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Chlorogenic acids are major secondary metabolites found in coffee seeds. The accumulation of chlorogenic acids and free quinic acids was studied in Coffea arabica cv. Tall Mokka and Coffea canephora seeds. Growth stages are specified from I to V, corresponding to rapid expansion and pericarp growth (I), endosperm formation (II), mature (green) (III), ripening (pink) (IV), and fully ripened (red) (V) stages. We detected monocaffeoylquinic acids (3CQA, 4CQA and 5CQA), dicaffeoylquinic acids (3,4diCQA, 3,5diCQA and 4,5diCQA) and a monoferuloylquinic acid (5FQA) in whole fruits (stage I), pericarps and seeds. The most abundant chlorogenic acid was 5CQA, which comprised 50-60% of the total of C. arabica and 45-50% of C. canephora seeds. The content of dicaffeoylquinic acid, mainly 3,5d diCQA, was high in C. canephora. A high content of 5FQA was found in seeds of stages III to V, especially in C. canephora. Total chlorogenic acids were accumulated up to 14 mg per fruit in C. arabica and 17 mg in C. canephora, respectively. In contrast, free quinic acid varied from 0.4-2.0 mg (C. arabica) and 0.2-4.0 mg (C. canephora) per fruit during growth. High biosynthetic activity of 5CQA, which was estimated via the incorporation of [U-14C]phenylalanine into chlorogenic acids, was found in young fruits (perisperm and pericarp) in stage I, and in developing seeds (endosperm) in stages II and III. The biosynthetic activity of chlorogenic acids was clearly reduced in ripening and ripe seeds, especially in C. canephora. Transcripts of PAL1, C3′H and CCoAMT, three genes related to the chlorogenic acid biosynthesis, were detected in every stage of growth, although the amounts were significantly less in stage V. Of these genes, CCoAMT, a gene for FQA biosynthesis, was expressed more weakly in stage I. The transcript level of CCoAMT was higher in seeds than in pericarp, but the reverse was found in PAL1. The pattern of expression of genes for the CQA and FQA synthesis is roughly related to the estimated biosynthetic activity, and to the accumulation pattern of chlorogenic acids.

Caffeine and trigonelline are major nitrogenous alkaloids found in coffee seeds. Accumulation of these alkaloids in two cultivars of Coffea arabica and in a cultivar of Coffea canephora seeds was monitored. Growth stages are specified by letters, A to G. They correspond to the pinhead and small (A), rapid expansion and pericarp growth (B), endosperm formation (C), early dry matter accumulation (D), mature (green) (E), ripening (pink) (F) and fully ripened (red) (G) stages. Caffeine and trigonelline content increased at stages D and E. The concentrations of caffeine in ripe seeds (stage G) of the two cultivars of C. arabica and C. canephora seeds were respectively 1.0% and 1.9% dry weight. A high biosynthetic activity of caffeine, which was estimated via the incorporation of [8-14C]adenine into purine alkaloids, was found in whole fruits (perisperm and pericarp) in stages B and C, and in developing seeds (endosperm) in stages D and E. The biosynthetic activities of caffeine were reduced in both pericarp and seeds in stages F and G. In C. arabica cv. Mokka and in C. canephora, the transcripts of CmXRS1, CTS2 and CCS1, three N-methyltransferase genes for caffeine biosynthesis, and of methionine synthase gene (MS) were detected in every stage of growth, although the amounts of these transcripts were significantly less in stage G. The pattern of expression of genes for caffeine synthesis during growth is roughly related to the in situ synthesis of caffeine from adenine nucleotides, although exceptions were found in the very early and later stages of fruit growth. The amounts of the transcripts of CmXRS1, CTS2 and CCS1 were higher in seeds than in pericarp, but reverse was true for MS transcripts in developing coffee fruits. Similarly, caffeine synthase (N3-methyltransferase) activity was also higher in seeds than in pericarp. Concentrations of trigonelline in ripe seeds (stage G) of C. arabica cv. Mokka, C. arabica cv. Catimor and C. canephora were ca. 1.3%, 1.0% and 1.4% of dry weight, respectively. High biosynthetic activity of trigonelline was found in young fruits (stages A–C) and in the pericarp of developing fruits (stage E). The biosynthetic activity was reduced markedly in seeds at stages F and G. These results suggest that active trigonelline biosynthesis occurs in the pericarp of coffee fruits. Although the final concentration of caffeine and trigonelline varies in the three Coffea plants, the patterns of fluctuations of the caffeine and trigonelline biosynthetic activity in all Coffea plants are all similar.

Book reviewed: Gerald Horne. Race War! White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire. New York: New York University Press, 2004. 432 pp. Notes, illustrations, index. $45.00 (cloth), $22.00 (paper).

Few people realize the extent to which Japanese people have interacted with and been influenced by African Americans and their history. Japanese high school students today at least read excerpts from original works by Booker T.Washington, Langston Hughes, RichardWright, Martin Luther King Jr., and Marian Anderson in Ministry of Education–approved English textbooks.1 Yet no Japanese history book pays homage to those African Americans who have played a substantial role in U.S.-Japanese relations since their earliest phase: Pyrrus Concer, a former slave who came to Japan before Commodore Perry;2 Carrie Wilson, the daughter of a former slave fromMissouri, whomarriedMasumizu Kuninosuke, an early Japanese settler in the famed Wakamatsu Colony in Sacramento, California, together withwhom she heralded a history of Japanese immigrants ofAfricanAmerican heritage;3 or the Philadelphia Royal Giants of the Negro League who

Since the nineteenth century, Western racial ideology, maintaining the inherent superiority of Europeans and their civilization over the rest of the world, has been used to justify the subjugation of other peoples in the name of humanitarian motives. Intermarriage between Japanese women and Spanish and Portuguese traders in western Japan had occurred since the mid-sixteenth century. Japanese individuals did not seem to consider interracial marriage with their colonial subjects damaging to their prestige. After World War I, when the League of Nations awarded Japan the former German colonies in the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall Islands, and Palau, Japan launched an aggressive economic development of the South Sea Mandate. Japan's experience there shows colonial Japan's distinctive racial approach to the tropical climate and the native islanders. The Japanese tolerance of Russians and Russian culture within their colonial empire deserves attention in understanding the peculiar racial rhetoric of their empire. Keywords:colonial intermarriage; Japanese empire; Russian culture

tinuation of the war. Whether Tanemura, together with other officers in the general staff such as Arao Okikatsu, belonged to the group of die-hard fa natics bent on fighting the war to the bitter end is a question that deserves further investigation. Although Koshiro's review of Racing the Enemy dwells on the negative, the questions she raises about the importance of placing Japan's Pacific War in the broader context of imperialism in Asia merit serious attention. Schol ars can approach the end of the war from different angles, and I hope this ex change will trigger fmitful and constmctive scholarly discourse on this con tentious issue.