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We isolated the rare G3P[9] rotavirus strain RVA/Human-wt/JPN/R11-035/2015/G3P[9] from a 2-year-old girl presenting with vomiting and diarrhea who had daily contact with cats in Japan, 2015. Full-genome analysis revealed that the R11-035 strain had an AU-1-like genetic constellation, except for the NSP3 (T) gene: G3-P[9]-I3-R3-C3-M3-A3-N3-T1-E3-H6. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain R11-035 is closely related to human/feline-like human strains, and only the NSP3 (T1) gene was clustered together with Taiwanese porcine strains. We postulate that the R11-035 strain was directly transmitted from a cat to the patient and acquired its NSP3 gene through intergenotype reassortment with porcine strains before being transmitted to humans.

ε-Poly-L-lysine (PLL) is a cationic polymer consisting of 25 to 35 L-lysine residues that adheres to the surface of skin as well as hair. However, the properties of PLL regarding its adhesion to the skin remain to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the staining of stratum corneum (SC) with fluorescence-labeled PLL and explored its relationship with skin condition.Alexa Fluor 488-labeled PLL (AF-PLL) was reacted with tape-stripped stratum corneum (SC), and the staining properties were monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Clinical study was performed by measuring the water content of the cheek SC and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and the tape-stripped SC was subjected to staining with AF-PLL.AF-PLL staining of the SC was inhibited at acidic pH or by the addition of high concentration of salt solution, suggesting the involvement of ionic interaction between PLL and the SC, at least in part. The AF-PLL staining was inhibited by unlabeled PLL or various alkyl amines, but not by L-lysine monomer. AF-PLL staining was observed inside the corneocytes as well as surrounding cornified envelope. Clinical study revealed that AF-PLL staining intensity of the SC was negatively correlated with its water content and positively correlated with its TEWL.PLL can efficiently adhere to SC and AF-PLL staining of SC can be applied to evaluate skin conditions.

The group A rotavirus (RVA) G3P[9] is a rare genotype isolated in humans and cats. We isolated only one G3P[9] strain RVA/Human-wt/JPN/R11-035/2014/G3P[9] among 487 stool samples in our rotavirus surveillance of children with gastroenteritis in Japan, during 2014–2015. The R11-035 strain was isolated from a 2 year old girl presenting with vomiting and diarrhea who had daily contact with cats. She had type A histo-blood group antigen, which is reported to be related to rare human P[9] rotavirus infection. Full genome sequencing revealed that the R11-035 strain had AU-1-like constellations, except for the NSP3 (T) gene, G3-P[9]-I3-R3-C3-M3-A3-N3-T1-E3-H6. Phylogenetic analysis of all genome segments, except for the NSP3 gene, showed that the R11-035 strain formed distinct clusters and had high nucleotide sequence identity with human/feline-like strains. We postulate that the R11-035 strain was directly transmitted from a cat to the patient. Interestingly, the NSP3 gene of R11-035 was found to cluster closely with Taiwanese porcine strains. Since the remaining genes of R11-035 were closely related to those of human/feline-like human strains, it is likely that R11-035 acquired its NSP3 gene through intergenotype reassortment events with porcine strains before being transmitted to humans. The CAU14-1-262 strain, isolated from a 2 year old girl in South Korea in 2014, is the only reported strain having the same genome constellations as R11-035. These two strains had extremely high nucleotide sequence identity in all 11 gene segments (99.3–99.9%). It is therefore likely that strains with these genome sequences are circulating in East Asia.

The objective of this study was to investigate an appropriate observation period for an evaluation of tumorigenicity in NOD/Shi-scid IL-2 Rγ

Background Evidence is limited for influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza among young children. Using test-negative design (a modified case-control study) which minimizes confounding by health care-seeking behavior and misclassification of diseases, we aimed to monitor influenza VE among young children in Japan where all approved influenza vaccines are egg-propagated, inactivated formulations (IIV). Methods For seasons spanning 2013-14 to 2017-18 in Osaka and Fukuoka Prefectures, Japan, we employed prospective, active, and systematic recruitment of children aged Results We analyzed 4,614 subjects including 1,917 cases. VEs of IIV with 2 doses approximated 50%, ranging from 41% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14 % to 60%) in 2016-17 season to 63% (95% CI: 45% to 76%) in 2017-18 season. Significant VEs were also shown for predominant circulating strains every season, irrespective of their antigenic match to vaccine strains (56% and 65% for A[H1N1]pdm, 37% and 50% for A[H3N2], and 60% for B[Yamagata]). Conclusions IIV provided modest and significant protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza in young Japanese children. Key messages Test-negative design is useful for monitoring influenza VE.

