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The plastic deformation behavior of a CHN327 nickel-based superalloy under temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 700 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 s−1 was investigated using uniaxial high-temperature tensile tests. The stress–strain curves obtained by the tests showed that the maximum stress decreased as the temperature increased, while it increased as the strain rate increased. Based on the extensive data obtained in the experiment, three constitutive models (Hollomon, Swift, and the modified Voce equation) were employed to predict the constitutive relation. It was found that the modified Voce equation had the highest correlation coefficient and the best prediction accuracy. Thereafter, in order to predict the fracture of CHN327 during high-temperature tensile deformation, five ductile fracture criteria (Freudenthal, C&L, Brozzo, Ayada, and the R&T model), and the modified Voce equation obtained were incorporated into the finite element software (DEFORM). According to the results, except for the C&L and Brozzo models, all of the other ductile fracture criteria (DFCs) were suitable for predicting the damage distribution of the CHN327 alloy in tensile tests. For all of the DFCs considered, the R&T model provided the most accurate predictions, whose mean error was only 8.9%, far less than the values that other models predicted.

Polynomial Regression Surface (PRS) is a commonly used surrogate model for its simplicity, good interpretability, and computational efficiency. The performance of PRS is largely dependent on its basis functions. With limited samples, how to correctly select basis functions remains a challenging problem. To improve prediction accuracy, a PRS modeling approach based on multitask optimization and ensemble modeling (PRS-MOEM) is proposed for rational basis function selection with robustness. First, the training set is partitioned into multiple subsets by the cross validation method, and for each subset a sub-model is independently constructed by optimization. To effectively solve these multiple optimization tasks, an improved evolutionary algorithm with transfer migration is developed, which can enhance the optimization efficiency and robustness by useful information exchange between these similar optimization tasks. Second, a novel ensemble method is proposed to integrate the multiple sub-models into the final model. The significance of each basis function is scored according to the error estimation of the sub-models and the occurrence frequency of the basis functions in all the sub-models. Then the basis functions are ranked and selected based on the bias-corrected Akaike’s information criterion. PRS-MOEM can effectively mitigate the negative influence from the sub-models with large prediction error, and alleviate the uncertain impact resulting from the randomness of training subsets. Thus the basis function selection accuracy and robustness can be enhanced. Seven numerical examples and an engineering problem are utilized to test and verify the effectiveness of PRS-MOEM.

In current study, the rare-reported solution-driven DyOx films have been prepared to act as the dielectric layer of high performance InZnO/DyOx thin film transistors (TFTs). Annealing temperature dependent thermal decomposition, morphology, crystallization behavior, and chemical compositions of DyOx and InZnO films have been investigated respectively. Results have demonstrated that air-annealed InZnO/DyOx TFTs possess the improved electrical performance, including ultrahigh on/off current ratio of 1 × 109, larger saturation mobility of 12.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and negligible hysteresis after 10 d aging diffusion in the relative humidity (RH) of 40 % air ambient, which has been explored by the variable range-hopping (VRH) percolation model and energy band theory. The distinct illumination bias stability can be attributed to the generated various interface defects and concluded that the white light illuminated TFT behaves the higher stability with the smaller threshold voltage shift of 0.25 V. To confirm its feasible application in digital circuit, a resistor-loaded inverter based on InZnO/DyOx TFTs has been constructed. A high gain of 10.1 and good dynamic response behavior have been detected at a low operating voltage of 2 V. As a result, it can be inferred that diffusion-induced enhanced carrier transporting mechanism is an economical and effective method to optimize the electrical performance of solution-derived InZnO/DyOx TFTs, indicating its potential application prospects in flexible transparent electronics with low power consumption.

