Search

MiR-4295, located on chromosome 10q25.2, is a unique miRNA with a wide range of biological functions. miR-4295 is widely expressed in vivo, participating in the biological processes of multiple cancers. Although miR-4295 is dysregulated in various cancers, it has also been found to have the function of inhibiting cancer. At the same time, the expression of miR-4295 is related to prognosis and can be affected by numerous factors connecting to the therapeutic effects of various drugs. This article is to better summarize the role of miR-4295 in cancer and review the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-4295, which may provide insight into subsequent research.

MiR-552 is a small non-coding RNA located on chromosome 1p34.3, and its expression level is significantly up-regulated in tissues or cells of various tumors. miR-552 can target multiple genes. These targeted genes play important regulatory roles in biological processes such as gene transcription and translation, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and invasion. Besides, miR-552 may affect the efficacy of various anticancer drugs by targeting genes such as TP53 and RUNX3. This review summarizes the biological functions and clinical expressions of miR-552 in human cancer. Our goal is to explore the potential value of miR-552 in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human cancer.

APOE is involved in exogenous and endogenous lipid metabolism and is a candidate gene for coronary heart disease (CHD). Using the SYBR-Green quantitative methylation-specific PCR method, we measured APOE methylation levels in 640 cases of CHD and 436 controls. Meanwhile, we used the Sequenom MassARRAY platform to genotype APOE rs7412 and rs7259620. In men, we found that CHD patients had significantly lower levels of APOE methylation than non-CHD controls (P = 0.044). In addition, rs7412-T and rs7259620-A were protective factors for CHD in males (rs7412-T: OR = 0.527, allele P = 0.004; rs7259620-A: OR = 0.743, allele P = 0.029). In the CHD group and the non-CHD control group, APOE methylation levels were inversely correlated with age (total patients: r = −0.015, P = 0.009, total controls: r = −0.185, P = 1E−04). In the female control group, the APOE methylation levels were inversely correlated with plasma APOA1 protein levels (female controls: r = −0.188, P = 0.008). In the total controls and female controls, APOE methylation levels were inversely correlated with plasma APOE protein levels (total controls: r = −0.110, P = 0.031, female controls: r = −0.188, P = 0.008). Our GDMR interaction analysis showed that there was an interaction between APOE methylation and rs7412 (P = 0.011). In addition, there was a significant interaction between APOE methylation, rs7259620, gender, smoking, LDL, TC, and APOE protein levels in the risk of CHD (P = 0.011). In summary, our research showed that the methylation of APOE was important for the risk of CHD in men.

IL-10 is a regulator of inflammation and immunosuppression. IL-10 regulates a variety of immune cells to limit and stop the inflammatory response, and thus plays an important role in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. IL-10 is closely related to epigenetic modification, in which changes in DNA methylation of IL-10 gene can affect mRNA and protein levels of IL-10. In addition, changes in histone modifications, especially histone acetylation, can also lead to abnormal expression of IL-10 mRNA. At the same time, a handful of IL-10 related microRNAs (miRNAs) are found to be aberrantly expressed in multiple diseases. Besides, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest specific transcript 5 (GAS5) also inhibits IL-10 expression. Here, we reviewed the epigenetic changes related to IL-10 in various diseases, as well as the regulation of IL-10 gene expression in various diseases by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, miRNA, and lncRNA.

All-optical magnetic switching observed on some materials provides a potential recording option due to its ultrashort recording time and low-power consumption. In most studies, this phenomenon is attributed to the inverse Faraday effect that a circularly polarized laser will induce an optomagnetic field or magnetic circular dichroism that one magnetization orientation will absorb more energy than another. L10-FePt is a promising candidate for high-density magnetic recording due to its high perpendicular anisotropy, whose magnetization is fixed out of plane either up or down. However, the mechanism about all-optical switching on FePt is still under debate. In this paper, we show that it benefits from both inverse Faraday effect and magnetic circular dichroism. We use an accumulative model to demonstrate the results of an ensemble of single-domain L10-FePt nanoparticles after multishot circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulses. The simulation results agree with the observation results of Lambert et al. and demonstrate the possibility of reaching deterministic all-optical magnetic recording by optimizing the laser fluence and the optomagnetic field strength.