Daptomycin is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Current guidelines recommend higher daptomycin doses (8-10 mg/kg) for severe infections; however, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic-based dosing strategies are still limited. Therefore, we designed a new optimal daptomycin dosing regimen for patients with MRSA infections using a population PK modeling approach. A total of 110 plasma concentrations from 47 adult patients who received daptomycin in general wards were enrolled for population PK modeling. The target area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio, target peak/MIC ratio, and threshold of the trough concentration for safety were set to666,60, and 24.3 mg/L, respectively. Renal function was indicated as a significant covariate for daptomycin clearance. The simulated probability of target attainment was more than 90% at MIC values of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L in all patients at the standard dose (6 mg/kg). In contrast, comprehensive simulation assessments recommended 10 mg/kg every 24 h in patients with creatinine clearance60 mL/min for MIC values of 1.0 mg/L. We propose a new simplified daptomycin dosing regimen stratified by renal function and MIC values based on PK model-based simulation analyses. The proposed regimen is expected to maximize clinical efficacy and minimize adverse events.

We assessed the long-term oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) compared to skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for primary breast cancer patients with immediate reconstruction.Data of stage 0-III primary breast cancer patients undergoing NSM (n = 190) or SSM (n = 729) from June 2006 to December 2012 were retrospectively collected. Nipple-tumor distance (NTD) was measured on pretreatment mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography findings. NSM patients with NTD 1 cm were excluded. Locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates were compared between groups. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) according to surgical procedure were assessed.The median (range) follow-up period for NSM and SSM was 71 (10-131) months and 79 (9-140) months, respectively. LRR developed in 11 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (5.8%) for NSM and 44 (42 in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 2 in patients with ductal carcinoma-in-situ) (6.0%) for SSM. Hormone receptor and HER2 status were not associated with LRR in either group. DFS and OS rates did not differ between groups (DFS: 89.3% for NSM, 89.3% for SSM, P = .87; OS: 98.4% for NSM, 94.5% for SSM, P = .43).NSM with immediate reconstruction was as safe as SSM for primary breast cancer with respect to prognosis and local control, regardless of the presence of invasive carcinoma or breast cancer subtype.

A specific series of peptides, called a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), is known to be free to directly permeate through cell membranes into the cytosol (cytolysis), hence, this CPP would be a potent carrier for a drug delivery system (DDS). Previously, we proposed the mechanism of cytolysis as a temporal and local phase transfer of membrane lipid caused by positive membrane curvature generation. Moreover, we showed how to control the CPP cytolysis. Here, we investigate the phospholipid vesicle&rsquo, s size effect on CPP cytolysis because this is the most straightforward way to control membrane curvature. Contrary to our expectation, we found that the smaller the vesicle diameter (meaning a higher membrane curvature), the more cytolysis was suppressed. Such controversial findings led us to seek the reason for the unexpected results, and we ended up finding out that the mobility of membrane lipids as a liquid crystal is the key to cytolysis. As a result, we could explain the cause of cytolysis suppression by reducing the vesicle size (because of the restriction of lipid mobility), osmotic pressure reduction to enhance positive curvature generation works as long as the membrane is mobile enough to modulate the local structure. Taking all the revealed vital factors and their effects as a tool, we will further explore how to control CPP cytolysis for developing a DDS system combined with appropriate cargo selection to be tagged with CPPs.

