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Background Achievement motivation research has established that motivational factors predict academic affect, cognition, and behavior. Recent studies have shown that trait mindfulness might also predict these academic outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether trait mindfulness has incremental validity over motivational factors. We hypothesized that trait mindfulness would explain unique variance in academic outcomes beyond motivational factors, because mindfulness that is characterized by the being mode of mind (i.e., a present-focused, non-striving, and accepting mind mode) would contribute to academic outcomes through unique and effective self-regulatory processes (i.e., bottom-up self-regulation of learning and present-focused, acceptance-based self-regulation of academic stress), which differ from those (i.e., top-down self-regulation of learning and future-focused, change-oriented self-regulation of academic stress) promoted by motivational factors that are characterized by the doing mode of mind (i.e., a goal-oriented, striving, and change-seeking mind mode). We tested the hypothesis by examining four established motivational factors (competence perception, implicit theory of intelligence, achievement goals, and autonomous and controlled academic reasons) and five outcome variables (test anxiety, enjoyment of learning, study strategy, mind-wandering, and help-seeking avoidance) that had been investigated in both the trait mindfulness and achievement motivation literatures. Methods One hundred and seventy-five students (104 females) were recruited from undergraduate psychology and cultural studies classes at two universities in Japan. Trait mindfulness was assessed using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The other study variables were assessed using established measures as well. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses to test the hypothesis. Results Trait mindfulness predicted four of the five outcome variables (i.e., test anxiety, enjoyment of learning, mind-wandering, and help-seeking avoidance) after controlling for the motivational factors. The acting-with-awareness facet predicted three outcome variables, whereas the other facets predicted one outcome each. Conclusions This study supports the incremental validity of trait mindfulness relative to motivational factors, suggesting that not only the doing mode of mind but also the being mode is beneficial for academic learning.

Previous studies have found that perceived parenting is associated with dysfunctional attitudes that predict depression. However, few studies have empirically investigated processes by which perceived parenting is associated with dysfunctional attitudes. To fill this gap, this study tested the hypothesis that perceived low parental care would be associated with negative core beliefs, which, in turn, would be associated with dysfunctional attitudes. To strictly test the hypothesis, this study controlled for current depressive symptoms that could affect the relationships between study variables. The participants were 305 college students (141 females). The results differed by sex: for female students, the hypothesis was supported; for male students, negative core beliefs were associated with dysfunctional attitudes; however, perceived low care was not associated with negative core beliefs. The findings suggest that targeting low parental care and negative core beliefs for females and negative core beliefs for males may help prevent their dysfunctional attitudes and the resultant depression.

Although research has indicated that dysfunctional attitudes (DA) and depressogenic inferential styles (DIS) lead to depression when negative life events occur, little is known about how these factors function when negative life events do not occur. This longitudinal study examined the hypotheses that DA and DIS at Time 1 would lead to positive life events at Time 2 (four weeks later) in the absence of, but not in the presence of, negative life events at Time 2. This study also examined whether the effects of DA and DIS on positive life events differ depending on initial levels of depression. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that in the prediction of positive events, interactions of DA and DIS with negative events and depression were not significant. The main effect of DA was significant and positive; the main effect of DIS was significant and negative. The results indicate that the effects of DA and DIS on positive events differ, and the effects do not depend on the frequency of negative events.

Previous studies have indicated that objective stress-negative events that have actually occurred outside of individuals-is involved in processes of dysfunctional attitudes leading to depression. Subjective stress-individuals' perception of negative events that have not actually occurred outside of them-is also predicted to be involved in these processes. However, few studies have empirically investigated this prediction. The primary purpose of this study was to fill this gap by testing the hypothesis that dysfunctional attitudes lead to depression by generating subjective stress. A longitudinal design was employed and initial depression was controlled. The results supported the hypothesis. It was also found that initial depression fostered subsequent depression by generating subjective stress. This study contributes to the literature on depression mechanisms by elucidating that subjective stress plays an important role in the development and exacerbation of depression. This study also has important clinical implications as it suggests that preventing subjective stress in individuals with dysfunctional attitudes or depression helps to protect the development or exacerbation of their depression.

