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BackgroundCinnamomum camphora is a commercially important tree species in China, and it’s also a common native tree in the forests of southern China. However, literature on the impact of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CCEO) on human psychophysiological activity is scarce. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to CCEO on the functioning of the human autonomic nervous system, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and emotional state.MethodsForty-three healthy university students participated. The data collected included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and the results of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test.ResultsA drop in diastolic pressure (DBP) and pulse rate was also noticed after participants inhaled CCEO. Furthermore, EEG studies have demonstrated notable reductions in absolute beta (AB), absolute gamma (AG), absolute high beta (AHB), and relative gamma (RG) power spectra during exposure to CCEO. Conversely, the relative theta (RT) and power spectra values showed a significant increase. Additionally, the finding from POMS indicated that the fragrance evoked positive emotions and suppressed negative feelings.ConclusionThe results suggest that exposure to CCEO may promote mental and physical relaxation, facilitate cognitive processes such as memory and attention, and enhance mood states.

As the aging population in China increases, home-based elderly care is set to become the main mode of elderly care in the future. The construction of community elderly care service facilities is receiving more and more attention from society. Currently, residential area design standards in China lack clear guidance on the spatial planning of facilities, which will lead to unreasonable facility layout planning and insufficient convenience in the utilization of facilities by the elderly. Fully considering the distribution characteristics of community elderly care service facilities and the needs of the community life circle when planning residential areas can effectively solve this problem. This study takes Xi’an City as the research object, based on the theory of life circle, through questionnaire surveys and cluster analysis, analyzes the current situation of the construction of elderly care service facilities and the characteristics of the use by the elderly. Combined with the community life circle model, the study scope is divided into community life circle levels, and put forward the planning strategies of coverage rate, number, richness, and spatial layout of the facilities, respectively. These strategies are designed to enhance the quality of life for seniors, ensuring that they have access to essential support and resources within their communities. It demonstrated that middle-aged elderly prefer community canteens and activity centers, while those with limited mobility and multiple chronic diseases have a higher demand for health service centers and community canteens. The utilization weight analysis shows that vegetable markets and supermarkets are most frequently used, whereas health service centers are the least utilized. The research proposes strategic planning enhancements, including full coverage of basic facilities, targeted increases in high-demand facilities, and tailored facilities for elderly characteristics. It recommends cross-community layouts to ensure service radius coverage, development reservations for future needs, and quality improvements to address the low satisfaction rates of existing facilities. The study concludes that a targeted approach to facility planning, considering the elderly’s diverse needs, can enhance the community elderly care service system’s sustainability and effectiveness.

Abstract Anti‐virulence therapy that interferes with bacterial communication, known as “quorum sensing (QS)”, is a promising strategy for circumventing bacterial resistance. Using nanomaterials to regulate bacterial QS in anti‐virulence therapy has attracted much attention, which is mainly attributed to unique physicochemical properties and excellent designability of nanomaterials. However, bacterial QS is a dynamic and multistep process, and there are significant differences in the specific regulatory mechanisms and related influencing factors of nanomaterials in different steps of the QS process. An in‐depth understanding of the specific regulatory mechanisms and related influencing factors of nanomaterials in each step can significantly optimize QS regulatory activity and enhance the development of novel nanomaterials with better comprehensive performance. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which nanomaterials regulate bacterial QS in the signal supply (including signal synthesis, secretion, and accumulation) and signal transduction cascade (including signal perception and response) processes. Moreover, based on the two key influencing factors (i.e., the nanomaterial itself and the environment), optimization strategies to enhance the QS regulatory activity are comprehensively summarized. Collectively, applying nanomaterials to regulate bacterial QS is a promising strategy for anti‐virulence therapy. This review provides reference and inspiration for further research on the anti‐virulence application of nanomaterials.