This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting axillary lymph node metastases in women with breast cancer and atopic dermatitis. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 91 breast cancer patients with a history of atopic dermatitis and compared the dimensions of the lymph nodes on ultrasonographic images of women with and without lymph node metastases diagnosed using histology. Using a major-axis length of ≥5 mm, a short-axis length of ≥5 mm and a cortical thickness of ≥2.3 mm as the criteria for diagnosing axillary lymph node metastases, the specificity was 12.7%, 41.3% and 58.7%, respectively. The low specificity of the ultrasound criteria makes ultrasound unsuitable for diagnosing axillary lymph nodes metastases in breast cancer patients with atopic dermatitis.

Although natural organic matter (NOM) is known to reduce the efficiency of polycationic flocculants used for solid-liquid separation in water treatment processes, mechanisms underlying this inhibitory effect are not yet fully understood. In this study, the inhibitory effects of naturally occurring humic substances and a synthetic polyelectrolyte (as a comparison), polyacrylic acid (PAA), on the initial stage of colloidal flocculation induced by the addition of a cationic linear polyelectrolyte are investigated under a standardized mixing flow condition. Flocculation enhancement is hindered by all the tested polyanions, while electrophoretic mobility experiments reveal that the polyanions affect the isoelectric point of particles. At the same polycation to polyanion charge ratio, the degree of inhibition decreases in the order PAA > Suwannee River humic acid > Suwannee River fulvic acid, corresponding to their affinity toward the polycations and particles. We propose that the inhibitory mechanism is mainly driven by the electrostatic attractions between the flocculant and polyanions, and this mechanism involves three stages. The influence of polyanion affinity on the complexation with polycations is also discussed. The insights gained in this study can be useful in predicting the flocculation behavior of suspended solids co-existing with NOM in natural environments when flocculants are added.

Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TN) is more aggressive than other subtypes of breast cancer and has a lower survival rate. Furthermore, detailed biological information about the disease is lacking. This study investigated characteristics of metabolic pathways in TN. Methods We performed the metabolome analysis of 74 breast cancer tissues and the corresponding normal breast tissues using LC/MS. Furthermore, we classified the breast cancer tissues into ER-positive, PgR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (EP+H-) and TN, and then the differences in their metabolic pathways were investigated. The RT-PCR and immunostaining were carried out to examine the expression of ELOVL1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Results We identified 142 of hydrophilic metabolites and 278 of hydrophobic lipid metabolites in breast tissues. We found the differences between breast cancer and normal breast tissues in choline metabolism, glutamine metabolism, lipid metabolism, and so on. Most characteristic of comparison between EP+H- and TN were differences in fatty acid metabolism was which were related to the elongation of very long chain fatty acids were detected between TN and EP+H-. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression levels of ELOVL1, 5, and 6 were significantly upregulated by 8.5-, 4.6- and 7.0-fold, respectively, in the TN tumors compared with their levels in the corresponding normal breast tissue samples. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of ELOVL1, 5, and 6 were also significantly higher in the EP+H- tissues than in the corresponding normal breast tissues (by 4.9-, 3.4-, and 2.1-fold, respectively). The mRNA expression level of ELOVL6 was 2.6-fold higher in the TN tumors than in the EP+H- tumors. During immunostaining, the TN and EP+H- tumors demonstrated stronger ELOVL1 and 6 staining than the corresponding normal breast tissues, but ELOVL5 was not stained strongly in the TN or EP+H- tumors. Furthermore, the TN tumors exhibited stronger ELOVL1 and 6 staining than the EP+H- tumors. Conclusions Marked differences in fatty acid metabolism pathways, including those related to ELOVL1 and 6, were detected between TN and EP+H-, and it was suggested that ELOVL1 and 6-related fatty acid metabolism pathways may be targets for therapies against TN. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3554-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of primary breast cancer. Case Report: A 40-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for evaluation of an induration in the right breast, suspected to be breast cancer. The tumor was diagnosed as estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, HER2-positive, T4dN3cM0 stage IIIc IBC with axillary lymph node metastasis. Rather than surgical intervention, we chose a systemic treatment approach with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel (PTD) combination therapy which was shown to be effective for HER2-positive IBC in the NeoSphere trial. After 4 cycles of treatment, the patient had a partial response, allowing mastectomy of the right breast and axillary lymph node dissection to achieve local control. We review this case because of the success of PTD combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive IBC. Conclusion: To improve the poor prognosis of IBC, combined modality therapy is required, including chemotherapy and local treatment such as surgery and/or radiation therapy. In this case, combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy with PTD for HER2-positive IBC was effective, and this regimen may contribute to further improvements in the cure rate for this malignancy.

