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ABSTRACT: Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common types of bacterial gastroenteritis affecting humans, and poultry is considered a major source of the causative organism, Campylobacter spp. Broilers may arrive contaminated at slaughterhouses, and transport crates could be considered a potential source of contamination. Thus, cleaning and disinfection procedures are crucial to avoid cross-contamination among flocks. Despite its public health importance in Latin American countries, virulence factors of Campylobacter jejuni remain poorly studied in this region. Thus, this study aimed to: 1) determine the occurrence of contaminated crates at a poultry slaughterhouse, 2) compare the contamination before and after the cleaning and disinfection procedures, and 3) detect virulence-associated genes in C. jejuni strains by PCR. Campylobacter spp. were recovered from 8 of the 10 flocks evaluated, and C. jejuni was detected as the main species. There was no significant difference in the Campylobacter detection or quantification between crates at the reception platform and crates after the cleaning/disinfection processes. However, crates after 24 h of natural drying, presented a significant (P < 0.05) lower amount of Campylobacter cells than before the cleaning and disinfection processes. A negative relationship (R2 = 0.210, P = 0.045) between environmental conditions and Campylobacter quantification was found for transport crates after 24 h of natural drying. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the detection of two C. jejuni virulence genes, flaA (encode a major flagellin protein) and cadF (encode an adhesion and fibronectin-binding protein), among various stages of the cleaning and disinfection processes. Our results demonstrate the high contamination levels of Campylobacter strains in broiler flocks and the potential involvement of poultry transport crates in transmitting these bacteria. This study also suggests that ineffective cleaning and disinfection procedures can increase Campylobacter contamination and facilitate the spread of bacteria in poultry establishments.

Candida auris, first described in 2009, is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that causes nosocomial outbreaks around the world, with high mortality rates associated with therapeutic failure. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of 107 isolates from two cities in Colombia, associated with fungemia or colonization processes; to achieve this, we used the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model to compare pathogenicity. Our results showed that less than half of the total isolates of C. auris presented a high pathogenicity compared to the reference strain SC5314, and most of those highly pathogenic strains were from colonization processes. We observed that there was formation of large aggregates of cells that cannot be disrupted easily, without statistically significant differences between the pathogenicity of the aggregated and non-aggregated strains. In addition, protease activity was observed in 100% of the C. auris strains; phospholipase and hemolysin activity were observed in 67.3 and 68.2% of the studied strains, respectively. In conclusion, these results highlight the utility of determining survival using G. mellonella, which allowed us to provide new information on the pathogenicity, enzymatic activity, and the relationship of the aggregated and non-aggregated phenotypes of C. auris in this model.

Resumo: Membros termofílicos do gênero Campylobacter são reconhecidos como importantes enteropatógenos para o ser humano e animais. A grande diversidade ecológica destes micro-organismos em diferentes habitats tais como água, animais e alimentos predispõem ao aparecimento de novos fatores de virulência. Este trabalho teve por objetivo detectar os genes codificantes da Toxina Distensiva Citoletal (CDT) por meio da técnica de PCR, pesquisar a atividade de hemolisinas e a influência de soluções quelantes e de íons nesta atividade. Foram utilizadas 45 amostras de Campylobacter jejuni de origem avícola para pesquisa de atividade hemolítica, cultivadas em Caldo Triptona de Soja (TSB). Após o crescimento bacteriano, as amostras foram semeadas em Ágar tríptico de soja (TSA) contendo 5% de sangue de ovino. Para verificar a influência de agentes quelantes e solução de íons na atividade hemolítica, as amostras de C. jejuni foram cultivadas em TSB contendo separadamente os quelantes EDTA, ácido acético, soluções de íons CaCl2, MgCl2 e FeCl3, em atmosfera de microaerofilia. Quanto à atividade de hemolisina de C. jejuni em placas de TSA - sangue ovino foi possível observar que houve hemólise em 40% das amostras analisadas apenas com caldo TSB. Somente o ácido acético apresentou ação quelante sobre a atividade de hemolisinas em amostras de C. jejuni semeadas em placas de TSA - sangue ovino. Para detecção dos genes cdtA, cdtB e cdtC através da técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foram utilizadas 119 amostras de C. jejuni de origem avícola. Foi possível observar que 37,8% possuíam o perfil de genes cdtABC. Os resultados demonstraram em amostras avícolas a presença de cepas de C. jejuni com potencial virulento, devido à presença dos genes da toxina CDT e potencial hemolítico, que apresentou ação reduzida in vitro com ácido acético.

