MAVEN. The predicted arrival time is close to the observed values with relative errors less than 10%, and the expected in situ data show a good consistency with the Martian measurements. The comparison results indicate that the prediction method has good performance and will be helpful for comparative analysis with Tianwen-1 observations at Mars in the future.

Based on the Heliospheric Imager-1 images of the STEREO twin spacecraft, we established the CORrelation-Aided Reconstruction (CORAR) technique to locate and reconstruct the 3D structures of solar wind transients in interplanetary space. Here, we extend the CORAR method to images of COR2 on board STEREO to study the evolution of small-scale transients in the outer corona from 2010 January to May. We confirm that the transients can be located and reconstructed well by comparing the results with those of a self-similar expanding model. The speed distribution of the reconstructed transients generally shows the typical characteristics of the slow solar wind. We further study the sources of the transients on the Sun, and find that most reconstructed transients are located near the top of streamer belts or the heliospheric current sheet and can be tracked back to the boundaries of the closed-field and open-field regions along the field lines extrapolated by corona models. The formation mechanisms of these transients in the slow solar wind are also discussed.

Depression is the most common complication of childhood epilepsy, leading to a poor prognosis for seizure control and poor quality of life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying epileptic depression have not been completely elucidated. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are major contributors to depression. The positive effects of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on depression have been previously reported. However, knowledge regarding the effects of EPA and DHA in managing depressive symptoms in pediatric patients with epilepsy is limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of EPA and DHA on epileptic depression in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-treated young mouse model. Three-week-old mice were fed a DHA- or EPA-enriched diet for 21 days and treated with PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) every other day for a total of 10 times. EPA was more effective than DHA at alleviating PTZ-induced depressive symptoms. Pathological results revealed that DHA and EPA significantly improved neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that DHA and EPA mitigated PTZ-induced myelin damage by increasing the protein levels of CNPase, Olig2, and MBP. Furthermore, both DHA and EPA reduced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization and suppressing the LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Notably, EPA polarized microglia towards the M2 phenotype. In addition, DHA and EPA decreased oxidative stress by inhibiting NOX2 and enhancing mitochondrial metabolism through the increased expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I-V proteins. These findings suggest that DHA and EPA can be used as effective interventions to improve depression in children with epilepsy, with EPA being a particularly favorable option.

Phytase activity can be impaired during pelleting because of extreme thermal conditions. This study investigated the effects of dose and source of phytase on phytase activity during the conditioning, pelleting, and cooling process. A split-plot design was used in two experiments, with five phytase doses (Exp. 1; 7560, 14310, 33830, 43590 and 61500 FTU/kg) or eight phytase sources (Exp. 2) as the main plot and steam conditioning temperatures (Exp. 1 and 2; 75 and 85 °C) as the subplot. Each treatment processed four batches, one batch per replicate. The results of Exp. 1 showed phytase dose in diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the recovery rate of phytase activity after the conditioning, pelleting, or cooling process. The recovery rate of phytase activity in each process was higher (p < 0.05) at 75 °C than that at 85 °C for both Exp. 1 and 2. The phytase source significantly affected (p < 0.05) the recovery rate of phytase activity and had varied appearances of structure. In conclusion, the structure, phytase activity, and phytase recovery after steam conditioning–pelleting significantly varied across sources, but the stability of phytase was not affected by dose.

Abstract. End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that markedly increases mortality in patients with infections. In patients with ESLD, infections can induce or aggravate the occurrence of liver decompensation. Consequently, infections are among the most common complications of disease progression. There is a lack of working procedure for early diagnosis and appropriate management for patients with ESLD complicated by infections as well as local and international guidelines or consensus. This consensus assembled up-to-date knowledge and experience across Chinese colleagues, providing data on principles as well as working procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ESLD complicated by infections.

The influence of the thermal conductivity of silica bricks on the coking process as an important component of the coking and combustion chambers is still unclear. A multi-chamber coupling mathematical model of a coke oven is developed to investigate the energy-saving effect of using high thermal conductivity silica bricks in the coke oven. The model is validated using measured temperatures of coal and flue gas bed in a coke oven in operation for a coking cycle. Temperature variation and its distribution in the coking chamber, combustion chamber, and heating wall are simulated for the coke oven using silica bricks with different thermal conductivities. The obtained results showed that compared with the use of common silica bricks, coking time of one cycle can be reduced by ∼60 min, with a decreased consumption of fuel gas by ∼4.9%. The enhancement of heat transfer from the flue gas to the heating wall and the heating wall to coal using silicon bricks with high thermal conductivity can effectively shorten not only the temperature difference between the two sides of the heating wall but also reduce the mean flue temperature of the flue gas by ∼24.5 °C.