Abstract To investigate the potential mechanism of Er-Xian decoction (EXD) in treating aplastic anemia (AA), the active components of EXD were screened by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and the targets of the components were predicted by the Swiss Target Prediction database. AA targets were collected from the GeneCards, OMIM, DisGeNET, PharmGKB, DrugBank, and TTD databases, the intersection of AA targets and EXD targets was calculated, and an herb-component-target network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. The STRING database was used for protein‒protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct a PPI network and perform topology analysis. The core targets were imported into the DAVID database for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The molecular docking software AutoDock was used to measure the affinity between active components and key targets. Finally, we established a mouse model of AA and verified the key targets and signaling pathways of EXD by RT‒PCR, ELISA and Western blot analysis. A total of 53 active components were screened from EXD, 2516 AA-related targets were collected, and 195 common targets were obtained. An herb-component-target network and a PPI network were successfully constructed, and 36 core targets were selected from the PPI network. The main active components of EXD include luteolin, kaempferol, berberine, etc., and key targets include PIK3CA, AKT1, STAT3, etc. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that cell components, molecular functions and biological processes with significant correlations were macromolecular complexes, protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity and protein phosphorylation, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the pathways with significant correlations included the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the tested key targets had good affinity for the corresponding active components. In AA mice, we found that EXD significantly increased white blood cell count, red blood cell count, platelet count and hemoglobin levels, increased mRNA levels of PIK3CA, PIK3CD, AKT1, JAK2, STAT3 and MAPK1, and promoted phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, ERK1/2 and STAT3. In summary, EXD acts on PI3K, AKT, STAT3 and other targets through berberine, luteolin, quercetin and other components to regulate the PI3K-Akt pathway, JAK-STAT pathway and other pathways, thus exerting its therapeutic effect on AA. This study explained the Chinese medicine theory of treating AA with EXD by tonifying kidney-yang and provides a scientific basis for the use of EXD in treating AA.

The public teaching buildings of universities have a large flow of people, high lighting requirements, and large energy consumption, which present significant potential for energy saving. The greatest opportunity for integrating “green” architectural design strategies lies in the design phase, especially the early stage of architectural design. However, current designers often rely on experience or qualitative judgment for decision-making. Thus, there is a pressing need for rational and quantitative green architectural design theories and techniques to guide and support decision-making for the design parameters of teaching buildings. This study, based on field surveys of 40 teaching buildings, constructs building archetypes regarding energy consumption including 28 typical values. Based on the “Rectangle”, “L”, “U”, and “Courtyard” archetypes, through batch energy consumption simulation and multiple regression methods, the influence mechanisms of nine energy consumption influencing factors on four types of building energy consumptions were explored, and energy consumption prediction models were derived. The findings of this research can serve as factor evaluation and selection in the early stage of architectural design for public teaching buildings at universities, and the prediction model can assist in the early estimation of energy consumption. This aims to enrich and supplement green architectural design methods by supporting the design of green public teaching buildings and providing reference and application for relevant engineering practices.

Economic development limits the living quality of rural residents. In particular, the residential buildings in northern China generally have poor thermal comfort in winter, which affects the physical and mental health of residents. Because of the separation of rooms, residents who live in cave dwellings often have to enter and leave rooms in the course of their daily lives, which leads to worse thermal feelings in winter. Because of the low price and the wind insulation and heat storage, sunrooms are widely used in renovations of rural houses. The traditional purpose of the addition of a sunroom is to provide a buffer room between outdoor and indoor spaces. This manuscript focuses on improving the degree of thermal comfort by means of a sunroom connecting all rooms. This study selected two families with the same number of members and similar daily activities as the study cases. One of the families had a sunroom built to connect its bedroom, living room, and washroom. The household’s air temperature and human comfort were measured both on holidays and on workdays. It is demonstrated that adding a sunroom can significantly stabilize the thermal environment and increase the air temperature in both the bedroom and the living room. Adding a sunroom can increase the air temperature of a cave dwelling’s main room by 1.0 °C on workdays and 4.3 °C on holidays. A cave dwelling with a sunroom can also provide residents with a decent level of human comfort for 24.4% of their daily time on workdays and 39.1% of the time during holidays. This research demonstrates that a sunroom can not only increase the air temperature in cave dwellings but also enhance the stability of human comfort. The conclusion provides new renovation ideas for improving the living comfort of cave dwellings.

The initial momentum along laser propagation plays a significant role in the electron dynamics during tunneling ionization. Our study shows that the offset emission angle decreases with increasing lateral momentum. By using three-dimensional strong-field approximation calculations with initial transverse momentum and a Coulomb correction, we accurately reproduce the transverse momentum-dependent angular shifts of Ar, Kr, and Xe atoms. We find that these shifts are attributed to the influence of initial momentum, tunneling exits, and a long-range Coulomb potential during electron propagation. Additionally, we establish a formula to reconstruct the initial transverse momentum from the final transverse momentum. The result may provide another perspective on attosecond angular streaking, which is crucial for understanding the influence of the Coulomb potential on electron motion.

By numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we study high-order harmonic generation from the asymmetric diatomic molecule HeH2+ in a corotating two-color circularly polarized laser field. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the molecule orientation and the harmonic yield. The harmonics in the plateau region can achieve an intensity modulation of one to two orders of magnitude with the change in the orientation angle. Through the time-dependent evolution of ionized electron wave packets combined with the analysis of the transition dipole moment between the continuum and bound states, the modulation of the harmonic strength may be attributed to the difference in the recollision angle of ionized electron wave packets relative to the molecules. In addition, the harmonic ellipticity is also affected by the molecular orientation. Notably, we found that the harmonic with greater ellipticity and higher intensity can be obtained with an orientation angle of 147°. These findings open up new avenues for achieving enhanced efficiency, the near-circular polarization of harmonics, and precise control over harmonic polarization states.

The mode of urban renewal in China has changed from incremental expansion to a value-added stage, and the development of cities has increasingly focused on the human experience and quality improvement. However, Cultural Street Vending and the unique street spaces in the historic districts that bear important connotations to the city have shown a trend of rapid decline and even disappearance. Therefore, how to identify the characteristics and connotations of such street vending spaces, grasp the relationship between perception of locality and built environment elements in different states and formulate targeted protection and renewal strategies is presently an urgent problem to be solved. Many studies have now discussed in detail the identification of elements, street perception and preservation strategies for historic districts. However, the Cultural Street Vending space, which carries special urban memory connotations, has been neglected, especially the characterisation of this type of space in different time dimensions. This paper takes the Cultural Street Vending space as a research object and focuses on the perceptual differences between its market day and non-market day, aiming at grasping the perceptual characteristics and constituent elements of this type of street space in different time states, as well as the patterns of changes they undergo. This paper took the Baxian Temple, a typical Cultural Street Vending space in a historic district of Xi’an, as the research object and took 30 architecture students as the evaluators to score 33 pairs of adjectives and recall the elements of nine streets. This paper compared and analysed the differences in the structure of people’s psychological perception of the street in the state of market day and non-market day by SD method. It was found that the activities of the vendors obviously promoted people’s positive emotions, and three commonality factors including impression, vitality and morphosis were extracted through the factor analysis. Moreover, through the element recall method to understand the change in element perception on the market day, we found that the range of people’s perception was smaller on the market day and summarised the element map of the space and the element components of high, medium and low characteristics. The correlation analysis between psychological quantities and environmental elements revealed that people’s positive psychology has a positive correlation with vendors, goods and street components and a negative correlation with greening, colour and texture. This study can provide an important research basis for the development of conservation and renewal strategies for this type of Cultural Street Vending space.

The Local Climate Zone (LCZ), as a foundational element of urban climate zone classification proposed by Oke and Stewart, categorizes urban surface types based on 10 influential parameters affecting the urban heat island effect, such as building density, surface reflectivity, sky view factor, and surface roughness length. This method divides cities into 17 different Local Climate Zones (LCZs) to standardize climate observations and promote global climate research exchange, offering valuable insights for heat island studies. In this study, we enhance the existing local climate zones spatial classification approach by focusing on Xi’an city’s urban layout and architectural features. By using urban spatial indicators and employing a supervised classification approach and a spatial clustering method with land parcels as statistical units, we investigate typical urban areas and classify Xi’an’s land parcels into 17 or 15 distinct local climate zones. Subsequently, through the evaluation of two distinct classification methods, the most suitable urban microclimate zoning method for Xi’an city was selected. This optimization of the local climate zoning representation introduces a spatial classification method tailored to urban climate planning and control, utilizing urban spatial indicators and remote sensing data. The resulting urban climate zoning map not only supports sample selection for urban heat environment parameter observation but also aids urban planners in identifying spatial distribution patterns for climate zoning.

To meet the measurement needs of multidimensional high-g acceleration in fields such as weapon penetration, aerospace, and explosive shock, a biaxial piezoresistive accelerometer incorporating tension–compression is meticulously designed. This study begins by thoroughly examining the tension–compression measurement mechanism and designing the sensor’s sensitive structure. A signal test circuit is developed to effectively mitigate cross-interference, taking into account the stress variation characteristics of the cantilever beam. Subsequently, the signal test circuit of anti-cross-interference is designed according to the stress variation characteristics of the cantilever beam. Next, the finite element method is applied to analyze the structure and obtain the performance indices of the range, vibration modes, and sensitivity of the sensor. Finally, the process flow and packaging scheme of the chip are analyzed. The results show that the sensor has a full range of 200,000 g, a sensitivity of 1.39 µV/g in the X direction and 1.42 µV/g in the Y direction, and natural frequencies of 509.8 kHz and 510.2 kHz in the X and Y directions, respectively.