This longitudinal study investigated whether depression among early adolescents (aged 12-14 years, N = 116; 65 girls) can be predicted by interactions between social goal orientations and interpersonal stress. Based on Kuroda and Sakurai (2001), this study applied Elliot and Harackiewicz’s (1996) trichotomous framework of achievement goals to Dweck and Leggett’s (1988) model of social goals and investigated three types of social goals: social learning goals (to grow through interpersonal experiences), social performance-approach goals (to obtain positive evaluations), and social performance-avoidance goals (to avoid negative evaluations). The results indicated that social learning goals reduced the effects of interpersonal stress, thus protecting against depression, whereas social performance-avoidance goals exacerbated the effects of interpersonal stress, thereby developing depression. Social performance-approach goals neither reduced nor exacerbated the effects of interpersonal stress. The nature and functioning of these goals were discussed.

This paper presents a new approach to develop a know-how distribution support system that aims at facilitating the effective sharing of a variety of technical skills within community, especially focusing on the knowledge exploited to diagnosing image data. By using annotations other expert people attached to the images as clues, the proposed platform supports people to explore prior cases or stored images that are possibly related with current users' interests by providing them with new opportunities of attempting to interpret and/or find meanings of other experts' skills. This platform contributes to the individuals as well as to the community for promoting their awareness about their “selves” and for sharing the skills among members. The proposed platform consists of two networks: the one is constructed based upon the statistical (co-occurrence) relationships involved in the set of annotated data; and the other is extracted from the causal relationships among the annotated data derived by means of the DEMATEL method. These two kinds of relationships do contribute the users in their “storytelling” activity from fragmentary scraps of annotations.

The possibility of an areal density over 50 Gbit/in2 was examined in near-field phase-change recording. The disk structure was optimized to maximize readout signals under the land-and-groove recording condition at a tracking pitch of 160 nm. We also evaluated the signal crosstalk from adjacent tracks. Eye diagrams of 50.4 Gbit/in2 areal density were demonstrated using 1.5 NA optics and a GaN laser diode. The track pitch and linear bit density are 160 nm and 80 nm/bit, respectively. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph of recorded amorphous marks at an areal density of 50.4 Gbit/in2 is also presented.

The 6th Japanese X-ray satellite, ASTRO-H, equips two Hard X-ray Telescopes (HXTs) to perform imaging spectroscopy up to 70 keV. The 2nd flight module (HXT-2) had been completed in July, 2013. After some environmental tests were passed, the X-ray performance of the HXT-2 was measured at the SPring-8 BL20B2, 3rd generation synchrotron facility. The angular resolution defined with a Half Power Diameter (HPD) was 1:′9 at 30 keV and 1:′8 at 50 keV. This small energy dependence is considered to be caused by the difference in image quality of each foil; the inner mirror shells have better quality than outer ones. The effective area was found to be 178 cm2 at 30 keV and 82 cm2 at 50 keV, both of which exceed the requirement. Furthermore, the detailed energy dependence of the effective area was examined for a limited aperture in the 30{70 keV band with a pitch of 1 keV. We also measured the off-axis dependence of the effective area at 50 keV, and then determined the optical axis. The field of view of the HXT-2 was found to be 5:′6 (FWHM of the vignetting function), consistent with the simulation. In this paper, we also report the detailed analysis of the ground calibration data, which will be used for image reconstruction by a ray-tracing simulator.

A. T. Beck's cognitive model of depression posits that depressogenic schemata contribute to developing depression after stressful events occur. However, depressogenic schemata are considered to enhance the perception per se of the occurrence of stressful events. In particular, depressogenic schemata are considered to make objectively nonnegative (neutral) events stressful (i.e., generate subjective stress) through arbitrary inference, thereby contributing to developing depression. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that interpersonal depressogenic schemata generate subjective interpersonal stress, thereby contributing to developing depressive symptoms. This study employed a cross-sectional design with college students (N = 199; 152 females). The results of path analyses supported the hypothesis. Implications for A. T. Beck's model and C. Hammen's stress generation model were discussed.

A case of branch duct origin of solid type pancreatic ductal carcinoma is presented. Stepwise tissue sections of an entire specimen, including the carcinoma area, and mapping, with special reference to the relationship between the main duct and the carcinoma area, were performed. Carcinoma cells of the branch duct showed intraductal spread with minimal stromal invasion. No carcinoma tissue was observed in the main duct. Therefore this case was considered to be of branch duct origin. The finding of histologically identified branch duct origin of solid type pancreatic ductal carcinoma indicates a distinct advantage to be gained by giving special attention to both the main and branch ducts when using image diagnosis for early detection of carcinomas, and may represent the first reported surgically resected case.

