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Strong judicial support is an important guarantee for a country’s environment to achieve good governance. This paper utilizes a multi-period difference-in-differences approach to examine the impact of environmental justice reform, represented by environmental tribunals, on corporate green innovation and its underlying mechanisms. It is found that environmental courts can effectively promote green innovation in enterprises, and their effect on “substantive green innovation” is more significant than that on “strategic green innovation”. The environmental court is divided into the environmental resources trial court and the environmental resources panel court, and the trial court has a more pronounced effect on promoting corporate green innovation than the environmental resources panel court. The establishment of environmental protection courts can improve the efficiency of regional environmental justice, enhance the government’s awareness of environmental protection, and increase the cost of illegal activities by enterprises, thereby promoting corporate green innovation. The promotion effect of environmental courts on corporate green innovation is more significant in regions with non-state-owned enterprises, better legal environments, and lower levels of industry competition. The main findings still hold after considering robustness tests, such as the endogeneity of environmental court establishment. The study suggests that environmental judicial specialization has a positive impact on corporate green innovation, and that the reform of environmental judicial specialization should be continuously deepened to provide useful insights for the construction of the ecological rule of law and the green transformation of enterprises.

This paper investigates the robust control problem of the speed tension and screw down system of Reversible Cold Strip Rolling Mill (RCSRM). A finite-time observer is proposed to observe the uncertainties of the system. Based on the finite time observer, a fractional-order backstepping sliding mode controller is designed for each sub-system of the speed tension and screw down system of RCSRM. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the main parameters of the designed controller. By Lyapunov stability, the tracking error of the system can converge to the neighbourhood of the equilibrium point in a finite time. Finally, simulation research is carried out on the actual data of a 1422 mm RCSRM, and the effectiveness of the designed controller is verified.

Vegetation is one of the most crucial components of terrestrial ecosystems, and monitoring vegetation change as well as studying the factors that drive its formation provide significant guidance for restoring ecological biodiversity. The choice of driving indicators for vegetation change in previous studies has not been comprehensive enough, and particularly groundwater depth has not been considered. Therefore, 10 natural factors and 5 human factors were chosen for our study. We adopted the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to measure vegetation growth. In this study, we utilized trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test, and the Hurst index to investigate the spatiotemporal variance of NDVI in the YDRB. The geographical detector model (Geodetector) was employed to examine vegetation change attributed to human and natural variables. As a result of the study, we found that over the past 22 years, the NDVI in the basin increased from 0.62 to 0.70, with an increase of +0.0040/yr. Land use type is the most significant driver affecting NDVI changes. The interaction of two factors has a greater effect on vegetation change more than a single factor. The relationship between land use type and annual mean precipitation explained 34.5 % of the change in vegetation. Groundwater depth contributed 4.1 % to the explanation of vegetation change. Furthermore, we have determined the optimal range of specific variables conducive to vegetation growth. The results help us further understand the potential driving mechanism of vegetation cover change in the YDRB and provide a theoretical reference for relevant managers to formulate the ecological restoration measures in the basin.

Rice planthoppers, including Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus, are major agricultural pests. Serpins, which function as serine protease inhibitors, play a pivotal role in the immune systems of these insects, especially within the Toll signaling pathway and the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade. This study presents a comparative analysis of serpin genes among these species, highlighting their roles in immunity and development. Utilizing genomic and bioinformatics approaches, we identified 11, 11, and 14 serpin genes in N. lugens, S. furcifera, and L. striatellus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship between these serpin genes and Bombyx mori BmSerpins, emphasizing the functional diversity of the serpin family. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of the reactive center loop (RCL) in all serpin proteins, with the Serpin7 subfamily showing a unique dual RCL configuration. Expression profiling showed species-specific serpin expression patterns across different life stages and adult tissues. Moreover, transcriptional analysis of serpin genes in the three planthoppers following Metarhizium infection uncovered distinct immune regulatory patterns two days post-infection. Notably, the expression of NlSerpin2-2/6, SfSerpin4/6/7-1, and LsSerpin4/5-2/6 was upregulated post-infection, potentially enhancing antifungal capabilities. In contrast, the expressions of NlSerpin1/7-1/9 and LsSerpin1/2/3/8/13 were downregulated, possibly suppressing immune responses. Moreover, Serpin6s, which share a conserved phylogenetic lineage, exhibited enhanced immune activity in response to fungal invasion. These insights into serpin-mediated immune regulation could contribute to the development of novel pest-control strategies.

