Search

This edited volume embarks on an in-depth analysis of the main features of the political ideology and activities of the Serbian right wing from the assassination of King Alexander Karadjordjević in October 1934 to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's destruction in April 1941 during the Second World War. This is a period that constitutes a distinctive era in Yugoslav history, which also coincides with the Europe-wide rise of right-wing extremism, a congruence that justifies the chosen time-frame. More specifically, it examines the ruling Yugoslav Radical Union (JRZ) under both its presidents, Milan Stojadinović and Dragiša Cvetković, Stojadinović's Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Dimitrije Ljotić's ZBOR and Svetislav Hodjera's Yugoslav People's Party (Borbaši), with special reference to the influential theories from fascism studies. In addition, there is also a selection of prominent intellectuals, eminent writers and clerics, whose outlook and activities informed, to a certain degree, the political climate of right-wing politics in Serbia/Yugoslavia. Scrutinizing their work and publicly aired views might provide more nuanced and distinctive insights into the complex reality of right-wing attitudes than those obtained from studying political parties and government agencies.

V doktorski disertaciji z naslovom Dravska banovina v drugi polovici tridesetih let in vpliv Slovencev v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji (1935–1941) je predstavljen položaj Dravske banovine v političnem, ekonomskem, socialnem, narodnostnem in diplomatskem vidiku od vstopa nekdanje Slovenske ljudske stranke v vlado pa do začetka druge svetovne vojne na slovenskem ozemlju, ki je bilo vključeno v Kraljevino Jugoslavijo. To je čas zaostrenih mednarodno-političnih razmer v Evropi, ki so jih vzpostavile totalitaristične ideje fašizma, nacizma in komunizma. Podobno zaostreno stanje je bilo zaradi nacionalnih trenj in ideoloških spopadov tudi v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji in posledično tudi v Sloveniji. Banski svet Dravske banovine je bil v tem času nezadovoljen z zgolj posvetovalno funkcijo in je želel pridobiti čim večjo avtonomijo, zlasti v finančnem okviru, ki bi pripeljala do t. i. Banovine Slovenije, federativne upravno enote pod vodstvom bana, z lastnimi pristojnostmi v gospodarstvu, šolstvu, socialnih in notranjih zadevah ter financah, ki bi bile omejene samo na njeno ozemlje. Stanje oziroma vpliv Dravske banovine in Slovencev v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji je bilo ugotovljeno iz statistike in analiz o diplomatsko-konzularnih predstavnikih, zapisanih v arhivskem gradivu Ministrstva za zunanje zadeve Kraljevine Jugoslavije, ki ga hranijo v Arhivu Jugoslavije v zbirki AJ 37 dr. Milana Stojadinovića. V takratni Jugoslaviji so namreč vse odločitve nastajale, se usklajevale in potrjevale v centru, in sicer v Beogradu. V poglavju o nemški manjšini na Kočevskem je bila potrjena takratna situacija, predstavljene pa so bile tudi nove ugotovitve o življenju in sobivanju Slovencev s predstavniki nemške manjšine v zadnjih letih pred drugo svetovno vojno. Pričujoče delo je nastalo na podlagi arhivskega gradiva, ki ga hranita Arhiv Republike Slovenije v Ljubljani in Arhiv Jugoslavije v Beogradu, s pomočjo uradnih listov, časopisnega gradiva ter znanstvene in strokovne literature. This doctoral dissertation, entitled The Drava banovina in the second half of the 1930s in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1935–1941), presents the political, economic, social, national and diplomatic aspects of the Drava banovina from the moment the former Slovenian People's Party entered the government and to the beginning of World War II on the Slovenian territory, which belonged to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. That period was marked by political tensions across Europe which were generated by totalitarian ideas of Fascism, Nazism and Communism. The situation was quite similar in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and consequently in Slovenia due to national tension and ideological differences. At that time the Ban's Council was rather dissatisfied with having a consultative role and worked towards gaining more autonomy, especially financial autonomy. That would lead to the establishment of a Slovenian banovina, a federative administrative unit led by the ban and which had its own authority over the economy, education, social and home affairs, and finance within its territory. The influence of the Drava banovina on the Slovenians and their situation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was established on the basis of statistics and analyses of diplomatic and consular representatives found in archival records of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which are being kept in Dr Milan Stojadinović's collection (AJ 37). At the time all the decisions in Yugoslavia were made, harmonised and confirmed in Belgrade, the centre. The chapter discussing the German minority in the area of Kočevje confirms that. It also discusses the new findings about the life of Slovenians and their co-habitation with the German minority in the last few years before World War II. This dissertation was based on archival records kept by the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia in Ljubljana and the Archives of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, official gazettes, newspapers as well as scientific and scholarly literature.