The detailed characteristics of the harmonics emission of atoms driven via a linearly polarized laser field combined with an orthogonal, weaker electrostatic field were investigated by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. It was found that the direction of the laser polarization and the polarization of the attosecond light, which is synthesized from the harmonic, can be controlled by the amplitude of the electrostatic field. With the analysis of the spatial distribution of the time-dependent dipole moment and the time-dependent evolution of the electronic wave packet, the control mechanism for the harmonic characters was investigated. The generation of harmonics in the vertical direction of the laser electric field is caused by the breaking of the symmetry of the time wave packet distribution. With this mechanism, we obtained circularly polarized attosecond light.

Based on the strong field approximation theory and numerical solution of Maxwell’s propagation equations, the high–order harmonic is generated from a neon (Ne) atom irradiated by a high–intensity laser pulse whose central wavelength is 800 nm. In the harmonic spectrum, it is found that in addition to the odd harmonics of the driving laser, a new frequency peak appeared. By examining the time–dependent behavior of the driving laser, it is found that the symmetry of the laser field is broken. We demonstrated that these new spectrum peaks are caused by the intensity reduction and frequency blue shift of the high–intensity laser during propagation. Our results reveal that it is feasible to modulate the harmonics of the specific energy to produce high–intensity harmonic emission by changing the gas density and the position of the gas medium interacting with the laser pulse.

Let G be a connected graph with vertex set V(G). The resistance distance between any two vertices u, v ∈ V(G) is the net effective resistance between them in the electric network constructed from G by replacing each edge with a unit resistor. Let S ⊂ V(G) be a set of vertices such that all the vertices in S have the same neighborhood in G − S, and let G[S] be the subgraph induced by S. In this note, by the {1}-inverse of the Laplacian matrix of G, formula for resistance distances between vertices in S is obtained. It turns out that resistance distances between vertices in S could be given in terms of elements in the inverse matrix of an auxiliary matrix of the Laplacian matrix of G[S], which derives the reduction principle obtained in [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 (2008) 445203] by algebraic method.

ObjectiveCurrent advances in immunotherapy requires accurate tumor sub-classification due to the heterogeneity of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study aimed to develop a LUAD sub-classification system based on immune cell signatures and identified prognostic gene markers.MethodsSignatures related to the prognosis of TCGA-LUAD and 4 GSE cohorts were screened and intersected from 184 previously published immune cell signatures. The LUAD samples in the TCGA were clustered by ConsensusClusterPlus. Molecular characteristics, immune characteristics and sensitivity to immunotherapies/chemotherapies were compared. LDA score was established through Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Co-expression module was constructed by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA).ResultsFour LUAD subtypes with different molecular and immune characteristics were identified. Significant differences in prognosis among the four subtypes were observed. The IS1 subtype with the worst prognosis showed the highest number of TMB, mutant genes, IFN γ score, angiogenesis score and immune score. Twenty co-expression modules were generated by WGCNA. Blue module, sky blue module and light yellow module were significantly correlated with LUAD prognosis. The hub genes (CCDC90B, ARNTL2, RIPK2, SMCO2 and ADA and NBN) showing great prognostic significance were identified from the blue module. A total of 8 hub genes (NLRC3, CLEC2D, GIMAP5, CXorf65, PARP15, AKNA, ZC3H12D, and ARRDC5) were found in the light yellow module. Except for CXorf65, the expression of the other seven genes were significantly correlated with LUAD prognosis.ConclusionThis study determined four LUAD subtypes with different molecular and immune characteristics and 13 genes closely related to the prognosis of LUAD. The current findings could help understand the heterogeneity of LUAD immune classes.