Abstract The study was carried out to screen and analyze the genetic characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from poultry sources. A total of 141 strains of Campylobacter isolated from samples of broilers of slaughterhouses in southern Brazil was identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for its antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of resistance genes. The strains were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility against two agents (ampicillin and tetracycline) by disk diffusion method. PCR assay was used to confirm the specie and the presence of ampicillin (blaOXA-61), tetracycline tet(O), and the energy-dependent multi-drug efflux pump (cmeB) genes. Campylobacter jejuni was the most ubiquitous; its presence was determined in 140 samples out of 141 (99.3%), whereas Campylobacter coli was found only in one of the contaminated samples (0.70%). The results obtained showed 65% and 35.5% of Campylobacter isolates resistant to β-lactams and tetracyclines, respectively. The cmeB gene responsible for multidrug resistance was detected in 26 isolates out 141 strains (18.5%). Moreover, 36 out of 141 Campylobacter strains (25.6%) were found to be resistant to at least two different antimicrobia resistance markers (β-lactams and tetracyclines).

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli have been associated with gastrointestinal disorders in human beings, due mainly to the consumption of chicken meat. Despite control measures for reducing contamination by these bacteria, the detection of Campylobacter in carcasses after chilling remains high. A total of 105 carcasses were assessed by the horizontal detection method in five federally inspected slaughterhouses in southern Brazil in 2012 and in the first three months of 2013. Campylobacterwas isolated in 37.1% of the carcasses, of which 97.5% contained C. jejuni and 2.5% were infected by C. coli. The rate of positive carcasses across the slaughterhouses ranged from 0 to 71.4%. Determining the occurrence of Campylobacter among flocks is crucial for estimating the microbial load at specific points along the slaughtering process and for minimizing the risk of contamination of end products by Campylobacter.

Nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with low amount of Fe were synthesized from natural ilmenite obtained from alluvial gold mine wastes. The obtained TiO2 were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm the formation of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase with 0.05 wt.% of iron possibly replacing some titanium places. All the characterizations were performed to the synthesized solid and the reference materials (TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25). The photocatalytic activity of both the synthesized solid and references were evaluated in the photo-oxidation of cyanide in aqueous medium under UV illumination. An experimental design type Box-Behnken was performed choosing three different parameters: the initial concentration of cyanide (50, 150 and 250 ppm) the catalyst load (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1) and the oxygen source. The percentage of cyanide conversion was chosen as response in the design obtaining as optimal conditions [CN-]0 = 50 ppm, catalyst load = 0.6 g L-1 and air bubbling. Under these conditions it was reached 32, 32 and 89% of cyanide conversion for Fe-TiO2 synthesized, TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25, respectively.

Este artículo busca determinar cuáles son las causales que conllevan a la desnaturalización de los contratos de prestación de servicios y devienen en un verdadero vínculo laboral de acuerdo con la jurisprudencia del Consejo de Estado entre los años 2016 y 2022. Para ello se llevó a cabo una investigación de tipo mixto con un paradigma analítico y hermenéutico, a través de un método inductivo. La principal conclusión es que son las actuaciones de las autoridades, en el marco de la celebración de los contratos de prestación de servicios, las que terminan desnaturalizando este contrato y convirtiendo la relación contractual en un vínculo laboral.

Knowledge Extraction Model (KEM) is a system that extracts knowledge through an IoT-based smart waste bin emptying scheduling classification. Classification is a difficult problem and requires an efficient classification method. This research contributes in the form of the KEM system in the classification of scheduling for emptying waste bins with the best performance of the Machine Learning method. The research aims to compare the performance of Machine Learning methods in the form of Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Multi-Layer Perceptron, which will be recommended in the KEM system. Performance testing was performed on accuracy, recall, precision, F-Measure, and ROCS curves using the cross-validation method with ten observations. The experimental results show that the Decision Tree performs best for accuracy, recall, precision, and ROCS curve. In contrast, the K-NN method obtains the highest F-measure performance. KEM can be implemented to extract knowledge from data sets created in various other IoT-based systems.

Background and Aim: Rabies has been endemic in Bali since 2009, and cases has recently increased. Unfortunately, there is a lack of available vaccines, which hinders the eradication program. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and virological aspects of rabies infection in Bali. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 brain samples were collected from rabid dogs in all districts of Bali. The samples were tested using the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the presence of rabies virus in the samples. Samples with the highest virus content were propagated in vivo and then inoculated into BALB/c mice. The brains of dead mice were used to prepare an inoculate cultured in murine neuroblastoma cells. Supernatant-positive viruses representing each district were then reinoculated into eight groups of five BALB/c mice. A brain sample from each dead mouse was tested using DFA and PCR and detected under a fluorescence microscope. Results: All rabies virus-positive samples collected from rabid dogs in all districts of Bali were positive. Rabies virus was detected by DFA test and PCR and was consistently confirmed in the in vivo and in vitro studies. BALB/c mice inoculated with the highest viral dilution (105 cells/mL) of culture supernatant showed typical signs of rabies, indicating that the virus could be properly investigated. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a wide epidemiological distribution of rabies in Bali. The obtained virus can be adapted for in vitro and in vivo studies and can be used to develop a homologous vaccine.

