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The post-initiation stage of hepatocarcinogenesis was investigated in carcinogen-resistant inbred DRH rats and the parental strain, carcinogen-sensitive Donryu rats. Male rats at 5 weeks of age from both strains were treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (200 mg/kg i.p.) followed by feeding with a diet containing 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) from 2 weeks later and were then subjected to partial hepatectomy at 1 week later. At 8 weeks after the start of treatment, the mean area occupied by glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive lesions was about 30% in Donryu rats but less than 4% in DRH rats despite the presence of comparable numbers of foci in the livers of both strains. These observations suggested that clonal expansion of GST-P-positive foci in DRH rat liver was significantly suppressed under these conditions. Furthermore, this genetic property was dominantly inherited in the F1 rats by crosses of DRH and carcinogen-sensitive inbred F344 rats; that is, the induction of GST-P mRNA in the livers of F344 x DRH F1 rats was dominantly suppressed after administration of 3'-Me-DAB for 8 weeks as compared with parental F344 rats under the same conditions. We compared the intrinsic properties related to growth potential of liver cells between adult DRH and Donryu rats. DRH rat liver showed retarded and/or reduced DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy or a single i.v. injection of lead nitrate and lower activity of telomerase induced by 3'-Me-DAB administration for 1 week, as compared with the Donryu rat liver. The intrinsic properties observed in this study may be related, at least in part, to the low incidence of liver tumors induced by hepatocarcinogens in DRH rats.

Inbred carcinogen-resistant DRH rat strain developed from the closed colony Donryu rats on the basis of selective markers such as poor induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and marked reduced incidences of liver tumors during 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) administration, which took more than 10 years. Previously, we observed that the Donryu rat liver was quite sensitive to both DNA-damaging and cytotoxic effects of 3'-Me-DAB, while the DRH rat liver showed tolerance to 3'-Me-DAB under the same conditions. In the present study, we examined mRNA levels related to the cytotoxic drug resistance mechanism in the livers of DRH and Donryu rats using RT-PCR. Contrary to our expectation, we observed rather similar levels of mRNAs between the two rat strains under the following conditions: i) mdr1 mRNA induction after 3'-Me-DAB administration. ii) MLP-2 mRNA reduction by 3'-Me-DAB administration, iii) MLP-2 mRNA induction after cholestasis and iv) constitutive levels of cMOAT gene expression. On the other hand, the levels of p53 mRNA and p53 protein in the Donryu rat liver were higher than those in DRH rat liver during 3'-Me-DAB administration, suggesting that the former were more sensitive to 3'-Me-DAB than DRH rat under these conditions. In conclusion, we failed to demonstrate the difference in the cytotoxic drug resistance mechanism between DRH and Donryu rats at least under the conditions examined in this study.

Carcinogen-resistant inbred DRH rats developed from the Donryu strain showed a remarkably low incidence of liver tumors when they were fed diets containing hepatocarcinogens such as 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). In this work, we examined various characteristics of male DRH and Donryu rats during 3'-Me-DAB administration for 8 weeks. 32 P-Postlabeling analysis showed that essentially similar levels of DNA-adducts were generated by the metabolites of 3'-Me-DAB in the livers of these two strains of rats at several time points. However, both GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible) and O 6 -methylguanine methyltransferase (putatively DNA damage-inducible) mRNA levels were increased significantly in Donryu rat livers, but were increased to a lesser extent in DRH rats. [ 3 H]Thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA began to increase around 10 to 20 days after the start of 3'-Me-DAB administration in Donryu rats probably due to DNA repair, while no significant change occurred in DRH rats under the same conditions. Furthermore, inductions of heme oxygenase (due to degradation of heme-proteins) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; cell death and regeneration of hepatocytes) mRNAs were greater in Donryu rat livers than those of DRH, suggesting that the former were more sensitive to cytotoxic effects of 3'-Me-DAB than the latter. Another remarkable difference observed between these two strains was the significant induction of cytochrome P-450 2E1 mRNA in Donryu rat livers; this may contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. Finally, increases of glutathione S-transferase (P-form) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase mRNAs as marker enzymes of preneoplastic changes of hepatocytes were clearly seen only in Donryu rat livers at 6 to 8 weeks after the start of 3'-Me-DAB administration. These results indicate that the different susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis between these two strains of rats may arise from events other than the DNA adduct formation.

Treatment of human premonocytic U937 cells with 500μM H 2 O 2 for 1h followed by 4h incubation in fresh medium to allow the cells to execute apoptotic processes caused DNA fragmentation. However, in the presence of 1mM ZnSO 4 throughout the incubation, DNA ladder formation was markedly inhibited. Hydrogen peroxide treatment for 1h with or without zinc increased both Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. However, only Bax protein decreased to basal levels in the presence of zinc during the following 4h incubation, resulting in an increase of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and prevention of apoptosis. Treatment of U937 cells with 1mM ZnSO 4 alone also decreased the levels of Bax protein. Furthermore, we observed that zinc completely inhibited the activation of CPP32 by H 2 O 2 , while no significant changes of ICE activities occurred with either H 2 O 2 and/or zinc. These results indicate that the suppression of H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis by zinc is mediated through an increase of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which occurs upstream from the activation of CPP32.

Time-course studies on the microsomal cytochrome P450s in the livers of carcinogen-resistant (DRH) and sensitive (Donryu) rats were carried out during a long-term administration of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). Total contents of the microsomal cytochrome P450s were gradually reduced with time in the Donryu rat livers, while those in the DRH rats did not alter significantly under these conditions. The activities of several isoforms of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1) were determined separately during these experimental periods. However, we could not obtain satisfactory evidence which may explain the different susceptibility to chemical carcinogenic actions in the livers between DRH and Donryu rats. Lower total contents of cytochrome P450s in the Donryu rats during the later stage may be due to the hepatic injuries caused by long-term administration of 3'-Me-DAB.

Adriamycin (ADR) has been considered to target mainly DNA metabolism in the nucleus. Recently, we observed the nuclear translocation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) after ADR treatment. We examined which intranuclear changes might be related to this alteration of HSP70 localization. We found considerable alternations in the nucleolar morphology and function in ADR-treated tumor cells, i.e., a ring-shaped segregation of granular components of almost all nucleoli and a dramatic reduction of nucleolar 45S ribosomal precursor RNA biosynthesis in HeLa cells exposed to 100 microM ADR for 2 h. Concomitantly with these changes, HSP70 was concentrated into the nucleoli, as in the case of heat shock treatment. These results indicate a novel anticancer effect of ADR via the suppression of cellular protein biosynthesis, in addition to its effect on DNA.

The carcinogen-resistant inbred DRH rat strain was developed from the carcinogen-sensitive Donryu rat and showed a remarkably lower incidence of liver tumors than the latter after administration of either 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) or 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). In the present study, we examined the tolerance of DRH rat to another type of hepatocarcinogen, that is, N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN). Male DRH and Donryu rats, 3 weeks of age, were given a single i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg body weight DMN and were sacrificed 1 year later. Five of 11 Donryu rats (45%) had macroscopically detectable tumors: 9 liver tumors in 4 rats and 1 urinary bladder tumor in the other rat. On the contrary, no tumors were detectable in the livers or other organs of 10 DRH rats under the same conditions. These results and other circumstantial evidence indicate that the different susceptibility of chemical carcinogenesis between DRH and Donryu rats is independent of individual pathways of metabolic activation of carcinogens.