In recent years, with the rapid development of wind power generation, some problems are gradually highlighted. At present, one of the essential methods to solve these problems is to predict wind speed. In this paper, a hybrid BRR-EEMD method is proposed for short-term wind speed prediction based on the Bayesian ridge regression prediction method and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. We use ensemble empirical mode decomposition of the hybrid method to decompose complex time series of wind speed into several relatively milder, more regular, and stable subsequences. Then each subsequence is carried out by using the Bayesian ridge regression method. The value of each subsequence is predicted by it. Finally, the value of multiple subsequences is fused to form the prediction results of the original complex time series of wind speed. In order to verify the proposed method comprehensively, this paper selects two data to test. According to the results, predicted values have shown higher accuracy compared with the various prediction methods. Therefore, the hybrid BRR-EEMD method is accurate and effective in predicting wind speed, which has practical significance and potential value.

To improve the prediction effect of time series, we make a systematic study of various time series prediction methods based on statistics and machine learning in this paper. In the experiment, we compare the prediction results of several prediction methods. In particular, much research has been done on the selection of experimental data because representative time series data can better test the effectiveness and practicability of the prediction method. Based on the idea of divide and conquer of complex problems and the strategy of continuous optimization of machine learning, we proposed the prediction methods of LSTM-TFE, LR-TFE, and BR-TFE combined the EEMD, LSTM, LR, and BR methods in this paper. These methods use EEMD to decompose complex time series into several relatively milder, more regular and stable subsequences. Then the prediction model of each subsequence based on machine learning is carried out by using the LSTM, LR, or BR methods. We use these prediction models to predict the value of each subsequence. Finally, the value of multiple subsequences is fused to form the prediction results of the original complex time series. To verify the proposed method comprehensively, we select three representative time series data to test this paper. From the experimental results, we found that the proposed method has a good effect.

The resistance distance between any two vertices of a connected graph $G$ is defined as the net effective resistance between them in the electrical network constructed from $G$ by replacing each edge with a unit resistor. The Kirchhoff index of $G$ is defined as the sum of resistance distances between all pairs of vertices. In this paper, two unary graph operations on $G$ are taken into consideration, with the resulted graphs being denoted by $RT(G)$ and $H(G)$ . Using electrical network approach and combinatorial approach, we derive explicit formulae for resistance distances and Kirchhoff indices of $RT(G)$ and $H(G)$ . It turns out that resistance distances and Kirchhoff indices of $RT(G)$ and $H(G)$ could be expressed in terms of resistance distances and graph invariants of $G$ . Our result generalizes the previously known result on the Kirchhoff index of $RT(G)$ for a regular graph $G$ to the Kirchhoff index of $RT(G)$ for an arbitrary graph $G$ .

By using the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we theoretically explored the high-order harmonic generation process under the interaction of high-intensity two-color ultrashort driving laser pulses with atoms. The symmetry of the electric field of the laser pulse will be broken. The producing electric field was controlled at the subcycle level by an IR laser and its second harmonic, which has the unique characteristic that two sequential half-cycles become distinct, rather than merely opposite in sign. Compared with the case of the atom in the fundamental laser pulse, the harmonic efficiency showed an increase of 1∼2 orders of magnitude at specific harmonic order with this combined pulse action. Through the theoretical analysis with the “three-step model”, it was demonstrated that the enhancement of the harmonic intensity is due to the fast ionization of electrons at the ionization moment and the short time from ionization to recombination of ionized electrons. In addition, effects of the peak field amplitude ratio, the full width at half maximum, the phase delay of the two-color pulses, the laser intensity and ionization probability on the harmonic efficiency enhancement were also investigated.

High-order harmonic generation of atoms irradiated by an ultrashort laser pulse was calculated by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Bohmian trajectory scheme. The harmonic spectra with the two schemes are quantitatively consistent. Using the wavelet behavior of the Bohmian trajectory, the spatio-temporal features of harmonic emission from different energy regions are analyzed. It is found that the spatio-temporal distribution of the harmonic well revealed the physical mechanism of harmonic generation. This method will contribute to the understanding of harmonic emission mechanisms in complex systems, which include many atoms.

The resistance distance between any two vertices of a connected graph is defined as the net effective resistance between them in the electrical network constructed from the graph by replacing each edge with a unit resistor. In this article, using electric network approach and combinatorial approach, we derive exact expression for resistance distances between any two vertices of polyacene graphs.

By numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE), the harmonic generation process of atoms irradiated by corotating laser pulses composed of a fundamental-frequency and high-frequency field is systematically studied. Compared with the harmonic generated from atoms irradiated by counter-rotating two-color circularly polarized laser pulses, the harmonic efficiency of atoms irradiated by co-rotating two-color circularly polarized (CRTCCP) laser pulses with the same laser parameters is higher. The harmonics are generated by the multiphoton radiation transition after the bound electrons undergo a multiphoton absorption transition to a higher energy level. In addition, the variation of the harmonic efficiency with the field strength of different frequency components in the driving laser pulse is also studied. The circularly polarized harmonics with higher intensity can be obtained by optimizing the field strength of the driving laser field.

A novel relation between the Moore-Penrose inverses of two nullity-1 n × n Hermitian matrices which share a common null eigenvector is established, and its application in electrical networks is illustrated by applying the result to Laplacian matrices of graphs.

A graph is called unicyclic if the graph contains exactly one cycle. Unicyclic graphs with the fourth extremal Wiener indices are characterized. It is shown that, among all unicyclic graphs with n≥8 vertices, C5Sn−4 and C2u1,u2S3,Sn−4 attain the fourth minimum Wiener index, whereas C3u1,u2P3,Pn−4 attains the fourth maximum Wiener index.

Abstract Let G = ( V , E ) $G=(V, E)$ be a simple graph. The resistance distance between i , j ∈ V $i,j\in V$ , denoted by r i j $r_{ij}$ , is defined as the net effective resistance between nodes i and j in the corresponding electrical network constructed from G by replacing each edge of G with a resistor of 1 Ohm. The resistance-distance matrix of G, denoted by R ( G ) $R(G)$ , is a | V | × | V | $\vert V \vert \times \vert V \vert $ matrix whose diagonal entries are 0 and for i ≠ j $i\neq j$ , whose ij-entry is r i j $r_{ij}$ . In this paper, we determine the eigenvalues of the resistance-distance matrix of complete multipartite graphs. Also, we give some lower and upper bounds on the largest eigenvalue of the resistance-distance matrix of complete multipartite graphs. Moreover, we obtain a lower bound on the second largest eigenvalue of the resistance-distance matrix of complete multipartite graphs.

The resistance distance between two vertices of a connected graph G is defined as the effective resistance between them in the corresponding electrical network constructed from G by replacing each edge of G with a unit resistor. The Kirchhoff index of G is the sum of resistance distances between all pairs of vertices. In this paper, general bounds for the Kirchhoff index are given via the independence number and the clique number, respectively. Moreover, lower and upper bounds for the Kirchhoff index of planar graphs and fullerene graphs are investigated.

The resistance distance ΩG(i,j) between vertices i and j of a connected (molecular) graph G is computed as the effective resistance between nodes i and j in the corresponding network constructed from G by replacing each edge of G with a unit resistor. The conductance excess between any i and j of G is the difference between 1/ΩG(i,j) and the reciprocal of the distance between i and j. The global cyclicity index of G is defined as the sum of conductance excesses between all pairs of adjacent vertices. In this paper, by computing resistance distances between pairs of adjacent vertices in linear polyacenes, an explicit formula for the global cyclicity index of a benzenoid chain is obtained in terms of its number of hexagons.

A -bipartite graph is a bipartite graph such that one bipartition has m vertices and the other bipartition has n vertices. The tree dumbbell consists of the path together with a independent vertices adjacent to one pendent vertex of and b independent vertices adjacent to the other pendent vertex of . In this paper, firstly, we show that, among -bipartite graphs , the complete bipartite graph has minimal Kirchhoff index and the tree dumbbell has maximal Kirchhoff index. Then, we show that, among all bipartite graphs of order , the complete bipartite graph has minimal Kirchhoff index and the path has maximal Kirchhoff index, respectively. Finally, bonds for the Kirchhoff index of -bipartite graphs and bipartite graphs of order are obtained by computing the Kirchhoff index of these extremal graphs.

Functional molecules have been attracting increasing attention in environmental and physiological studies. In particular, folic acid (FA) could be considered a key factor in estimating, adjusting, and making decisions in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. It promotes the general significance and conceptual for considering FA molecular scientific research detections, which implies related advancement in both of biological structure and detection methods. Among these applications, the FA molecule acts as a coenzyme that incorporates carbon atoms and synthesizes purines and pyrimidines. Therefore, the calibration method has real applications and can be used as a sensing platform and for detection approaches, which conveys the internal relationship between the FA molecule and physiological characterization. This mini review briefly discusses multiple FA application fields and detection pathways and could supplement their utilization in anticipation of the onset of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]