We investigate all-optical switching under the framework of Rabi model and attribute the spin reversal to intersystem crossing. The relation between temperature, the intersystem crossing rate and the final spin state are discussed.

PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE 10.1002/2016JD025524 Key Points: • 90% of the extreme precipitation events at California site occurred during the negative Arctic Oscillation • Extreme events show diverse isotopic signatures, but composite resembles full study period mean • Strongest precipitation anomalies occur when negative AO, negative PNA, and positive SOI are in sync Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 Correspondence to: S. McCabe-Glynn, mccabegs@uci.edu Citation: McCabe-Glynn, S., K. R. Johnson, C. Strong, Y. Zou, J. Y. Yu, S. Sellars, and J. M. Welker (2016), Isotopic signature of extreme precipitation events in the western U.S. and associated phases of Arctic and tropical climate modes, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 8913–8924, doi:10.1002/2016JD025524. Received 28 JUN 2016 Accepted 8 JUL 2016 Accepted article online 26 JUL 2016 Published online 12 AUG 2016 Isotopic signature of extreme precipitation events in the western U.S. and associated phases of Arctic and tropical climate modes Staryl McCabe-Glynn 1 , Kathleen R. Johnson 1 , Courtenay Strong 2 , Yuhao Zou 3 , Jin-Yi Yu 1 , Scott Sellars 4 , and Jeffrey M. Welker 5 Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA, 2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 3 Discover Financial Services, Riverwoods, Illinois, 4 Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, USA, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA Abstract Extreme precipitation events, commonly associated with “Atmospheric Rivers,” are projected to increase in frequency and severity in western North America; however, the intensity and landfall position are difficult to forecast accurately. As the isotopic signature of precipitation has been widely utilized as a tracer of the hydrologic cycle and could potentially provide information about key physical processes, we utilize both climate and precipitation isotope data to investigate these events in California from 2001 to 2011. Although individual events have extreme isotopic signatures linked to associated circulation anomalies, the composite across all events unexpectedly resembles the weighted mean for the entire study period, reflecting diverse moisture trajectories and associated teleconnection phases. We document that 90% of events reaching this location occurred during the negative Arctic Oscillation, suggesting a possible link with higher-latitude warming. We also utilize precipitation data of extreme precipitation events across the entire western U.S. to investigate the relationships between key tropical and Arctic climate modes known to influence precipitation in this region. Results indicate that the wettest conditions occur when the negative Arctic Oscillation, negative Pacific/North American pattern, and positive Southern Oscillation are in sync and that precipitation has increased in the southwestern U.S. and decreased in the northwestern U.S. relative to this phase combination’s 1979–2011 climatology. Furthermore, the type of El Nino–Southern Oscillation event, Central Pacific or Eastern Pacific, influences the occurrence, landfall location, and isotopic composition of precipitation. 1. Introduction Extreme precipitation events can contribute extensively to replenishing reservoirs and groundwater supplies, though simultaneously, can result in harmful consequences for the U.S. West Coast, including excessive snowfall, flooding, landslides, property damage, and loss of life [Dettinger, 2011; Mass et al., 2011]. One of the most prevalent extreme precipitation events that occur along the west coast of North America are “Atmospheric Rivers” (AR), elongated pathways of extensive atmospheric moisture transport over the ocean which can lead to substantial precipitation and flooding when they make landfall [Ralph and Dettinger, 2011; Ralph et al., 2013]. California’s largest and most severe storms and essentially all major historical floods have been associated with landfalling ARs [Dettinger, 2011]. For example, a strong AR that occurred 17 to 22 December 2010 produced up to 670 mm of precipitation in Southern California [Ralph and Dettinger, 2012] and exceptional snowfall in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains [Guan et al., 2013]. Another AR in early January 2005 produced more than 1016 mm of rainfall in Southern California in only 4 days, causing wide- spread flooding and a massive mudslide resulting in 10 fatalities. Given that water supply and flood risks in California are strongly linked with AR occurrence and the intensity and landfall position are difficult to fore- cast accurately [Wick et al., 2013], improved short-term forecasts and seasonal model projections of ARs are needed for better planning and mitigation efforts. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. MCCABE-GLYNN ET AL. Extreme precipitation events are projected by most global climate models to become more prevalent as the climate changes [Dettinger, 2011; Hagos et al., 2016], largely due to increased water vapor content in a war- mer atmosphere [Trenberth, 1999]. Multiple climate models project more years with many AR episodes and higher-than-historical water vapor transport rates, indicating that California flood risks may increase beyond those previously known [e.g., Dettinger, 2011; Lavers et al., 2015]. Airborne and ship-borne facilities, modern ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION

All-optical magnetic switching (AOS) observed on some materials provides a potential recording option due to its ultra-short recording-time [1]. In most studies, it is attributed to inverse Faraday effect (IFE) that circularly polarized laser will induce an opto-magnetic field [2, 3] or magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) that one magnetization orientation will absorb more energy than another [4, 5]. L10-FePt is a promising candidate for high density magnetic recording due to its high perpendicular anisotropy [6] whose magnetization is fixed out of plane either up or down. However, the mechanism about AOS on FePt is still under debate. In our research, we show that it benefits from both IFE and MCD. Taking both the thermal effect and the induced opto-magnetic field into account, we calculate the switching probability of L10-FePt nanoparticles for a single laser pulse with different opto-magnetic fields by atomistic level simulation [7], as shown in Fig. 1(a-d). We consider the effect of multi-shot pulses by an accumulative model, assuming that the switching probability after each shot is identical. Fig. 1(f) shows the normalized net magnetisation variation with different MCD ratios when the opto-magnetic field induced by left circularly laser pulse (δ−) is −0.1 Tesla. Obviously, when the MCD ratio is 2%, the final magnetisation is in agreement with the experiment result of Lambert et al. that the magnetization induced by circularly polarized laser is ~10 to 20% of saturation magnetization [8]. This MCD ratio is reasonable for FePt [5, 9]. Fig. 2(a-c) show the final magnetisation over multiple linearly (L), left (σ−) and right (σ+) circularly laser pulses respectively with different initial magnetization states, which verify that AOS is helicity-dependent but independent of the initial state. Fig. 2(d) shows the magnetisation variation over laser fluence with different opto-magnetic fields. Applying an external magnetic field 0.03 Tesla when the opto-magnetic field is −0.1 Tesla, the corresponding effective magnetic field is −0.07 Tesla. In this case, the net magnetisation roughly equals to 0 at a wide laser fluence range, which is qualitatively consistent with the results of Lambert et al. that a 700 Oe field could eliminate the all-optical switching. In addition, when the opto-magnetic fields are ±0.4 Tesla, there will be a deterministic switching that the final magnetization is greater 90% of the saturation magnetization. Taking the opto-magnetic field −0.4T as example, the net magnetisation after multiple laser pulses is shown in Fig. 2(e), and the fastest deterministic switching occurs at 34 mJ/cm2 after 34 left circularly laser pulses. Although our simulation is simplified, these results demonstrate the possibility of reaching deterministic all-optical magnetic recording by optimizing the parameters presented above.

Although a phenomenological description, the inverse Faraday effect (IFE) is generally adopted for all optical magnetic switching (AOS) study, and has been successfully incorporated into the dynamics of AOS. The origin of IFE has been investigated theoretically by Pitaevskii[1], and predictions made by the study have been proved by experiments in 1966[2]. However, the effective field of IFE is deduced within the nanosecond time scale, which means the approximations valid in nanosecond scale are not quite suitable for femtosecond scenario. Further, the ~10-times mismatch between the duration of IFE in magnetic materials and the width of the incident laser pulse remains an open question for magnetic materials which exhibit AOS[3]. We investigate the process of AOS with quantum mechanical descriptions. The interactions between the incident femtosecond laser and magnetic materials are attributed to Rashba effect and stimulated Raman scattering (SRC): the incident femtosecond laser breaks the space inversion symmetry and splits the energy band of the electrons of magnetic material into two due to Rashba effect, which in turn maintains a quasi-stationary state for SRC (The three level system is depicted in Fig. 1). The fine energy structure is spin dependent, so each sub-band is exclusive for spin up or spin down. The adiabatic transition of the states of electrons among the fine energy bands and the excited state gives rise of the spin direction switching, which switches the orientation of the magnetization of the material. The process discussed above can be described by Rabi model[4]. Simulation carried on this model shows that by tuning the center frequency of the incident femtosecond laser regarding the energy gap of the ground state and the excited state, the spin flip could be realized, results are shown in Figure 2. The further investigation will be focused on the details of decay rate for the two sub-bands.

PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE 10.1002/2013JD021064 Key Points: • CMIP5 models simulate U.S. winter response to EP ENSO well but not to CP ENSO • The performance difference is due to different OLR response induced by two ENSOs • The two types of ENSO initiate differ- ent wavetrain patterns in the NH Correspondence to: J.-Y. Yu, jyyu@uci.edu Citation: Zou, Y., J.-Y. Yu, T. Lee, M.-M. Lu, and S. T. Kim (2014), CMIP5 model simula- tions of the impacts of the two types of El Nino on the U.S. winter temperature, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2013JD021064. Received 20 OCT 2013 Accepted 22 FEB 2014 Accepted article online 27 FEB 2014 CMIP5 model simulations of the impacts of the two types of El Nino on the U.S. winter temperature Yuhao Zou 1 , Jin-Yi Yu 1 , Tong Lee 2 , Mong-Ming Lu 3 , and Seon Tae Kim 4 Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA, 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA, 3 Research and Development Center, Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan, 4 Marine and Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia Abstract Thirty Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial simulations are examined to contrast impacts of the two types of El Nino on the U.S. winter temperatures. The CMIP5 models are found more capable of simulating the observed eastern Pacific (EP) El Nino impacts (a warm northeast, cold southwest pattern over the U.S.) but less capable of simulating the observed central Pacific (CP) El Nino impacts (a warm northwest, cold southeast pattern). During EP El Nino, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies influence the Walker circulation giving rise to a basin-wide pattern of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies. The modeled atmospheric responses to the EP El Nino are thus less sensitive to the detailed structure of the simulated SST anomalies and can be well simulated by most of the CMIP5 models. In contrast, the SST anomalies during the CP El Nino affect the strength of the Walker circulation less effectively than the EP El Nino. OLR anomalies are local, rather than basin wide. The modeled atmospheric responses to the CP El Nino therefore depend more on how realistically the CP El Nino SST anomalies are simulated in the models. As a result, the CP El Nino’s impact on the U.S. winter temperature, controlled by the atmospheric wave train response to the OLR forcing, is less well simulated by the CMIP5 models. This conclusion is supported by an examination of the Pacific North American and tropical/Northern Hemisphere patterns produced by the CMIP5 models in response to the two types of El Nino. 1. Introduction The impacts of El Nino on the United States (U.S.) climate have been extensively studied over the past few decades [e.g., Ropelewski and Halpert, 1986, 1989; Kiladis and Diaz, 1989; Livezey et al., 1997; Dettinger et al., 1998; Mo and Higgins, 1998; Montroy et al., 1998; Cayan et al., 1999; Larkin and Harrison, 2005, and many others]. For the winter climate, El Nino’s impact has traditionally been described as a north-south anomaly pattern with the winter being colder and wetter than normal in the southern U.S. and warmer and drier than normal in the northern U.S. This conventional view has been revised in recent years amid the increasing recognition that there exist different types or flavors of El Nino events [Larkin and Harrison, 2005; Ashok et al., 2007; Yu and Kao, 2007; Guan and Nigam, 2008; Kao and Yu, 2009; Kug et al., 2009]. Two particular types have been emphasized: an eastern Pacific (EP) type that has its sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies located off the South American coast and a central Pacific (CP) type that has the anomalies confined around the International Date Line [Yu and Kao, 2007; Kao and Yu, 2009]. Weng et al. [2009], for example, noticed that EP El Nino events increase rainfall in the western U.S. by shifting the polar jet stream equatorward, while CP El Nino events increase the rainfall there by shifting the Intertropical Convergence Zone poleward. Mo [2010] contrasted the impacts of El Nino on air temperature and precipitation over the U.S. during the period 1915–1960 when the EP type dominated and the period 1962–2006 when the CP type became increasingly dominant. She noted that the EP El Nino produces a north-south contrast pattern in the U.S. winter temperature variations, while the CP El Nino produces an east-west contrast pattern. Yu and Zou [2013] showed that the CP El Nino enhances the typical drying effect of El Nino over the northern U.S. but weakens the wetting effect over the southern U.S. These and other recent studies [e.g., Sheffield et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2014] support the assertion that the EP and CP El Nino have different impacts on the U.S. climate. Yu et al. [2012b] developed a way to identify the El Nino impacts of the two types using two indices that they called CP and EP indices. By regression analyses with these two indices, they showed that the El Nino impact ZOU ET AL. ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