High communicability of the menu-based system is on the basis of consistent vision and clear policy in designing the system of menus, and then they should be perceivable to the users. In this light, failures in menu-based interactions can be explained that they might emerge from lack of information in the users' available cues to identify the design vision. This study focuses on communicative breakdowns in menu-based human-computer interactions from this perspective, and investigates their causes in ill-organized structures of menu hierarchy in terms of the user's interpretation of the menu items. Pirolli's information scentmodel is extended and utilized as an analytical tool for describing the meaning system of menus from the users' point of view, and their decision making in search of particular menu items is analyzed by use of information scent.

This paper discusses usability issues in the design of hierarchical menu systems in terms of the userpsilas interpretation of the interface signs, or the menus. Focusing on the exploration of a particular functional item in the menu hierarchy, novice userspsila interactions with a computerized system are examined from the perspective of communicative breakdowns at. first., and then the menu structure is evaluated through the information scent analysis. The former analysis investigates differences between the designer and the users in the basic assumptions for signifying or interpreting the interface signs, (i.e., menu texts and their organization for listing), especially on the dasiaperipheralpsila functions of the product. The latter analysis investigates the distribution of information scent in a menu list in order to obtain new quantitative clues for the assessment of whether the menu design is compatible with the userspsila naturalistic decision strategy or not.

A nerve cell line designated NC-HIMT was established from a HIMT cell line derived from a benign ovarian, three germ layer immature teratoma removed from a 21-year-old Japanese female. The HIMT cells were elongated, ellipsoid or spherical in shape, whose karyotype was on the high side of normal diploidy. Small amounts of retinoic acid enhanced differentiation and maturation of the HIMT cells into nervous tissue, and the NC-HIMT cell line was established by the colony isolating technique when the HIMT cell line was cultured in the presence of retinoic acid-supplemented medium. After establishment, the NC-HIMT cell line was cultured and maintained in retinoic acid-free growth medium. Even though these cells were cultured without retinoic acid, the phenotype of nerve cells remained and the cells were also maintained in a state of high normal diploidy. The nerve cells contacted each other with their long cell projections and formed networks. Immunocytochemical observations using anti-bovine NSE, alpha-internexin, neurofilament 200kD, peripherin and GFAP confirmed that the cells were either nerve cells or glia cells. These results assume that HIMT cells, which were derived from an immature teratoma, have progenitor and/or stem cells which can differentiate into nerve and/or glial cells.

We describe a FMM (Fourier Modal Method) based rigorous vector diffraction method that can be applied to trapezoidal groove structures. Applying this method to the calculation of the electric field on the surface of the recording layer for DVR groove-only recording media, we found a significant difference of the electric field distributions between two recording schemes, one when the light spot is focused on-groove, the other when it is focused in-groove. These calculation results clearly explained the measured differences of the recording power sensitivities and the cross-writing characteristics between the two schemes.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We demonstrated near-field recording with the combination of a GaN laser diode and a 1.5 NA objective lens. The realized linear bit density was less than 90 nm (corresponding to the areal recording density over 40 Gbit/in/sup 2/) regardless of using a small 1.0 mm-diameter super-hemispherical solid immersion lens (SIL). Further improvement of a near-field phase-change optical disk will enable a linear bit density of 80 nm or less. In this talk we shall also report the fabrication process of the plateau, and of the electrode on the SIL.

Recently, solid immersion lenses (SILs) have yielded a great interest in near-field optical data storage. However, convincing data on areal recording density have yet to be reported. The difficulty is attributed to the fact that an air-bearing slider needs to be kept optically contacted and also that a tiny SIL is vulnerable to aberrations caused by an air gap between a lens and a disk. The air-bearing system cannot easily achieve the condition above because its linear velocity changes the air gap. We have developed a new SIL device mounted on an actuator, which allows the air gap to be varied arbitrarily and enables optical contact independent of disk rotation. The obtained eyepattern of (l,7)-coded data on a phase-change disk demonstrates near-field recording over 1.2- numerical-aperture (NA).

In the vicinity of a high-level waste repository, corrosion of carbon steel overpacks will create a reducing environment. Reducing conditions are expected to retard the migration of redox-sensitive radionuclides such as technetium.The apparent diffusion coefficients of technetium were measured in compacted bentonites (Kunigel VI® and Kunipia F®, JAPAN) in contact with carbon steel and its corrosion products under reducing conditions or without carbon steel under oxidizing conditions for comparison. The apparent diffusion coefficients measured were 10-12to 10-13m2/s under oxidizing conditions and 10-12to 10-13m2/s under reducing conditions. There were significant effects of redox condition, dry density (0.2 to 2.3 g / cm3) and montmorillonite content (50% for Kunigel VI or 100% for Kunipia F) on the apparent diffusion coefficients. Montmorillonite density could be a good index to explain density dependence of the diffusion coefficients under both reducing and oxidizing conditions.