This study aims to analyze teacher needs in Indonesia regarding the development of multicultural learning models based on local wisdom and integrated gamification. This research uses a mixed method that begins with a quantitative approach and continues qualitatively. The quantitative process starts with a literature review to synthesize research indicators and research instruments and distribute instruments to 301 teachers as respondents (urban teachers = 42%, rural teachers = 58%). Quantitative data analysis used the Rasch Model. This qualitative approach uses in-depth interviews with teachers and experts to explain quantitative research findings. The results of this study show a high need for teachers at all levels of education to develop a multicultural learning model based on local wisdom integrated gamification. The need is even greater for public schools and female teachers. This research implies that there must be further efforts to develop multicultural learning models so that they can be implemented in various schools.

Emilie Java 1904 by Catherine Van Moppès is a French novel that portrays Indonesia's portrait in Java in 1904, a century of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This novel describes Indonesian colonialism through the third lens, a narration from a French person's point of view. This research aims to identify the historiography of Java in 1904, where the Dutch carried out deep colonialism using a new historicism perspective. The qualitative descriptive method was used. The data involved words, phrases, and sentences containing Javanese historiography in the novel. This study found that 1) the Javanese people are friendly, embrace Islam, and have solid ancient beliefs. The nature of Javanese men who still despise women is also reviewed; 2) From the European perspective, Java's conditions are described as exotic and beautiful but chaotic and dangerous; 3) Colonialism is also seen from a neutral side by writing that shows the negative side of priyayi and the arbitrary attitude of the Dutch toward the natives. This novel implies that the Javanese were civilized before the Dutch came, which contradicts the primary purpose of Westerners coming to the East. Otherwise, she also showed the negative and positive side of Java and its people toward the Dutch.

Abstract Objectives Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) are pivotal tools for detecting and combating infections caused by multidrug-resistant rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) but are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Design We used a Mycobacterium abscessus-based RGM model to develop a rapid (24-h) AST from the beginning of the strain culture, the Clinical Antimicrobials Susceptibility Test Ramanometry for RGM (CAST-R-RGM). The ASTs obtained for 21 clarithromycin (CLA)-treated and 18 linezolid (LZD)-treated RGM isolates. Results CAST-R-RGM employs D2O-probed Raman microspectroscopy to monitor RGM metabolic activity, while also revealing bacterial antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms. The results of clarithromycin (CLA)-treated and linezolid (LZD)-treated RGM isolates exhibited 90% and 83% categorical agreement, respectively, with conventional AST results of the same isolates. Furthermore, comparisons of time- and concentration-dependent Raman results between CLA- and LZD-treated RGM strains revealed distinct metabolic profiles after 48-h and 72-h drug treatments, despite similar profiles obtained for both drugs after 24-h treatments. Conclusions Ultimately, the rapid, accurate, and low-cost CAST-R-RGM assay offers advantages over conventional culture-based ASTs that warrant its use as a tool for improving patient treatment outcomes and revealing bacterial drug resistance mechanisms.

This study investigates the impact of introducing autonomous learning-based assessments on student independence in the learning process. The SmartPLS approach was used to measure the link between these variables, with a focus on aspects such as exam administration, simple lesson design, and policy flexibility. The analytical results demonstrate that implementing autonomous learning-based evaluations has a favorable influence on student independence. Implementing more extensive tests, easy lesson plans, and policy flexibility in the Merdeka Berdeka curriculum all contribute to student freedom. The implication is that students are more active in directing their own learning, making decisions, and planning improvements. This generates a learning atmosphere that encourages self-reflection, ongoing learning, and the development of self-evaluation abilities, all of which are vital for student growth.

The utilization of social media for obtaining information on exclusive breastfeeding is driven by various user-friendly features that facilitate information retrieval. This study delves into understanding the correlation between mothers' engagement with social media for information and their knowledge levels regarding exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia. Through a cross-sectional analysis involving 93 purposefully selected respondents, demographic factors such as age, education, occupation, social media usage for breastfeeding information, and knowledge levels were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was applied to the data, and significance testing was conducted using Chi-square tests. The questionnaire underwent validity and reliability tests, confirming its robustness. Results indicated a significant association (p < 0.000) between social media usage for breastfeeding information and the knowledge levels of mothers successfully practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who achieved exclusive breastfeeding demonstrated a discernible level of knowledge about utilizing social media as an information source for breastfeeding. This study highlights the escalating role of social media in shaping mothers' understanding of exclusive breastfeeding. The findings underscore the significance of targeted interventions and educational programs through social media platforms to enhance breastfeeding practices.