Subcortical brain regions play essential roles in the pathology of social anxiety disorder (SAD). While adolescence is the peak period of SAD, the relationships between altered development of the subcortical regions during this period and SAD are still unclear. This study investigated the age-dependent alterations in structural co-variance among subcortical regions and between subcortical and cortical regions, aiming to reflect aberrant coordination during development in the adolescent with SAD. High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained from 76 adolescents with SAD and 67 healthy controls (HC), ranging from 11 to 17.9 years. Symptom severity was evaluated with the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) and the Depression Self Rating Scale for Children (DSRS-C). Structural co-variance and sliding age-window analyses were used to detect age-dependent group differences in inter-regional coordination patterns among subcortical regions and between subcortical and cortical regions. The volume of the striatum significantly correlated with SAD symptom severity. The SAD group exhibited significantly enhanced structural co-variance among key regions of the striatum (putamen and caudate). While the co-variance decreased with age in healthy adolescents, the co-variance in SAD adolescents stayed high, leading to more apparent group differences in middle adolescence. Moreover, the striatum's mean structural co-variance with cortical regions decreased with age in HC but increased with age in SAD. Adolescents with SAD suffer aberrant developmental coordination among the key regions of the striatum and between the striatum and cortical regions. The degree of incoordination is age-dependent, which may represent a neurodevelopmental trait of SAD.

1. Morin, a natural flavonol, is present in many plants. It has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities and is often used as an adjuvant treatment for arthritis. Diclofenac sodium is the first-choice drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the herb-drug interaction (HDI) between morin and diclofenac sodium remains unclear. 2. The aim of the present research was to investigate whether and how morin affect the pharmacokinetic profile of diclofenac sodium. 3. The enzyme kinetic and pharmacokinetic studies showed that morin significantly accelerated the metabolism and reduced systemic exposure of diclofenac sodium. Interestingly, the effect of morin on the pharmacokinetic profile of diclofenac sodium was not in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the effect of morin on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was further investigated. 4. The results implied that the influence mechanism of morin on the pharmacokinetic of diclofenac sodium might be related to CYP2C9 and P-gp. Attention should be paid to the risk of HDI between morin and diclofenac sodium in clinical practice.

Quantifying predictive uncertainty in deep neural networks is a challenging and yet unsolved problem. Existing quantification approaches can be categorized into two lines. Bayesian methods provide a complete uncertainty quantification theory but are often not scalable to large-scale models. Along another line, non-Bayesian methods have good scalability and can quantify uncertainty with high quality. The most remarkable idea in this line is Deep Ensemble, but it is limited in practice due to its expensive computational cost. Thus, we propose HatchEnsemble to improve the efficiency and practicality of Deep Ensemble. The main idea is to use function-preserving transformations, ensuring HatchNets to inherit the knowledge learned by a single model called SeedNet. This process is called hatching, and HatchNet can be obtained by continuously widening the SeedNet. Based on our method, two different hatches are proposed, respectively, for ensembling the same and different architecture networks. To ensure the diversity of models, we also add random noises to parameters during hatching. Experiments on both clean and corrupted datasets show that HatchEnsemble can give a competitive prediction performance and better-calibrated uncertainty quantification in a shorter time compared with baselines.

Environmental pollution and its effects have attracted increasing attention, but few studies have examined the impact of environmental pollution on the crime rate. This study adopted panel data of 30 provinces in China for the period 2005 to 2016 to examine the relationship between environmental pollution and the crime rate. In addition, a mediating effect model is used to study the mechanism through which environmental pollution influences the crime rate. This study considers the threshold effect of government official corruption on the link between environmental pollution and the crime rate. The generalized method of moments and a newly developed dynamic threshold panel model are employed to manage potential endogeneity problems. The estimation results indicate that environmental pollution significantly promotes China's crime rate. Environmental pollution can indirectly affect the crime rate through residents' health level, education level and inequality. The magnitude of the effect of environmental pollution on the crime rate will be greater after corruption reaches the threshold value. Regional heterogeneity analysis shows that a significant positive impact of environmental pollution on the crime rate exists in the eastern and western regions of China but not in the middle region. Based on the findings, we propose a series of policy implications to reduce criminal activities in China from the perspective of environmental pollution.