Bacterial β-galactosidase is one of the most widely used reporter genes in experiments involving transgenic and knockout animals. In this review we discuss the current histochemical methods and available reagents to detect β-galactosidase activity. Different substrates are available, but the most commonly used is X-gal in combination with potassium ferri- and ferro-cyanide. The reaction produces a characteristic blue precipitate in the cells expressing β-galactosidase, and despite its efficiency in staining whole embryos, its detection on thin tissue sections is difficult. Salmon-gal is another substrate, which in combination with ferric and ferrous ions gives a reddish-pink precipitate. Its sensitivity for staining tissue sections is similar to that of X-gal. Combining X-gal or Salmon-gal with tetrazolium salts provides a faster and more sensitive reaction than traditional β-galactosidase histochemistry. Here, we compare the traditional β-galactosidase assay and the combination of X-gal or Salmon-gal with three tetrazolium salts: nitroblue tetrazolium, tetranitroblue tetrazolium and iodonitrotetrazolium. Based on an assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of the different combinations of substrates, we are proposing an optimized and enhanced method for β-galactosidase detection in histological sections of the transgenic mouse brain. Optimal staining was obtained with X-gal in combination with nitroblue tetrazolium, which provides a faster and more specific staining than the traditional X-gal combination with potassium ferri- and ferro-cyanide. We recommend the X-gal/nitroblue tetrazolium staining mixture as the first choice for the detection of β-galactosidase activity on histological sections. When faster results are needed, Salmon-gal/nitroblue tetrazolium should be considered as an alternative, while maintaining acceptable levels of noise.

We propose a method for the decontamination and waste volume reduction of cesium-contaminated soil. The soils were solidified with an interpolyelectrolyte complex solution and classified into several size fractions by wet sieving. Gamma-ray spectrometry of these fractions showed that the distribution ratio of the activity concentration of coarse soil particles decreased, whereas that of soil particles under 0.075 mm increased relative to reference samples. Results showed that the fine soil particles, on which radioactive cesium accumulates, were removed from the surface of the coarse soil particles during sieving and washing, and remained in the washing water.

We have evaluated a new immunochromatographic kit, "KBM LineCheck Flu AB", which had been developed for enhanced detection of influenza B viruses. Five strains of influenza A and B viruses were tested for reactivity and detection limits of the kit. Compared with the detection limits of commercially available kit of QuickNavi-Flu, "KBM LineCheck Flu AB" showed a nearly equal reactivity to influenza A viruses, but quadruple reactivity to 2 influenza B viruses. Also, "KBM LineCheck Flu AB" exhibited high specificity when tested in 130 influenza-negative culture specimens derived from 24 adult volunteers. Furthermore, "KBM LineCheck Flu AB" was clinically evaluated by using 866 specimens, including 190 nasal swabs, 201 nasal aspirations, 262 self-blown nasal discharges, and 213 pharyngeal swabs. Compared with the results of QuickNavi-Flu for influenza A, the test efficiency for the nasal swabs, the nasal aspirations, self-blown nasal discharges, and pharyngeal swabs were calculated to be 95.8%, 92.0%, 95.0%, and 94.8%, respectively. Whereas, as to influenza B, the test efficiency for the nasal swabs, the nasal aspirations, self-blown nasal discharges, and pharyngeal swabs was calculated to be 96.3%, 98.5%, 96.2%, and 93.4%, respectively. Similarly, compared with the results of influenza A viral culture, the test efficiency for the nasal swabs, the nasal aspirations, self-blown nasal discharges, and pharyngeal swabs was calculated to be 95.3%, 91.0%, 93.9%, and 92.5%, respectively. Regarding influenza B culture, the test efficiency for the nasal swabs, the nasal aspirations, self-blown nasal discharges, and pharyngeal swabs were calculated to be 95.8%, 97.5%, 95.1%, 91.5%, respectively. Overall, we concluded that the "KBM LineCheck Flu AB" is useful and suitable for diagnosis of influenza A and especially influenza B.