Cyanobacteria represent a prevalent category of photosynthetic autotrophs capable of generating deleterious algal blooms, commonly known as cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs). These blooms often produce cyanotoxins, which pose risks to public health and ecosystems by contaminating surface waters and drinking water sources. Traditional treatment methods have limited effectiveness. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new approach to effectively manage cyanoHABs. One promising approach is the use of cyanophages, which are viruses that specifically target cyanobacteria. Cyanophages serve as an effective biological control method for reducing cyanoHABs in aquatic systems. By engineering cyanophages, it is possible to develop a highly specific control strategy that minimally impacts non-target species and their propagation in the environment. This review explores the potential application of cyanophages as a strategy for controlling cyanoHABs. It includes the identification and isolation of broad-spectrum and novel cyanophages, with a specific focus on freshwater Microcystis cyanophages, highlighting their broad spectrum and high efficiency. Additionally, recent advancements in cyanophage engineering are discussed, including genome modification, functional gene identification, and the construction of artificial cyanophages. Furthermore, the current state of application is addressed. Cyanophage is a promising control strategy for effectively managing cyanoHABs in aquatic environments.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) cause health and environmental effects worldwide. Cyanophage is a virus that exclusively infects cyanobacteria. Using cyanophages to control blooms is the latest biological control method. However, little research on the genomics of cyanophages and the presence of numerous proteins with unidentified functions in cyanophage genomes pose challenges for their practical application and comprehensive investigation. We selected the broad-spectrum and efficient cyanophage YongM for our study. On the one hand, through rational analysis, we analyze essential genes, establish the minimal cyanophage genome and single essential gene modules, and examine the impact of essential modules on growth. Additionally, we conducted ultraviolet mutagenesis on YongM to generate more efficient cyanophages’ critical modules through random mutagenesis. Then, we sequenced and analyzed the functionality of the mutational gene modules. These findings highlight several gene modules that contribute to a deeper understanding of the functional components within cyanophage genomes.

The ability to clone large DNA fragments from genomes is valuable for both basic and applied research, such as the construction of synthetic genomes, and the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for natural product discovery. Here, we report a fast and efficient platform for the direct capture of genome DNAs, by combining CRISPR and Gibson assembly. We demonstrate this method with the ability of cloning large DNA fragments ranging from 30 to 77 kb from various host genomes, achieving a near 100% cloning fidelity for DNA fragments below 50 kb. We next demonstrate this method by the cloning of a 40 kb fragment from Streptomyces ceruleus A3(2), which is rich in BGCs for natural products; and used this method cloning the 40 kb fengycin synthetic gene cluster from B. subtilis 168, encoding for a class of peptides with bioactivity. This method provides efficient and simple opportunities for assembling large DNA constructs from distant sources.

Real-time and accurate temperature rise calculation can play a preventive role in preventing overheating motor damage. This article proposes a temperature rise calculation method for varying working conditions PM motors based on a reduced order model. The calculation model of this method consists of a thermal conductance matrix and a heat source matrix. The thermal conductance matrix is obtained by reducing the order of the detailed lumped parameter thermal network (DLPTN) conductance matrix, which significantly reduces the model order while retaining computational accuracy. A loss prediction function is introduced in acquiring the heat source matrix, which is constructed based on the relationship between motor loss and speed and power. It can predict the stator iron loss and PM loss with different speeds and powers in real-time, ensuring the accuracy of heat source loading. The experimental results show that this method can predict the temperature rise of critical nodes of the PM motor in real-time under varying working conditions. Its calculation results have high accuracy, providing an effective method for overheating PM motor protection.

Soil salinization is the main abiotic stressor faced by crops. An improved understanding of the transcriptional response to salt stress in roots, the organ directly exposed to a high salinity environment, can inform breeding strategies to enhance tolerance and increase crop yield. Here, RNA-sequencing was performed on the roots of salt-tolerant wheat breeding line CH7034 at 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h after NaCl treatment. Based on transcriptome data, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was constructed, and five gene co-expression modules were obtained, of which the blue module was correlated with the time course of salt stress at 1 and 48 h. Two GO terms containing 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to osmotic stress response and salt-stress response were enriched in the blue module. These DEGs were subsequently used for association analysis with a set of wheat germplasm resources, and the results showed that four genes, namely a Walls Are Thin 1-related gene (TaWAT), an aquaporin gene (TaAQP), a glutathione S-transfer gene (TaGST), and a zinc finger gene (TaZFP), were associated with the root salt-tolerance phenotype. Using the four candidate genes as hub genes, a co-expression network was constructed with another 20 DEGs with edge weights greater than 0.6. The network showed that TaWAT and TaAQP were mainly co-expressed with fifteen interacting DEGs 1 h after salt treatment, while TaGST and TaZFP were mainly co-expressed with five interacting DEGs 48 h after salt treatment. This study provides key modules and candidate genes for understanding the salt-stress response mechanism in wheat roots.