In order to adapt to the high temperature and heavy load process environment of large forgings, a novel die with “fist-like” structure was designed. The iron-based welding material (RMD248) as the “bone” layer and the nickel-based superalloy welding material (ERNiCr-3) as the “skin” layer were welded on the matrix by wire arc additive manufacture (WAAM). In this work, the grey based Taguchi methodology was used to optimize welding parameters (welding voltage, welding speed and wire feed speed) considering excellent multi-properties (hardness and ultimate tensile strength of high-temperature tensile test) of the dissimilar joint of RMD248 and ERNiCr-3. Further, analysis of variance was done to ascertain the influence of welding parameters on response parameters. Experimental results showed that welding speed was the most effective input parameter followed by wire feed speed and welding voltage. Finally, optimal result was verified through confirmation experiments. Meanwhile, the effect of welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of joint was studied. The microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results indicated that the microstructure of RMD248 was consisted of more retained austenite at lower welding speed. For ERNiCr-3, the finer columnar crystal structure at higher welding speed was observed. At lower welding speed, the microhardness of RMD248 was just slightly lower, but that of ERNiCr-3 was significantly higher, and the ultimate tensile strength was higher. Therefore, the specimen at lower welding speed had better comprehensive mechanical properties.

Electrospinning one-dimensional (1-D) semiconductor nanofibers have been regarded as one of the most promising building blocks for future nanoelectronics with high performance because they can exhibit a broad range of device functions. However, electronic devices based on electrospinning-driven nanofibers often suffer from poor performance and inferior quality. In current works, continuous and uniform high-quality indium oxide (In2O3) nanofibers were obtained by electrospinning. The surface morphology, crystallinity, optical, and electrical properties of the In2O3 nanofibers were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. It has been detected that the field-effect transistors (FETs) with optimized electrospinning time of 30 s demonstrated superior electrical performance, including a high field-effect mobility ( $\mu _{{\mathrm {FE}}}$ ) of 9.1 cm $^{2}\cdot \text{V}^{-1}\cdot \text{s}^{-1}$ and a large ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ of 107. The high- ${k}$ Al2O3 dielectric layer has also been used to greatly reduce the operating voltage (from 30 to 3 V), significantly improve $\mu _{{\mathrm {FE}}}$ (to 27.7 cm $^{2}\cdot \text{V}^{-1}\cdot \text{s}^{-1}$ ), and strengthen stability over cycling. To prove the device’s potential in more complex logic circuit applications, a resistor-loaded inverter was further integrated, and the maximum voltage gain of 9.8 was demonstrated at an ultralow operating voltage of 3 V. The present findings have demonstrated that electrospinning can potentially be used as a straightforward and cost-effective means for the assembly of 1-D nanostructures for use in next-generation low-power devices.

The flourishing metal-oxide high-k dielectric materials have been regarded as the vital components of low voltage operated flexible transparent electronic devices. We herein report that ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) and ZnSnO (ZTO) thin films were firstly integrated into ZTO-based thin film transistors (TFTs) with superior performance. Results have indicated that the 500 ℃-annealed ZTO/Yb2O3 TFTs possess the large saturation mobility of 9.1 cm2 V−1 S−1 and the high on/off current ratio of 2.15 × 107, which even surpass those of reported In-based TFTs. The deteriorative electrical properties in the aging process can be attributed to the carrier capture mechanism. However, the 460 ℃-processed TFTs demonstrate a tenfold increase in saturated mobility and an increase in on/off current ratio after 10 days aging. The inspiring electrical properties are attributed to the diffusion-activated carrier enhancement mechanism and electrons donor role of water molecular, which introduces a facile method to boost the device performance at lower processing temperatures. The neglected threshold voltage variations of 0.06 V and −0.2 V have been detected after bias stability experiments. The superior bias stability can be attributed to the charge delay effect induced by the continuous electric field. Meanwhile, the ultrahigh on/off current ratio of 1.1 × 107 and the recoverable transferring performance have verified the aging-activated mechanism. To confirm its potential application in digital circuits, a resistor-loaded inverter with gain of 5.6 has been constructed and good dynamic response behavior have been detected at a low voltage of 2 V. As a result, it can be concluded that the high temperature annealing TFTs need immediate encapsulation, while the performance of the lower temperature processing samples can be optimized after aging treatment, indicating the potential prospect in low power consumption large-scale flexible transparent devices.