Oxaliplatin causes severe peripheral neuropathy. In this study, we examined hypomyelination in the peripheral nerve in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy rat model. Gene expression of neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a myelination regulatory factor, is reduced in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in DNA microarray analysis. Oxaliplatin increased the g-ratio and reduced levels of myelin protein zero in sciatic nerve, suggesting the hypomyelination. Moreover, oxaliplatin reduced NRG1 mRNA levels in the DRG and decreased levels of cleaved NRG1 type III protein in the sciatic nerve. Our results indicate that oxaliplatin induces hypomyelination and reduced NRG1 expression.

コロイド科学の世界において、ナノエマルションは熱力学的に非平衡で、数十～数百ナノメートルのソフト粒子が溶液媒体中に分散した系として分類される。ナノエマルションの一般的な調製法には、転相などの界面活性剤の溶液特性を巧みに利用した手法に加え、機械力を印加して物理的に粒子サイズを細分化する手法が取られている。本報で紹介するナノエマルションは、ディスコンティニュアスキュービック液晶を単純に希釈することで形成される。さらに従来のナノエマルションと対照的に、溶液に強い剪弾力を負荷するとナノエマルション中の会合体構造は崩壊し、会合体中に包接された油分が放出される。この特性を利用し、新しい経皮吸収製剤としての可能性を実験データをベースに考察し、化粧料製剤に向けた展望を述べる。, In Colloid Science, nano-emulsion is defi ned as a thermodynamically non-equilibrated unstable colloid dispersion with a tens to hundreds nm of size. To prepare the nano-emulsion, there are several methods known, utilizing the solution properties of surfactant such as phase inversion, or physically breaking up emulsion droplets by strong energy input using appropriate equippments. This paper will introduce a novel nano-emulsion which is simply formed upon dilution of a discontinuous cubic liquid crystal without any high energy input. Furthermore, our nano-emulsion has a unique kinetic property responsible to shear force. Contrary to the conventional nano-emulsion, the assembled structure in this nano-emulsion disrupted by higher shear force, and eventually the oil component solubilized in the cubic assembly is released to the outside. This phenomenon led us to utilize this nano-emulsion as a new carrier of actives for the transdermal drug delivery system and especially a new cosmetic formulation.

A 76-year-old male who had already been diagnosed with ischemic heart disease and severe aortic stenosis was transferred to our hospital in a state of cardiogenic shock. We finally diagnosed him with severe aortic stenosis. We decided to perform emergency balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) as a bridge treatment to surgical repair. We first performed BAV with a double balloon technique, and next with a triple balloon technique. As a result, the blood pressure recovered, and surgical aortic valve repair could thus be successfully performed.

2012年4月1日に製剤/化粧品科学研究室が開設され、着々と研究室の整備が行われてきた。昨年度に配属された学士課程4年生5名および修士課程前期1年生1名と、今年の6月に配属された学士課程3年生5名を迎え入れ、新設ながら大所帯の雰囲気が漂う。化粧品科学・皮膚科学を研究する実験機器類が設置され、他大学に類のない研究施設となった。施設の多くは化粧品メーカーと共通し、この環境下での研究は企業との共同研究推進のみならず、学生の社会学習の一環として機能すると期待される。 2010年12月から開始した"千葉科学大学コスメティックサイエンスシンポジウム"は、今年の12月をもって9回目の開催となる。これまでに多数の化粧品関連業界を先導する研究者を招聘し、銚子をはじめ、東京と大阪で催した。その活動内容は年々アップグレードしており、今年度は国際ワークショップの開催にも取り組んでおり、本学の学生を含む多数の参加者から好評の声を集め、定期開催の成果が現れつつある。