Antecedentes: Gallibacterium anatis bv. haemolytica es una bacteria Gram-negativa‚ inmóvil‚ no esporulada que pertenece a la familia Pasteurellaceae‚ reside normalmente en las vías respiratorias y reproductivas de las aves de corral. Es una de las principales causas de salpingitis y peritonitis‚ afecta directamente la producción de huevos y aumenta la mortalidad‚ lo que impacta gravemente el bienestar y productividad. Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue determinar el perfil de resistencia a antimicrobianos de cepas de Gallibacterium anatis aisladas de aves comerciales con sintomatología respiratoria y reproductiva‚ recolectadas durante el 2022-2023 en Colombia. Métodos: se obtuvieron un total 115 cepas a través de pruebas convencionales mediante cultivo y características bioquímicas (BD BBL Crystal E/NF/ID®). Para determinar la sensibilidad de los aislamientos se utilizó la prueba de difusión en disco‚ utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer. Se realizó un perfil de resistencia para 12 antimicrobianos‚ distribuidos en siete familias: Ciprofloxacina 5 µg‚ Enrofloxacina 5 µg‚ Norfloxacina 10 µg Amoxicilina 20 µg‚ Sulfatrimetoprim 25 µg Tetraciclina 30 µg‚ Doxiciclina 30 µg‚ Oxitetraciclina 20 µg‚ Florfenicol 30 µg‚ Fosfomicina 50 µg‚ Neomicina 30 µg‚ Gentamicina 10 µg. Las placas de agar Mueller Hinton fueron preparadas e incubadas a 37 ºC durante 24-48 h. Se realizó la lectura midiendo el diámetro de los halos de inhibición del crecimiento‚ según las recomendaciones del Comité Nacional de Estándares Clínicos de Laboratorio (NCCLS) versión 2002. Resultados: los aislados que mostraron mayores perfiles de resistencia son: Tetraciclina 77 %‚ Oxitetraciclina 75 %‚ Doxiciclina 69 %‚ Sulfatrimetoprim 74 %‚ Enrofloxacina 73 %‚ Norfloxacina 70 %‚ Ciprofloxacina 63 %‚ Neomicina 55 %‚ Gentamicina 47 %‚ Amoxicilina 43 % y Florfenicol 35 %‚ mientras que la mayor sensibilidad fue para Fosfomicina 87 %. Conclusiones: aunque se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo como patógeno oportunista de las aves de cría intensiva‚ ha surgido en los últimos años como agente emergente con resistencia a múltiples antimicrobianos causando pérdidas económicas y dificultades para el control de la infección. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kausal. Teknik yang digunakan, yaitu tes dan angket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keterampilan membaca pemahaman terhadap hasil belajar subtema manusia dan lingkungan pada kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri Batutulis 1 Kota Bogor. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah 84 peserta didik dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 46 peserta didik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada semester gasal tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh keterampilan membaca pemahaman terhadap hasil belajar subtema manusia dan lingkungan ditunjukkan dengan analisis statistik yang menghasilkan koefisien korelasi rxy sebesar 0,49. Ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh antara keterampilan membaca pemahaman terhadap hasil belajar subtema manusia dan lingkungan, sedangkan koefisien determinasi (r²) sebesar 24,01%. Sisanya sebanyak 75,99% ditentukan oleh faktor lain. Rata-rata hasil belajar subtema manusia dan lingkungan sebesar 24,01% ditentukan oleh keterampilan membaca pemahaman melalui persamaan regresi Ŷ = 11,15 + 0,52X, artinya setiap kenaikan unit nilai keterampilan membaca pemahaman akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada hasil belajar subtema manusia dan lingkungan sebesar 0,52 unit.

Abstract Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) are pivotal in combating multidrug resistant pathogens, yet they can be time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and unstable. Using the AST of tigecycline for sepsis as the main model, here we establish an automated system of Clinical Antimicrobials Susceptibility Test Ramanometry (CAST‐R), based on D2O‐probed Raman microspectroscopy. Featuring a liquid robot for sample pretreatment and a machine learning‐based control scheme for data acquisition and quality control, the 3‐h, automated CAST‐R process accelerates AST by >10‐fold, processes 96 paralleled antibiotic‐exposure reactions, and produces high‐quality Raman spectra. The Expedited Minimal Inhibitory Concentration via Metabolic Activity is proposed as a quantitative and broadly applicable parameter for metabolism‐based AST, which shows 99% essential agreement and 93% categorical agreement with the broth microdilution method (BMD) when tested on 100 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Further tests on 26 clinically positive blood samples for eight antimicrobials, including tigecycline, meropenem, ceftazidime, ampicillin/sulbactam, oxacillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin reveal 93% categorical agreement with BMD‐based results. The automation, speed, reliability, and general applicability of CAST‐R suggest its potential utility for guiding the clinical administration of antimicrobials.