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The fluorine-engineered exosomes (exo@FPG3) could overcome the biological barriers for efficient cytosolic delivery and enhance biological function of exosomes.

Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events are a current research focus in the fields of sedimentology and paleoclimatology. The Fushun Basin in northeast China contains continuous continental Eocene fine-grained rocks, and a series of Eocene hyperthermal events in the Fushun Basin have been identified. Because of the high cost of high-precision isotope data testing, it is necessary to find new and alternative paleoclimate parameters. In this study, Eocene coal and oil shale-bearing layers in the Fushun Basin are used as research objects. The high-precision data of magnetic susceptibility, color reflectance, rock composition, and cluster analyses are used to conduct a vertical comparison in the same category and compare that analysis with the identified Eocene hyperthermal events in the Fushun Basin. The preliminary results show that high-frequency-dependent susceptibility, high color reflectance

Tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis promotes the formation of new lymphatic vessels, contributing to lymph nodes (LNs) metastasis of tumor cells in both mice and humans. Vessel sprouting appears to be a critical step in this process. However, how lymphatic vessels sprout during tumor lymphangiogenesis is not well-established. Here, we report that S100A4 expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) promotes lymphatic vessel sprouting in a growing tumor by regulating glycolysis. In mice, the loss of S100A4 in a whole body (S100A4

The Meihe Basin is an important Paleogene coal-bearing basin located in the Dunhua-Mishan Fault Zone, northeastern China. Based on a comprehensive study of well logs, seismic profiles, cores and rock geochemical properties, the coal distribution, paleoenvironment evolution within a sequence stratigraphic framework and the accumulation model to explain how coal seams developed in small fault basinsw were discussed in detail. Three third-order sequences were identified in the Paleogene Meihe Formation of Meihe Basin and the two coal-bearing sequences are the Lower Coal-bearing Member of Sequence I and the Upper Coal-bearing Member of Sequence III. All three types of system tracts are developed in both sequences, i.e., the lowstand systems tract (LST), the transgressive systems tract (TST), and the highstand systems tract (HST). In LST of Sequence I, fan delta plain marsh is the main coal accumulating environment where coal seams are thin, discontinuous and therefore uneconomic for mining, and it is the same with all coal seams developed in Sequence III. While in TST and HST of Sequence I, lake swamp is the main sedimentary environment where coal seams are thick, continuous, widely distributed, and thus economically attractive for mining. In the study area, the nice thick economical coal seams are usually developed in an ideal stable depositional environment where organic matter accommodation space grows at a balanced rate with peat, in other words, free of sediment input or channel migration. The key findings of this study could provide guidance for the exploration of coal seams in the Meihe Basin and other similar basins.

The Meihe Basin is one of the important Paleogene coal-bearing fault basins of northeastern China in the Dunhua-Mishan Fault Zone. The Lower Coal-bearing Member and the Upper Coal-bearing Member are the primary layers studied. Through field observation, core description and observation under microscope, fan delta facies and lake facies are observed as the main sedimentary facies of the coal-bearing layers, and subfacies of fan delta plain, fan delta front, shallow lake and swamp have also been recognized. Coal seams primarily accumulated in the subfacies of swamp and fan delta plain. The study on sequence stratigraphy is based on outcrop section, well-log analysis, core observation and geochemical analysis. From the Lower Coal-bearing Member to the Upper Coal-bearing Member, three third-order sequences have been recognized; the Lower Coal-bearing Member developed in Sequence I and the Upper Coal-bearing Member developed in Sequence III, both sequences have developed the lowstand systems tract (LST), the transgressive systems tract (TST) and the highstand systems tract (HST). Single-factor analysis and the multifactor comprehensive mapping method have been used to rebuild the lithofacies palaeogeography of each system tract in Sequence I and Sequence III. Through analysis of contour maps of total stratum thickness, sandstone thickness and sand content, as well as contour maps of thicknesses and numbers of layers of coal seams, the results indicate that the sedimentary environments and coal seam distributions are variable in different system tracts. Coal types accumulating in the swamp facies are primarily developed in the transgressive systems tract (TST) and the highstand systems tract (HST) of Sequence I with a wide range of continuous and large thicknesses and may be mined commercially. Both the balanced accommodation growth rate with peat accumulation rate and little or no influence from sediment supply and channel migration promote to form the stable coal accumulating environments.