界面活性剤の基本性質を表す親水性-親油性バランス(HLB)理論はポリオキシエチレン系界面活性剤で確立された有用な指標であるが、その他の界面活性剤の性質を表すには不十分なためその応用が進まない一因となっている。近年では、化粧品やトイレタリー製品において使用目的に応じた材料の選択が求められており、"高い安全性"や"低刺激性"などをキーワードに天然由来の原料が処方設計に必要不可欠となっている。それゆえ、あらゆる界面活性剤の親水性-親油性もしくはその代替となる概念の構築は基礎研究として有意義であり、さらに工業的にも化合物の普及に繋がると期待される。本報では、HLB理論の問題点を明確にし、新しい概念を構築するための取り組みについて紹介する。

認知症や大震災の避難生活で精神的に疲弊している女性が、口紅などの化粧品施術で顕著な自意識の改善や生活の張りを取り戻す事が認められている。このように化粧品のQOL向上への効果が実証され薬粧(Cosmeceutical)と呼ばれる新領域が注目されているが、未だ臨床的知見にとどまり基盤となる科学技術の確立が求められている。そこで、これまで薬学中心に進められていた経皮吸収研究を化粧品科学として展開し、皮膚の持つ外部からの有害物質侵入を防ぐ生体防御機能を損なうことなく、美白等の薬効成分を有効に生細胞に到達させることが可能な新しいDDS技術の基盤構築について報告する。

The transport behavior of humic acid in porous media was studied from the viewpoint of colloidal stability. Column experiments were performed with a large molecular weight fraction of purified Aldrich humic acid over a wide range of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolyte concentrations at pH 3. The ratio of the humic acid effluent to influent concentration was analyzed using the colloid filtration theory to determine attachment efficiencies (α) of the humic acid that deposited onto the surface of glass beads. In a log–log plot, the obtained value of α increased linearly with an increase in the electrolyte concentrations up to a threshold value and remained constant above the threshold value for both NaCl and CaCl2. This threshold value represented the critical deposition concentration (CDC). The ratio of the CDC of NaCl to that of CaCl2 was reasonable as a prediction of the Schulze–Hardy rule. These findings suggest that the transport behavior of humic acid under acidic conditions depends on its colloidal stability.

An abandoned well, completed without CO2 resistant materials, is thought to be a potential pathway for CO2 leakage to the surface. To examine the chemical impacts of a non-CO2 resistant well, we prepared composite samples consisting of J-55 casing material, Portland cement and sandstone (referred to as “simulated well sample”). Permeability of the simulated well sample decreased during a flow-through experiment using CO2-saturated brine. Precipitation of carbonate was found in both flow-through and batch experiments. The casing material was not degraded by CO2 if bonding between the casing and cement was tight. The sandstone surrounding the cement therefore seemed to act as a buffer medium against CO2 attack.

For a feasible risk assessment of CO2-leakage through wells of the carbon dioxide storage sites at abandoned wells of aquifers and depleted gas fields, the CO2 reactivity and permeability of casing steel, pseudo formation and cement- plug need to be evaluated experimentally as functions of temperature, pressure and formation water chemistry to provide fundamental information for the assessment. Two types of laboratory experiments were conducted. These experiments are shown below: (1) Conventional batch-reaction experiments of cement cores in the system of CO2 and simulated formation water as 0.5 M NaCl, at 50 and 70 C, 5, 8, 18 MPa for 100-1600hr. In this experiment, individual cement cores are allowed to react with wet CO2 and NaCl solution charged in titanium reaction vessels with PTFE separators. (2) CO2-injection reaction involving casing (API Grade J-55)-cement (API class A) and cement (API class A)-shale composites which were saturated with 0.5 M NaCl solution. As a counter experiment for batch experiments, zero CO2 runs for these cements were additionally carried out at 50 and 70 C at 5 MPa for 100 and 400 hr. The CO2-injection runs were carried out at 50 C and 8.5 MPa with a constant differential pressure of 5 kPa. The resultant products were used to analyze alteration depth via micro-focused X-ray computed tomography (-XCT) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). For observation and determination of alteration phases, field mission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) and micro X-ray diffractometry (-XRD) were also performed. The alteration zones identified in the both cement cores of A and G in wet CO2 showed spatial developments of zones appearing in -XCT images as a function of square root of time (t1/2), which can be interpreted as a diffusion-limited reaction. However, in the NaCl solution, these cement cores developed little alteration zones and poorly displayed time-dependency after 100 h.