Purpose Bank financing is an important external financing source for firm research and development (R&D) investment. This study aims to use an exponential quadratic specification to investigate the effect of bank competition on firm R&D investment and its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, this study checks bank competition’s heterogeneous effects on firm R&D investment. Design/methodology/approach Based on data of Chinese manufacturing firms and bank branches, this study uses the Tobit estimator, instrumental variable method and Heckman two-step approach to test the relationship between bank competition and firm R&D investment. Findings The results show robustness evidence of an inverted-U relationship between bank competition and firm R&D investment. Specifically, increases in bank competition promote firm R&D investment until bank competition reaches the turning point and reduce firm R&D investment after crossing the turning point. Financing costs and financial constraints can explain the inverted-U relationship between bank competition and firm R&D investment. Heterogeneity examinations reveal that R&D investment is more sensitive to bank competition in non-state-owned enterprises, small firms and high-tech firms. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between bank competition and firm innovation. The authors investigate the heterogeneity of R&D investment influenced by bank competition and depict the economic effects brought by bank competition. This study sheds light on the real effects of bank competition and the determinants of firm R&D investment in transition economies. The conclusions provide empirical evidence for reducing credit discrimination and improving capital allocation efficiency in developing countries.

Shaoyao-Gancao-Fuzi decoction, a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription and composed of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Paeoniaceae, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae, and Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., Ranunculaceae, exhibits an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, pharmacokinetic studies of its potential active ingredients have rarely been studied. The aim of present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoylmesaconine, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid after administration of the Shaoyao-Gancao-Fuzi decoction in rat. The plasma concentrations of the seven active components were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a good accuracy (87.62–109.71%), precision (2.96–11.38%), extract recovery (85.79–103.68%), matrix effect (90.38–107.77%), and stability (86.66–112.75%). As results, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, and benzoylmesaconine were rapidly absorbed with Tmax

In current work, InCaO x thin films with different Ca-doping concentrations were prepared via solution-processed method. A systematic investigation was conducted to reveal the variation in the physical properties of InCaO x thin films as a function of Ca-doping concentration by using various characteristic measurements. Results not only demonstrate that Ca-doping can change the optical properties, microstructure, and surface roughness of In2O3 thin films but also indicate that Ca-doping can effectively decrease oxygen vacancies in In2O3 thin films. By measuring the electrical properties of InCaO x /HfGdO x thin-film transistors (TFTs) at a low operating voltage of 5 V, it is noteworthy that Ca-doping can improve the deteriorated performance of In2O3/HfGdO x TFT caused by excessive oxygen vacancies. As Ca-doping concentration reaches 0.5%, InCaO x /HfGdO x TFT manifests superior performances, including a larger $\mu _{\text {FE}}$ of 15.1 cm2V−1s−1 and a higher ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ of $2.3\times \vphantom {{1}^{\frac {{1}}{{2}}}}\,\,10^{{7}}$ . Furthermore, the stability of In2O3/HfGdO x TFTs under positive bias stress is improved after Ca-doping. Finally, an inverter with a high gain of 6.0 is assembled on the basis of InCaO x /HfGdO x TFT. More importantly, these excellent performances of InCaO x /HfGdO x TFTs are achieved at a low operating voltage, which marks a giant step toward the achievement of low cost and low power consumption electrical devices.