The surrounding rock of the deep-buried chamber contains high-ground stress and initial cracks. Under a dynamic load, cracks will develop and expand, leading to the fracture and collapse of the confining pressure. Therefore, it is essential to study the failure process of fissured surrounding rock under the joint action of static stress and a dynamic load. In this paper, samples with cracks are used to simulate the defective rock mass. Similar modeling tests and numerical simulation studies were carried out to reveal the damage process of cracked deep rock mass under dynamic disturbance and investigate the impact threshold of rock mass damage under a certain level of hydrostatic pressure. The model test investigated the damage behavior for specimens with double-prefabrication cracks under pressure from a dynamic–static coupling load. The influence of the mechanisms of the angle of a crack, the initial static pressure, and impact capacity on specimen damage was analyzed. It was perceived that, with an increase in the angle of the crack, the omen of specimen damage is less obvious, and the specimen is subjected to sudden damage. On this basis, the damage process of the specimen containing prefabricated cracks under combined dynamic and static loads is realized through numerical simulation, and tests verify the accuracy of the results. The analysis allowed us to come up with a variation rule for the single-disturbance energy threshold for specimens with a prefabricated crack angle and the initial static load level of the specimen containing double-prefabrication cracks. The study lays the foundation for the future analysis of any deep rock mass failure process under dynamic disturbance and the protection of a deeply buried chamber.

Gaining in-depth understanding of photochemical processes is key for developing more sustainable and efficient chemical transformations. Here the authors show that under visible light photochemical conditions, iminoiodinanes undergo formation of triplet nitrenes or nitrene radical anions, depending on the use of a photosensitizer; These reagents are studied in amination reactions with olefins.

The modular winding structure can improve the production efficiency and facilitate the redundant design of electrical machine. Therefore, it is widely applied in industrial production. In this paper, one kind of multi-layer modular modulation winding (MLMMW) is proposed, in which each phase winding is composed of several sub-modules with adjustable turns. Based on MMF distribution principle, the design and optimization method of MLMMW with different slot/pole combinations are deduced in the form of mathematical expressions. By using the finite element method (FEM), electromagnetic parameters of the electrical machines with MLMMW are calculated and compared with that of electrical machines with traditional concentrated windings (TCW). The results show that the MLMMW can effectively reduce the MMF harmonics and improve the electromagnetic performance of electrical machine. The proposed winding structure is suitable for integral-slot and fractional-slot electrical machines with different slot/pole combinations, and it has good industrial application value.

High altitude hypoxia stress is the key cause of high-altitude pulmonary edema and spleen contraction. The molecular mechanism of immune response of various tissue systems to hypoxia stress remains lacking. In this study, we applied proteomics combined with metabolomics to explore the key molecular profilings involved in high altitude hypoxia response in the spleen of mice. The results showed that 166 proteins were significantly up-regulated, and only 39 proteins were down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that mineral absorption, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, arachidonic acid metabolism, IL-17 signaling pathway and NOD-like preceptor signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the list of 166 upregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Among these metabolic pathways, the former three pathways were co-identified in KEGG terms from LC-MS/MS based metabolic analysis. We further found that both arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase and hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase were upregulated by around 30% and 80% for their protein levels and mRNA levels, respectively. Most downstream metabolites were upregulated accordingly, such as prostaglandin A2 and D2. This study provides important evidence that arachidonic acid metabolism potentially promotes spleen hypoxia response through a combined analysis of proteomics and metabolism, which could bring new insights for the spleen targeted rational design upon arachidonic acid metabolism of new therapies.

Spherical Janus micromotors (SJMs) have attracted much attention, and their high-speed motion is highly desired due to their various potential applications. However, the conventional template-deposition method often leads to an active Pt coating with a smooth surface, which is unbeneficial to speed enhancement in terms of catalytic reaction. Here, a facile surface roughening method is presented to fabricate the Pt-polystyrene (PS) SJMs with rough Pt surface (or Ptr-PS SJMs) by plasma-etching the PS colloidal monolayer and then depositing Pt. The Ptr-PS SJMs can exhibit directional motion pushed by the Pt in the various H2O2 solutions, and they show much higher motion speeds than the Pt-PS SJMs with smooth Pt surfaces at the same H2O2 concentration. The Pt-pushed motion is related to the locally asymmetric catalytic reaction of the Pt coating on PS. The speed is also associated with the surface roughness of the Pt coating. The Pt film with a rough surface causes enhanced motion speed due to the improvement of reaction catalytic activity. This work presents a new route to enhancing the motor motion speed, which is of significance in designing micromotors with high-speed motion.

