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Abstract Background To evaluate clinical outcomes and visual quality 3 months after mini-monovision (spherical equivalent [SE] between − 0.25 D and − 0.50 D) femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for correction of high myopia in patients with presbyopia. Methods Patients who had mini-monovision FS-LASIK for high myopia (SE < -6.0 D) and aged between 40 and 50 years were included. At the 3-month postoperative visit, we evaluated full range of visual acuity; defocus curve; optical quality; accommodation function, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. Binocular tests were done twice, once in mini-monovision condition and once with the residual myopia in the non-dominant eye corrected. Subjective visual quality was evaluated with questionnaire postoperatively with mini-monovision correction. Results Clinical data of 31 cases were analyzed. The average patient age was 42.58 ± 3.06 years. At the 3-month follow-up, the mean uncorrected binocular visual acuity at distance, intermediate, and near was − 0.11 ± 0.07, -0.06 ± 0.10, and 0.04 ± 0.11 logMAR separately. In comparison, patients with binocular full distance correction achieved better uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), and they achieved superior uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA, P = 0.04) with mini-monovision correction. FS-LASIK induced significant increases in higher-order aberrations (HOAs) (P

Abstract Background To analyze the clinical outcomes after topography-guided femtosecond laser–assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) with Phorcides Analytic Engine (PAE) algorithm or Custom-Q FS-LASIK for myopia with nonastigmatic eyes. Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 90 eyes with myopia without manifest astigmatism (82 patients) were included. All surgeries were performed by topography-guided FS-LASIK planned with a PAE algorithm (42 eyes) or Custom-Q system (48 eyes). Refractive, visual outcomes and corneal aberrations were compared between the two groups. Results At 6 months postoperatively, the postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/20 or better in 42 eyes (100%) in the PAE compared with 44 eyes (92%) in Custom-Q (P = .120). The postoperative UDVA of 20/16 or better was measured in 92% of eyes in the PAE group and 81% of eyes in the Custom Q group (P = .320). Postoperative corrected distance visual acuity, manifest refractive spherical equivalent and refractive astigmatism were similar between the two groups (P > .05). The postoperative optical path difference (OPD) and Strehl ratio (SR) were significantly better in the PAE group compared with the Custom Q group. Conclusions Topography-guided FS-LASIK with PAE algorithm or Custom Q demonstrated similar refractive efficacy and predictability. PAE for the patients with zero manifest astigmatism demonstrated better results in correcting corneal aberrations.

PurposeTo comprehensively compare the long-term outcome of the combined topography guided photorefractive keratectomy (TG-PRK) with accelerated corneal cross-linking (ACXL) and ACXL alone in eyes with progressive keratoconus. The analysis focused on the changes in the detailed corneal aberrometric values.MethodsThis single-center, prospective cohort study included 28 patients (30 eyes) of the TG-PRK plus ACXL group and 14 patients (15 eyes) of the ACXL alone group. The mean duration of the follow-up was 44 ± 10.18 months (ranged from 31 to 65 months). The preoperative data and the postoperative measurement data at the last follow-up visit, including demographic data, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction, corneal topography, pachymetry, aberrometry and densitometry were analyzed.ResultsThe CDVA significantly improved in the TG-PRK plus ACXL group at the last follow-up visit (p = 0.006), while no significant improvement was found in the ACXL alone group (p = 0.432). The maximal keratometry of the anterior corneal surface (Kmax) of both groups significantly decreased at the last follow-up visit (p

Abstract Background To evaluate the difference in anterior chamber depth (ACD) between two eyes among keratoconus patients with binocular very asymmetric ectasia (VAE) and to explore the influencing factors. Methods The corneal curvature and ACD in both eyes of patients with VAE were measured by Sirius (version 3.2, CSO, Italy) at the following points: corneal vertex, maximum curvature (apex), and the 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm, and 3.5 mm superior-, inferior-, nasal-, temporal-paracentral from center. The mean pupil power (MPP) and corneal morphology parameters were also measured. Correlations between ACD and curvature and morphology parameters were analyzed by linear regression. Results 172 eyes of 86 patients (9 to 45 years) were classified into the VAE-N (n = 86) group and the VAE-E group (n = 86) based on the corneal morphology. The central (3.32 ± 0.27 mm versus 3.43 ± 0.29 mm, P