In this work, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly aqueous-solution-based method has been adopted to prepare gadolinium-doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) gate dielectric thin films. By adjusting the gadolinium (Gd) doping concentration, the oxygen vacancy content, band offset, interface trap density, and dielectric constant of HfGdOx (HGO) thin films have been optimized. Results have confirmed that HGO thin films with Gd doping ratio of 15 at.% have demonstrated appropriate dielectric constant of 27.1 and lower leakage current density of 5.8 × 10−9 A cm-2. Amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (α-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) based on HGO thin film (Gd: 15 at.%) as gate dielectric layer have exhibited excellent electrical performance, such as larger saturated carrier mobility (μsat) of 20.1 cm2 V-1 S-1, high on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of ∼108, smaller sub-threshold swing (SS) of 0.07 V decade-1, and a negligible threshold voltage shift (△VTH) of 0.08 V under positive bias stress (PBS) for 7200 s. To confirm its potential application in logic circuit, a resistor-loaded inverter based on HGO/α-IGZO TFTs has been constructed. A high voltage gain of 19.8 and stable full swing characteristics have been detected. As a result, it can be concluded that aqueous-solution-driven HGO dielectrics have potential application in high resolution flat panel displays and ultra-large-scale integrated logic circuits.

Oral administration of curcumin has been shown to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis (PF) despite its extremely low bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-PF effect of curcumin in focus on intestinal endocrine. In bleomycin- and SiO(2)-treated mice, curcumin (75, 150 mg· kg(−1) per day) exerted dose-dependent anti-PF effect when administered orally or rectally but not intravenously, implying an intestinal route was involved in the action of curcumin. We speculated that curcumin might promote the generation of gut-derived factors and the latter acted as a mediator subsequently entering the lungs to ameliorate fibrosis. We showed that oral administration of curcumin indeed significantly increased the expression of gut-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in colon tissues. Furthermore, in bleomycin-treated mice, the upregulated protein level of HGF in lungs by oral curcumin was highly correlated with its anti-PF effect, which was further confirmed by coadministration of c-Met inhibitor SU11274. Curcumin (5−40 μM) dose-dependently increased HGF expression in primary mouse fibroblasts, macrophages, CCD-18Co cells (fibroblast cell line), and RAW264.7 cells (monocyte–macrophage cell line), but not in primary colonic epithelial cells. In CCD-18Co cells and RAW264.7 cells, curcumin dose-dependently activated PPARγ and CREB, whereas PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (1 μM) or cAMP response element (CREB) inhibitor KG-501 (10 μM) significantly decreased the boosting effect of curcumin on HGF expression. Finally, we revealed that curcumin dose-dependently increased the production of 15-deoxy-Δ(12, 14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in CCD-18Co cells and RAW264.7 cells, which was a common upstream of the two transcription factors. Moreover, both the in vitro and in vivo effects of curcumin were diminished by coadministration of HPGDS-inhibitor-1, an inhibitor of 15d-PGJ2 generation. Together, curcumin promotes the expression of HGF in colonic fibroblasts and macrophages by activating PPARγ and CREB via an induction of 15d-PGJ2, and the HGF enters the lungs giving rise to an anti-PF effect.

Shaoyao-Gancao-Fuzi decoction (SGFD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula, was originally described in "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and has been extensively used to dispel wind, eliminate dampness and treat paralysis. It is widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinic. However, the effect of SGFD on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) and the herb-drug interactions are rarely studied.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SGFD on the activity of CYP450s and evaluate the potential herb-drug interactions between SGFD and tofacitinib, commonly used disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in rheumatoid arthritis.The cocktail approach was employed to assess the effect of SGFD on the activity of CYP1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, and 2C9. The pharmacokinetic profile of oral administration of tofacitinib in rats after two weeks of treatment with SGFD was investigated. RT-qPCR and molecular docking were performed to unveil the underlying mechanism of the herb-drug interaction.SGFD had no effect on the activities of CYP2E1 and 2C9, had a weak effect on CYP2A6, and had activatory effect on CYP1A2. However, it had a dramatically inhibitory effect on the activity of CYP3A4. Simultaneously, the values of CThe system exposure of tofacitinib was increased by SGFD. SGFD could affect the activity and gene expression of the key metabolic enzyme CYP3A. These findings give a clear understanding to predict herb-drug interaction of SGFD for safe clinical use in future.