The UHV gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) has the advantages of large transmission capacity, high operation reliability, and environmental friendliness. It is suitable for the power transmission of hydropower stations and nuclear power stations and the restricted environmental or geographical conditions. China is constructing a single-phase length of 5.8 km from Suzhou to Nantong UHVAC GIL over the Yangtze River project. However, due to the large size of the UHV GIL, the long standard units, and the large capacity, it is of great significance to study the motion of metallic particles near the disc insulator for the safety and stability of UHV GIL. Taking the typical insulation structure of UHVAC GIL as an example, a numerical model of the movement of spherical metal particles near the conical insulator was established. The influence of different initial positions, different loading voltages, and different particle quality on the motion characteristics of the particles was analysed. The conclusions of the study provide theoretical support for the design of insulation structure and engineering application of UHVAC GIL.

The gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) has the advantages of large transmission capacity, high operation reliability and environmental friendliness. It is suitable for the high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission of hydropower stations or nuclear power stations. However, due to the serious surface charge accumulation problem of the cone-type insulator under DC, its flashover performance is reduced, which restricts the engineering application of HVDC GIL. In this study, a charge transport model of SF(6) gas and epoxy is established for a 550 kV cone-type insulator and the charge accumulation characteristics of the concave and convex surfaces of the cone-type insulator are obtained. Computational results show that the gas conductivity around the cone-type insulator is not uniform due to the charged particles drifting under a constant electric field. Compared with the AC, the difference of the electric field distribution caused by charge accumulation under DC stress is analysed. Based on the established model, the influence of the gas ion-pair generation rate and epoxy volume conductivity on the charge accumulation on the surface of 550 kV cone-type insulator was studied. This study is helpful to further optimise the geometry and material properties of the cone-type insulator and reduce the surface charge accumulation and critical area electric field to improve HVDC GIL insulation design.

This paper presents an improved flux intensifying permanent magnet embedded salient pole wind generator (FI-PMESPWG) with mirror symmetrical magnetizing directions permanent magnet (PM) for improving generator’s performances. The air-gap flux densities, the output voltage, the cogging torque and the d- and q-axis inductances of FI-PMESPWG are all calculated and analyzed by using the finite element method (FEM). To highlight the advantages of the proposed FI-PMESPWG, an original permanent magnet embedded salient pole wind generator (PMESPWG) model is adopted for comparison under the same operating conditions. The calculating results show that the air-gap flux densities of FI-PMESPWG are intensified with the same magnet amounts because the PMs are set in a form of V shape in each pole. The difference between d-axis inductance and q-axis inductance of the proposed FI-PMESPWG is reduced. Thus, the output power of the proposed FI-PMESPWG reaches a higher value than that of the original PMESPWG at the same current phase angle. The cogging torque is diminished because the flux path is changed. All the analysis results indicate that the electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed FI-PMESPWG are significantly better than that of the original PMESPWG.

In this work, a novel electrochemical aptasensor was developed for sensitive and selective detection of myoglobin based on meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin-functionalized graphene-conjugated gold nanoparticles (TCPP–Gr/AuNPs). Due to its good electric conductivity, large specific surface area, and excellent mechanical properties, TCPP–Gr/AuNPs can act as an enhanced material for the electrochemical detection of myoglobin. Meanwhile, it provides an effective matrix for immobilizing myoglobin-binding aptamer (MbBA). The electrochemical aptasensor has a sensitive response to myoglobin in a linear range from 2.0 × 10−11 M to 7.7 × 10−7 M with a detection limit of 6.7 × 10−12 M (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the method has the merits of high sensitivity, low price, and high specificity. Our work will supply new horizons for the diagnostic applications of graphene-based materials in biomedicine and biosensors.

The title complex, [Ni4(C12H15NO4)4]·4H2O, has crystallographic fourfold inversion symmetry, with each NiII ion coordinated in a slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment and forming an Ni4O4 cubane-like core. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds connect complex and water molecules to form a three-dimensional network. The O atom of one of the unique hydroxymethyl groups is disordered over two sites, with the ratio of occupancies being approximately 0.79:0.21.

Against the background of 'Emission Peak, Carbon Neutrality', there is a significant integration of new energy into the power grid. The characteristics of 'double high' and 'double peak' in power systems become more pronounced, posing a substantial challenge to the stability and energy coordination of the power grid. To address this, we propose a flexible interconnection scheme based on an AC-DC bidirectional converter. It can solve the problem of high-load caused by new energy generation. Firstly, high-load and adjacent substations are flexibly interconnected through the DC bus on the low-voltage side, enabling load management within a small range. Secondly, AC-DC power transfers the excess new energy generation to other substations. It can promote the absorption of new energy. This method can improve the utilization efficiency of distribution transformers, realize capacity sharing between different transformers, and improve the reliability of power systems in low-voltage distribution networks. Finally, based on a DC interconnection project in Shandong Province (China), the effectiveness of the proposed flexible interconnection scheme is verified. The new energy consumption increases from 5% to 24.4%, and the load rate of high-load transforms drops below 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]