The Meihe Basin in northeastern China is a normal-fault-controlled basin filled with Eocene nonmarine deposits, the sediments assigned to the Meihe Formation. Sediment grain-sizes, core study, well-log analysis and micropetrographic study combined with sedimentary facies analysis indicate that the main sedimentary facies of the Meihe Basin represent fan-delta, lake, and turbidite deposits. Thick coal seams that are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the studied area were deposited in the swamp facies of the Lower Coal-Bearing Member. Oil shale was mainly deposited in the deep lake represented by the Mudstone Member, and is mainly distributed in the southern part of the studied area. In the Lower Coal-Bearing Member, organic-rich sediments are characterized by TOC content between 0.6 wt.% and 43.1 wt.%and contain Type II and III kerogen. The thick coal seams are the result of high landplant productivity and good preservation conditions. Thin coal seams in the fan-delta plain resulted from the migration and erosion of the fan-delta channel. In the shallow lake and fan-delta front, limited productivity coupled with dilution by inorganic matter resulted in lower organic-matter content in theMudstoneMember. Oil shale and mudstone rich in organic matter were deposited in a deep lake with an average TOC content of 3.4 wt.%. The origin of the organic matter was mainly algae and aquatic plants mixed with land plants. The improved preservation conditions and high bioproductivity in this environment resulted in three oil-shale layers in the lower part of this sedimentary succession. Three coal-bearing and oil-shale-bearing fault basins lie adjacent to the Dunhua-Mishan Fault zone, among which the Fushun Basin is located in the southwest, the Meihe Basin is in themiddle, and theHuadian Basin is in the southeast. From the Fushun Basin to the Huadian Basin, the oil shale and coal seams have distinct sedimentation characters laterally. Vertically in each basin, the organic-matter sources all have the same variation trend from land plants to land plants mixed with algae to algae then to algae mixed with land plants, and the TOC content also shows a similar trend from high to medium-high then to low in each basin.

As a case study, the Meihe Basin, a typical Cenozoic faulted basin, was divided into and identified as five three-order sequences by utilizing core, well logging, and seismic data, as well as palaeontological and geochemical data. Field measurements of sections, core observations, and a comprehensive analysis revealed that the basin is mainly composed of deposits of alluvial fan, fan delta, lacustrine facies, and gravity flows, and oil shale is mainly developed in semi-deep and deep lacustrine environments. The comprehensive study of the sediment-sequence stratigraphy indicates that Sequence I was formed in the initial rifting stage of the basin, dominated by coarse clastic sediments of alluvial fan and fan delta. Sequence II was formed in the rifting expansion stage of the basin, with more developed sediments of fan delta and lacustrine. Sequence III was formed in the largest expansion stage of the basin, dominated by mudstone of deep lacustrine facies and gravity flow deposits. Sequence IV was formed in the shrinking stage of the basin, dominated by sediments of delta and lacustrine fan. Oil shale are mainly developed in the transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (HST) of Sequence III (Mudstone Member of lacustrine facies). The lake flooding effect of TST can reduce the decomposition amount of organic matter, increase in organic matter production, and reduce the amount of dilution, thus forming oil shale with a thin consistency but high quality. In the period of the HST, the larger accommodation space and excellent organic matter preservation conditions are conducive to developing stable oil shale with a greater consistency. During the high water level period, however, due to the oxygen brought in by turbidites, the decomposition of organic matter is often increased, resulting in the formation of low-quality oil shale.

Thick dark source rocks were developed in the Qingshankou Formation (Late Cretaceous, Songliao Basin). According to sedimentary characteristics and systematical geochemical tests, the geological conditions of shale oil and gas accumulation are studied. The thick dark mudstone succession (TOC > 2%) is represented by deep lake environment and their thickness could reach 91 m in the center depression, Songliao Basin. Organic matter is mainly composed by type I and II1 kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance (0.5–0.7% Ro) and RockEval parameter Tmax (425–445°C) indicate that the source rock is marginal mature to mature. Abundant brittle minerals (average 51.1%) and the 4.1–14.0% porosity are developed in the mudstone. Based on the SEM and microscope observation, the micron level to nanometer level pores are the main reservoir for shale gas and oil. Through comprehensive analysis of these geological conditions, it is concluded that the lower part in the Qingshankou Formation has the potential to form shale oil and gas ...

The Meihe Basin is a Paleogene pull-apart basin. Long-flame coal, lignite and oil shale are coexisting energy resources deposited in this basin. Ninety-seven samples, including oil shales, coals, brown to gray silt and mudstone, have been collected from the oil shale- and coal-bearing layers to discover the rare earth element geochemistry. The total REE contents of oil shales and coals are 137–256 μg/g and 64–152 μg/g respectively. The chondrite-normalized patterns of oil shales and coals show LREE enrichments, HREE deficits, negative Eu anomalies and negligible Ce anomalies. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) as well as some trace elements is often used to reflect the paleoenvironment at the time of deposition. The results show that fine-grained sediments in both layers were deposited in dysoxic to oxic conditions and in a warm and humid climate, and coals were deposited in a warmer and more humid climate than oil shales. Oil shales and coals are both in the early stage of diagenesis and of terrigenous origin. Besides, diagrams of some major, trace and rare earth elements show that the fine-grained sediments of both layers in the Meihe Basin are mainly from the felsic volcanic rocks and granite, and that their source rocks are mostly deposited in the continental inland arc setting. The analysis of major elements shows that Si, Al, K and Ti, in both layers, are found mainly in a mixed clay mineral assemblage and that Si is also found in quartz. Sodium occurs primarily in clay minerals, whereas Ca is found mainly in the organic matter. In the coal-bearing layer, iron is mainly controlled by organic matter rather than detrital minerals. In contrast, in the oil shale-bearing layer, neither detrital minerals nor organic matter exert a control on the iron content. Analyzing the relationship between rare earth elements and major elements shows that REEs in the oil shales and the coals are both of terrigenous origin and are mainly controlled by detrital minerals rather than by organic matter. In both layers, REEs have no relationship with fine-grained phosphates, and during the weathering process, the REEs were not very mobile and were resistant to fractionation.