Madecassic acid (MA), a triterpene compound isolated from Centella Asiatica herbs, has previously been shown to attenuate colitis induced by DSS in mice. In the present study, we address whether and how MA ameliorates colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), which accounts for a considerable proportion of colorectal cancer.CAC was induced by AOM/DSS in mice, and MA was administered orally once a day. To identify the source cells of IL-17 and the target cells for MA reducing the expression of IL-17 in the colons of CAC mice, single-cell suspensions were prepared from the colons of CAC mice and analyzed by flow cytometry. An adoptive transfer experiment was performed to verify the importance of the decreasing γδT17 cell population in the anti-CAC effect of MA.Oral administration of MA reduced the burden and incidence of tumors in the CAC mice. MA decreased the number of MDSCs in the colon tissues of CAC mice and ameliorated anti-tumor immune responses. MA could prevent the migration of MDSCs by inhibiting the activation of γδT17 cells and the expression of chemokines. The population of activated-γδT17 cells in the tumor microenvironment of CAC mice positively correlated with the number of MDSCs and tumors as well as tumor load. Moreover, the anti-CAC effect of MA was significantly counteracted by the adoptive transfer of γδT17 cells.MA alleviates CAC by blocking the recruitment of MDSCs to increase the population of anti-tumor immune cells in tumor microenvironment via inhibition of the activation of γδT17 cells.

Norisoboldine (NOR), an alkaloid isolated from Radix Lindera, was previously reported to promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), an important subtype of lymphocytes capable of controlling autoimmune diseases. The present study was performed to explore the mechanism of NOR in the view of cellular metabolism. A global metabolomic analysis indicated that NOR preferentially altered the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway and elevated the content of related metabolites during Treg cell differentiation. The detection of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mRNA expression of FAO-related enzymes demonstrated that NOR promoted FAO in the early stage of Treg cell differentiation. Consistently, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of FAO markedly diminished the induction of NOR on Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, NOR was shown to elevate the level of acetyl-CoA derived from FAO and acetylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27) at the Foxp3 promoter and CNS2 regions. A knockdown of CPT1, the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, weakened the promotion of NOR on the development, acetyl-CoA level, and acetylation of H3K27 of Treg cells in vitro and in the mice with collagen-induced arthritis, and attenuated the anti-arthritic effect of NOR. These findings demonstrate that NOR induces the development of Treg cells through promoting FAO, therefore, facilitating gene transcription of Foxp3 via acetyl-CoA-mediated H3K27 acetylation modification, and FAO might serve as a novel target to induce Treg cell development.

The neuropeptide cortistatin (CST) has been reported to attenuate Th17 cell response in multiple disease models, but the mechanism of action remains obscure. Here, we show that either overexpression or exogenous addition of CST obviously restricts Th17 cell differentiation. As metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in Th17 cell development, we explore whether CST inhibits Th17 cell differentiation by regulating glycolysis. The results show that CST substantially attenuates the glycolysis during Th17 differentiation and down-regulates the mRNA expression of myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc) and hexokinase 2 (HK2), the glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme. Following the overexpression of Myc and HK2, the inhibitory effect of CST on Th17 differentiation nearly disappears, suggesting that Myc-HK2 pathway is deeply involved. Furthermore, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1 (GHSR1) is identified as the key receptor subtype for CST attenuating glycolysis and Th17 cell differentiation by the combined uses of CST with various receptor subtype blockers. The knockdown of GHSR1 abrogates the inhibition of CST on Th17 differentiation and glycolysis. Finally, in the colitis mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium, an intraperitoneal injection of CST markedly inhibits Th17 cell response and down-regulates the expression of HK2 in the Th17 cells, which is reversed by the combined use of GHSR1 antagonist. These findings suggest that inhibition of glycolysis is the key pathway for CST attenuating Th17 cell response, and GHSR1, Myc and HK2 are potential therapeutic targets of Th17 cell-related diseases.