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The aquatic environment can be divided into two based on physical and chemical differences, namely: freshwater environment and marine aquatic environment. There are two kinds of freshwater waters, namely: calm (lentic) waters such as lakes, reservoirs and ponds; Flowing waters (lotic) for example rivers, sewers and ditches. In lotic habitats there are two main zones, namely the rushing water zone and the hood zone or calm zone. While in calm or lentic waters in general there are three main zones, namely: the littoral zone, the limnetic zone and the profundal zone (Cantonati et al., 2020). A water can be influenced by several factors including temperature, pH, DO and depth, therefore it is very important if in this case it is discussed about the overview of the waters at PTP Universitas Palangka Raya. By researching the parameters above, it can be seen that: Z, temperature, pH, DO. The correlation between DO and depth is -0.35** meaning it is significant at 0.01 or below 0.05. The temperature with DO is also significant but positive between temperature and DO because the value is 0.41** due to one quadrant according to PC1

The Indonesian government plans to turn Central Kalimantan into a national food barn by planting rice in several places, including in shallow peatlands. Tropical peatlands actually have limited potential for agricultural use because the growing medium in some cases is not conducive to root development, waterlogged soils that poison plants. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of water can be used as indicators to determine if a land is suitable for growing crops. The objective of this study is to analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water in different aquatic ecosystems in peat swamp forest. This study was conducted in the Peat Techno Park (PTP) of the College of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. Samples were collected from 9 observation stations with different forms of land use for agricultural activities, namely unplowed rice fields, plowed fields, swamps, connecting ditches, beje, natural peat swamp forests, ponds and irrigation ponds. Data collection was taken over a 6-month period and coincided with the peak of the dry season and the rainy season. Water properties were then analyzed by observing the parameters measured directly at the station, namely pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and depth. The results showed that there were 4 (four) sites that had suitable water properties for agricultural uses, namely unplowed fields, plowed fields, swamps and ponds. There are only 2 (two) macrozoobenthos groups on PTP peat bogs, namely Annelida and insects. In addition, the most dominant group in insect belongs to the ordo Diptera, and family Chironomidae with the most common genus Chironomus. Conversion of peat swamp forest to rice fields and fish ponds promotes greater diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities, with the depth significantly affecting them.

Conservation projects are likely to fail if plans to preserve important wildlife habitats and species are not co-developed between conservation organisations and local communities to reflect the needs and diverse values of the latter. Tropical peatland conservation represents a case in point: local community livelihoods have only recently come into focus, particularly within academic literature. Instead, many previous studies emphasise the need to conserve intact peat swamp forests for their carbon storage, as a habitat for flagship species such as the orangutan, and to provide fire-free landscapes. Here, we explore the socio-environmental issues being faced in the peatland landscapes of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. This includes the loss of peat-swamp forest, decreases in peatland fish populations and related socio-cultural challenges such as potential loss of fishing livelihoods along with historic and continued experiences of marginalisation of indigenous communities. To find solutions to these complex and interrelated problems, an interdisciplinary approach which focuses on interdependencies and includes multiple worldviews is required. We propose an approach which deploys both Ethan Miller’s use of livelihoods (incl. Miller, 2019) and biocultural approaches to conservation to analyse human-nonhuman relationships, with a focus on fish and fishing livelihoods. We draw on data from in-depth social and ecological research in two village communities in Central Kalimantan, and in so doing illustrate how fish conservation has the potential to support important biocultural and livelihood relationships between human and nonhuman communities in peatland areas. Our findings lend support to previous calls for biocultural approaches to conservation in other socio-ecological contexts, and lead us to conclude that tropical peatland conservation initiatives that integrate such approaches will result in improved outcomes for peatlands, forests, biodiversity and people. These findings will be relevant to other tropical peatland areas with high dependence on fishing as a source of livelihood, such as the peatlands of the Amazon and Congo basins.

The Indonesian government plans to turn Central Kalimantan province into a national food barn by planting rice paddies in several places, including in shallow peatlands. Tropical peatlands have limited potential to be used as agricultural land since the growing media in some cases, is not conducive to root development, saturated-water soil that poissons the plants. Aquatic invertebrates can be used as indicators to determine whether water quality in a field is safe for plants or not. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of benthic in different part of aquatic ecosystems on peat swamp forests. This study was conducted in Peat Techno Park (PTP) of the University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. Samples were collected from 9 stations with different forms of land use for agricultural activities, namely unplowed paddy fields, plowed fields, swamps, connecting ditches, beje, natural peat swamp forests, breeding ponds, and irrigation ponds. Data were collected over 6 months and coincided with the peak of dry and wet seasons. The abundance and species of aquatic invertebrates were then analyzed some related physic-chemical parameters, such as depth, water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results showed that the macrozoobenthos species found on this study was slightly rare. There was identified merely 3 genera, include in the two benthic groups, e.i. Annelida and insect. As to the insect, the dominant species was from the order of Diptera and family of Chironomidae, especially Chironomus. Spatially, stations 1 (unplowed rice fields), 2 (ploughed rice fields), 3 (peat swamp forest), 7 (cultivated ponds), and 9 (new beje) were particularly abundant. In this case, the conversion of peat swamp forests to rice fields and fish culture ponds will possibly promote greater diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities.