The magnetic storage industry will be pushed into a new era by emerging magnetic materials and ingenious read/write techniques. Recently, L1 0 -FePt nanoparticles with exceptionally high uniaxial anisotropy, combined with the technique of all-optical magnetic switching, have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers. Focusing on L1 0 -FePt nanoparticles, we report the superparamagnetic size limits and three elaborate stages of magnetic orientation switching, which demonstrate that in terms of the opto-magnetic responses of L1 0 -FePt nanoparticles with the size of 6 nm, the fluence of an ultrashort laser pulse should not be larger than the level of 40 mJ/cm 2 in order to achieve the helicity-dependent all-optical switching.

In what is arguably one of the most dramatic phenomena possibly associated with climate change or natural climate variability, the location of El Ni˜ no has shifted more to the central Pacific in recent decades. In this study, we use statistical analyses, numerical model experiments and case studies to show that the Central-Pacific El Ni˜ no enhances the drying effect, but weakens the wetting effect, typically produced by traditional Eastern-Pacific El

With the advance of HAMR technology, the storage potential of L10-FePt nanoparticles with practical considerations are of great significance. We present an L10-FePt nanoparticle model based on atomistic spin model with Langevin thermodynamics to simulate the magnetic behaviors of L10-FePt nanoparticles at Curie temperature and room temperature to explore their practical design margins. Given specific composites, the Curie temperatures of L10-FePt nanoparticles decrease with their volume sizes decrease starting from 8 nm, meaning no more laser power increment needed for smaller L10-FePt nanoparticles. However, L10-FePt nanoparticles get unstable more easily while their volume sizes decrease at room temperature within 10 years. Above all, a reasonable size of L10-FePt nanoparticles for stable information retaining should not be less than 8 nm at a certain aspect ratio.

[1] In this study, evidence is presented from statistical analyses, numerical model experiments, and case studies to show that the impact on US winter temperatures is different for the different types of El Nino. While the conventional Eastern-Pacific El Nino affects winter temperatures primarily over the Great Lakes, Northeast, and Southwest US, the largest impact from Central-Pacific El Nino is on temperatures in the northwestern and southeastern US. The recent shift to a greater frequency of occurrence of the CentralPacific type has made the Northwest and Southeast regions of the US most influenced by El Nino. It is shown that the different impacts result from differing wave train responses in the atmosphere to the sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the two types of El Nino. Citation: Yu, J.-Y., Y. Zou, S. T. Kim, and T. Lee (2012), The changing impact of El Nino on US winter temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15702, doi:10.1029/2012GL052483.

This study systematically evaluates simulations of near-surface temperature and precipitation using the station observations collected in the semi-arid region of China during the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) from October 2002 to December 2004 (EOP3 and EOP4). The outputs being evaluated are from eight general circulation models (GCMs) archived by the Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project (CEOP), as well as a multi-model ensemble based on these eight models. We find that the multi-model ensemble has a better performance than most of the individual models. Our results show that all individual models and the Model Analysis Comparison (MAC) ensemble mean perform much better when simulating regionally averaged temperature than precipitation. For most models, a systematically low bias is identified in the regionally averaged simulated temperatures, while a high bias exists in the simulated precipitation except in summer. For the simulated temperatures, the lowest and largest rRMSE are found in JMA and BMRC, respectively. Furthermore, temperature is always overestimated when it is between ???18 and ???10??C, while the temperature is underestimated when it is greater than 6??C; the best performance lies between ???10 and 2??C for all the models except BMRC. For the simulated precipitation, excessive rainfall is reproduced at all intervals except in ECPC-SFM, and the largest deviation is identified at the interval of 2?5?mm with a bias of 18.3%. With respect to sub-regions, the simulated temperatures are better in eastern China, but the simulated precipitation is better in the transition zone from the semi-arid region to the arid region. However, the simulation bias increases west of 100?E, which may be associated with the complex and steep topography there. We want to stress that the MAC ensemble mean is superior to any individual models.