Near-field optical recording was implemented on a pre-grooved phase-change disk by using a φ1 mm superhemispherical solid immersion lens (SIL) of 1.5 numerical aperture. The SIL unit was mounted on a two-axis actuator for enabling both gap-height and tracking controls. The gap height was precisely adjusted with a capacitance formed between the SIL and disk materials. Groove structures were fabricated on a glass substrate by a reactive-ion-etching (RIE) process and flattened with spin-on-glass (SOG) coating for obtaining reliable push-pull tracking error signals. The phase-change layer stack was optimized by a vector diffraction analysis in order to maximize evanescent coupling at the gap height as small as 50 nm. A bit density of 80 nm was demonstrated on the land of a pre-grooved disk at the wavelength of 407 nm.

Large-capacity phase-change disks permitting higher data-transfer rates have been developed for 0.85-numerical-aperture (NA) recording systems. Three methods to improve the recording data rate were examined. First, the recording layer was sandwiched by ceramic layers for the purpose of promoting nucleation. Second, signal properties were evaluated with a disk that had a so-called absorptivity-controlled structure. Third, these two methods were combined so that they functioned together in one disk. The disk structure was optimized separately for 640 nm and 407 nm wavelengths. With the disk designed for 640 nm wavelength, a user capacity of 9.2 GB and a user data-transfer rate of 50 Mbps were obtained. These quantities were 22 GB and 35 Mbps with the disk designed for 407 nm wavelength. (The disk diameter was 120 mm and the format efficiency was 80%.)

A bit density of 125 nm was demonstrated through near-field phase-change (PC) optical recording at the wavelength of 657 nm by using a supersphere solid immersion lens (SIL). The lens unit consists of a standard objective and a φ2.5 mm SIL. Since this lens size still prevents the unit from being mounted on an air-bearing slider, we developed a one-axis positioning actuator and an active capacitance servo for precise gap control to thoroughly investigate near-field recording. An electrode was fabricated on the bottom of the SIL, and a capacitor was formed facing a disk material. This setup realized a stable air gap below 50 nm, and a new method of simulating modulation transfer function (MTF) optimized the PC disk structure at this gap height. Obtained jitter of 8.8% and a clear eye-pattern prove that our system successfully attained the designed numerical-aperture (NA) of 1.36.

最近5年9か月間に根治手術が可能であった肝細胞癌55例を対象に再発様式, 再発因子について検討を加え, 以下の成績を得た. 1) 23例 (41.8%) の高率に再発を認めた. 2) 再発までの平均期間は術後10.9±6.0か月で, 再発発見時に主腫瘍径が5cm以下の21例は, すべて術後2年未満に再発した. 術後2年間無再発症例は再発の危険性が低いと考えられた. 3) 再発様式は主腫瘍径2cm以下の多発小結節が切除断端以外の他区域にも存在するものが最も多かった. 4) 肝切除時の娘結節の有無や顕微鏡的門脈内腫瘍塞栓の有無などが再発と強く相関し, 進行度判定に重要と考えられたが, 単発病変の腫瘍径や術前Transcatheter arterial embolizationの有無などは再発と相関しなかった.

Choledochoscopic lithotomy with the aid of electrohydraulic lithotripsy was performed in 40 patients, including 16 patients with choledocholithiasis, 15 with hepatolithiasis, and 9 with cholecystolithiasis. As a route for the choledochoscopy, a T-tube tract, external cholecystostomy, or jejunal limb of hepaticojejunostomy was used in nine patients, while percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage followed by dilatation of the track was established in 31 patients. The largest cholesterol stone measured 55 mm by 33 mm and the largest bilirubinate stone measured 52 mm by 37 mm. The stones were disintegrated in all but one patient in whom choledochoscopic access to a gallstone was difficult due to deformity of the gallbladder. Complete removal of the stones was achieved in 38 of 39 patients. In a patient with hepatolithiasis, small stones located deep in inaccessible branches of the intrahepatic duct remained unremovable. There were no serious complication. Minor complications occurred, including bleeding from the bile duct mucosa in four patients and postprocedure chills and fever in three. Choledochoscopic lithotomy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy is efficient and useful to remove biliary calculi in patients who are poor surgical risks.