Objectives:The purposes of the present study are to produce technology of the snakehead fish breeding in Central Kalimantan region of Indonesia and to analyze the growth of larvae produced. Methods/Statistical Analysis:The experiments are conducted using twenty four of the broodstock and a pairof the fish isplaced to the hapa.The ovaprim doses injected on dorsal of the fish in this experiment are A: 0 ml/kg (control), B: 0.3 ml/kg, C: 0.5 ml/kg and D: 0.7 ml/ kg body weight of fish. The parameters are observed that the natural spawning of the fish and total larval body length of larvae. Findings:Spawning is observed 30-37 hours after application of ovaprim with dose 0.5 ml/kg, followed by application of 0.3 ml /kg ovaprim dose with spawning latency time of 4-5 days.During the early stages total length growth is increasedgradually and sharply. It is increased further and after 20 daysfrom hatching until the end of experiment as well as digestive tract development. Improvement/Applications: At day 25 after hatching coinciding to presence of pyloric caeca the fish may be introduced artificial feeds.

Chironomid larvae or bloodworm is a natural food that has the nutrients suitable for freshwater fish needs. Bloodworm utilization as fish feed in aquaculture is still limited, due to limited production. Huge floodplain waters are potential to be used as a place of bloodworm production. This study aimed to develop a technique producing bloodworm in floodplain waters which included searching suitable characteristics of sites and substrates for the production of bloodworm. Result of this study showed that the characteristics of the best location for the production of bloodworm were in the waters of the swamp forest covered tree canopy with water depth of 1 to 2 m. Type of a good substrate for the production of bloodworm was coconut fiber. The substrate was placed in a horizontal position at the bottom of hapa. Bloodworm production in this experiment was 0.938 g dry weight/m2 or 32.83 g wet weight/m2. Key words: Chironomidae, floodplain, natural fish food, production.

The faunal composition of “interrhizon” invertebrate communities associated with submerged parts of three kinds of macrophytes, Eichhornia crassipes, Gramineae spp. and Polygonum tomentosum, were studied in an oxbow lake, Lake Tundai, with acidic water (pH 3.9–4.4) in the peat swamp area of Central Kalimantan. The pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface waters tended to be higher in macrophyte stands than in open waters near the stands. Thirty-one taxa belonging to three groups of invertebrates, Arachnida, Insecta, especially chironomids, and Isopoda, were found from the root systems, of which insects were the most abundant in every macrophyte stand. The interrhizon invertebrates accounted for 0.16–8.7 g wet wt m−2 among three vegetational stands. The diversity and abundance of interrhizon invertebrates are low in Lake Tundai; this could be due to low pH and/or low productivity in the lake water.

Acid sulfate soil is one of the most serious regional environmental problems after destruction of the peat layer over pyrite-containing sediment after agricultural land development and deforestation. Sulfuric acid discharged from acid sulfate soil causes acidification of river water. In pyrite distributing areas within the lower basin of the Sebangau and Kahayan rivers in Central Kalimantan, the water of the mainstream of the rivers as well as water discharged from canals into the mainstream in the rainy season show much higher acidity and a higher concentration of sulfate ions than in the dry season. The objective of the present study was to obtain information on utilization of natural water from local inhabitants in the basin with water pollution including sulfuric acid contamination. We held interviews with local inhabitants in sulfuric acid polluted areas in Paduran and Pangkoh as well as areas around Sigi village concerning the sources of water and evaluation of water quality in their habitat. Inhabitants around Sigi mostly depended on well water both in the rainy and dry seasons, whereas the sources of drinking water for inhabitants in Paduran and Pangkoh differed significantly between dry and rainy seasons. River water chemistry showed little difference between the dry season and the rainy season in the Sigi area, whereas river and canal water in the rainy season in Paduran and Pangkoh showed lower pH than in the dry season due to a high concentration of sulfuric acid in the rainy season. Accordingly, river and canal water in the rainy season in polluted areas was not available as drinking or cooking water and thus they avoided using river water for drinking or cooking in the rainy season. Although sulfuric acid concentration in river water both in Pangkoh and Paduran were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, people in Pangkoh evaluated that water in the rainy season to be better than that in the dry season, whereas people in Paduran evaluated that water in the dry season to be better than that in the rainy season. Paduran people would evaluate water quality by SO42- concentration, whereas Pangkoh people would evaluate water quality by salt concentration because of the lower concentration of SO42- of water in Pangkoh in the rainy season than that in Paduran. Pangkoh people recognized that water contaminated with sulfuric acid was much preferable than water contaminated with sea salt, but they avoided using water contaminated with sulfuric acid in the rainy season. More than 70% of the Paduran people answered that river water presents a high risk for drinking and swimming, whereas only 11% or less of the Pangkoh people knew about the risk of sulfuric acid for human health. The Pangkoh people avoided using river water contaminated with sulfuric acid, but the knowledge about sulfuric acid’s effects on human health was not sufficient. Thus we concluded that although selectivity of water was similar for the local inhabitants of the two villages in polluted area, awareness about the risks of sulfuric acid pollution for human health proved to be quite different between the two villages.

Climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) is a potential species for aquaculture in Kalimantan, Indonesia and belongs to Anabantidae family. The development of its digestive tract was evaluated on larvae reared under culture conditions of 28oC-30oC, from hatching to 30 days after hatching using histological and morphological methods. The larvae were kept in six 100-L tanks. They were fed with rotifers and microalgae from day 2nd after hatching to day 10th; Artemia nauplii from day 7th to day 15th; Artemia meta-nauplii from day 15th to day 20th; and Tubifex worm from day 20th onwards. The development of digestive tract in climbing perch followed the general pattern described for other species. Shortly after hatching, its digestive system was found to be consisted of an undifferentiated straight tube laying dorsally to the yolk sac. At first feeding (day 2nd), both mouth and anus had opened and the yolk sac was partially absorbed. On day 3, the digestive tract was fully differentiated into buccopharynx, esophagus, intestine and rectum. The two pyloric caeca appeared on day 25th after hatching, indicating the transition from larval to juvenile stage and acquisition of an adult type of digestion.