Čas od smrti kralja Aleksandra, leta 1935, do začetka druge svetovne vojne v Jugoslaviji, leta 1941, je bil čas postopne demokratizacije političnega življenja, oživela pa so tudi različna društva in organizacije. Te spremembe so se odražale tudi v Celju, kjer se je v tem času organizirala nova vsedržavna stranka JRZ za celjski okraj, katere del je bila tudi vodilna katoliška stranka v Dravski banovini, Koroščeva SLS. Med leti 1935–1941 so v Celju oživela tudi številna katoliška društva in organizacije. V tem času je bilo za Celje značilno pestro politično življenje, predvsem organiziranje nove stranke JRZ, prav tako pa so bili za ta čas značilni katoliški tabori fantov in mož ter zbori in tabori Kmečke zveze. Med leti 1935–1941 so potekale tudi volitve v narodno skupščino, prve so bile leta 1935, druge pa leta 1938. The period from the death of King Alexander in 1935 to the beginning of World War II in Yugoslavia in 1941was the period of gradual democratisation of political life. Many societies and organisations also came to life. These changes were also present in Celje, where a new nationwide political party, Yugoslav Radical Union, for the district of Celje was being organized at that time. The leading “Catholic” party, Slovene People’s party led by Korošec, in Drava Banovina was also a part of it. Between 1935 and 1941 many Catholic societies and organisations came to life. A diverse political life was typical for Celje in this time, especially in organisation of a new political party Yugoslav Radical Union, as well as “Catholic camps of boys and men”, conventions and camps of Farmers’ association. Yugoslav parliamentary elections were held between 1935 and 1941. The first elections were held in 1935 and the second elections in 1938.

Jugoslavenska radikalna zajednica (JRZ) je od 1935. do 1941. bila vladajuća stranka Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Do 1939. godine njezin rad temeljio se na unitarističkoj, a u razdoblju 1939–1941. na federalističkoj jugoslavenskoj ideologiji. Promjena ideologije uvjetovala je neformalni raspad JRZ-a na slovensku, muslimansku i srpsku frakciju, a ubrzo i raspad srpske frakcije na pristaše federalnoga uređenja Jugoslavije te na pristaše stvaranja velike Srbije., Since 1935 until 1941, the Yugoslav Radical Union party (JRZ) was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until 1939 its activity was based on the ideology of a Unitarian, and during the period 1939-1941 on the ideology of a federal Yugoslavia. The change of ideology caused an unofficial breakup of the JRZ to the Slovene, Muslim and Serbian factions, and was soon followed by the partition of the Serbian faction to the supporters of the federal organisation of Yugoslavia and the supporters of establishing the Great Serbia.

The paper presents the ideological and political shifting in the Slovene section of the Yugoslav Radical Union (YRU) in the latter part of the 1930's. The section assumed its original name 'the Slovene People's Party' (SPP) after the 1941 March putsch. It also indicates the influences behind the ideo-political orientation of the SPP which was closely connected with the Catholic movement. After Dr Anton Korošec joined the Stojadinović government in 1935, a network of the YRU organizations was set up in Dravska banovina, accompanied by the formation and renewal of numerous Roman Catholic organizations. Many of these became 'auxiliary forces' of Catholic Action which, inspired by Papal encyclicals, were supposed to pave the way for Catholic renewal and a corporative (organic) society. After the April breakdown, divisions arose in the SPP and, to an even greater extent, in the Catholic camp. Among the reasons were the authoritarianism of the Party and of the Catholic right wing, inadequate methods of the implementation of the Catholic renewal and ideas, the rejection of political pluralism as well as the seeking of protection of the Italian occupier after the collapse of the State in 1941., Prikaz zajema jugoslovanski del Slovenije v času druge polovice tridesetih let, ko se nakazujejo idejni in politični premiki slovenskega dela JRZ, ki se je po marčnem puču 1941 spet imenovala SLS. Avtorica oriše vse pomemne silnice, ki so krojile idejnopolitično naravnanost SLS v tesni povezanosti s katoliškim gibanjem, s središčno vlogo Katoliške akcije (KA). Po vstopu dr. A. Korošca v Stojadinovićevo vlado (1935) je v Dravski banovini bila hitro zgrajena mreža organizacij JRZ, obenem pa so se živahno obnavljale ali na novo ustanavljale številne katoliške organizacije. Mnoge od teh so postale "pomožne sile" KA, ki so na podlagi papaških okrožnic (Quadragesimo anno in Divini Redemptoris ) utirale pot katoliški obnovi in misli o stanovsko urejeni družbi. Ob tem so zavračali liberalno demokracijo, marksizem, boljševizem in ljudskofrontno povezovanje ter napovedali idejni boj proti komunizmu. Ob aprilskem zlomu je SLS oz. katoliški tabor bil dokaj neenoten, med vzroki so bili avtoritarnost stranke in katoliške desnice, neustrezna taktika in metoda uveljavljanja katoliške obnove in stanovske ideje, zavračanje politične pluralnosti in ob razsulu države aprila 1941 tudi iskanje zaščite pod okupatorji.