Abstract Introduction Chronic ocular pain, particularly prevalent in patients with dry eye disease and post-femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) surgery, presents with unclear clinical characteristics and an undefined pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare clinical characteristics and tear neuropeptide concentrations in patients with dry eye disease (DED) with and without chronic ocular pain following FS-LASIK, and investigate correlations between ocular pain, clinical characteristics, and tear neuropeptide levels. Methods Thirty-eight post–FS-LASIK patients with DED were assigned to two groups: those with chronic ocular pain and those without chronic ocular pain. Dry eye, ocular pain, and mental health-related parameters were evaluated using specific questionnaires and tests. The morphology of corneal nerves and dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy. Function of corneal innervation was evaluated by corneal sensitivity. Concentrations of tear cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-23, IL-17A, and interferon-γ) and neuropeptides (α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neurotensin, β-endorphin, oxytocin, and substance P [SP]) were measured using the Luminex assay. Results Most patients with chronic ocular pain experienced mild to moderate pain; the most common types included stimulated pain (provoked by wind and light), burning pain, and pressure sensation. More severe dry eye (P

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a novel shape index, the Pentacam Random Forest Index (PRFI), in detecting keratoconus (KC), specifically subclinical keratoconus, in Chinese refractive surgery candidates. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 856 participants who were divided into four groups based on their tomographic outcomes: the KC group (n = 137), the very asymmetric ectasia (VAE) group (n = 73), the normal cornea group (n = 363) and the tomographically suspected KC (TSK) group (n = 283). The diagnostic performance of PRFI and other widely used indices, including the shape index BAD-D and the combined index TBI, was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and compared using DeLong’s test. The area under the curve (AUC), best cutoff values, and Youden index for each parameter are reported. Additionally, the false-positive rates of BAD-D and PRFI were calculated and compared in “normal corneas”. Results: All shape and biomechanical parameters collected in this study were found to be significantly different among the four groups (KC, VAE, TSK, and normal groups; p = 0.000). The AUC of PRFI was the highest in detecting any form of KC (including clinical KC eyes and VAE-NT eyes) in Chinese refractive surgery candidates, outperforming the widely used shape index BAD-D (0.919 vs. 0.890, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in performance between the PRFI and the combined TBI index (0.919 vs. 0.916, p > 0.05). For detecting subclinical KC eyes (i.e., VAE-NT), the AUC of PRFI was 0.774, which was statistically comparable to TBI (0.774 vs. 0.776, p > 0.05), while outperforming BAD-D (0.774 vs. 0.684, p < 0.001). The best cutoff values of PRFI for detecting any KC and VAE-NT eyes were determined to be 0.37 and 0.27, respectively. Additionally, PRFI demonstrated a lower false-positive rate than BAD-D (13.8% vs. 43.8%, p < 0.001). Notably, the relatively high false-positive rate of BAD-D observed in this study might be attributed to the smaller horizontal corneal diameter in tomographically suspected eyes. Conclusions: The PRFI proved to be a superior shape index compared to BAD-D in detecting any form of keratoconus, including subclinical cases, in Chinese refractive surgery candidates. This finding may be attributed to the relatively small corneas commonly observed in Asians.

Abstract Background Orthokeratology lenses, which are worn overnight, are recommended for reducing myopia progression. They lie on the cornea and can influence the ocular surface by temporarily reshaping the corneal surface through a reverse geometry design. This study investigated the effect of overnight orthokeratology lenses on tear film stability and meibomian gland status in children aged 8–15 years. Methods This prospective, self-controlled study included 33 children with monocular myopia who were prescribed orthokeratology lenses for at least one year. The experimental group (ortho-k group) comprised 33 myopic eyes. The control group comprised the emmetropic eyes of the same participants. Tear film stability and meibomian gland status were measured using a Keratograph 5M (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare the data between the two groups. Results At the one-year visit, the non-invasive first tear film break-up time (NIBUTf) values were 6.15 ± 2.56 s and 6.18 ± 2.61 s in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The lower tear meniscus height was 18.74 ± 0.05 μm and 18.65 ± 0.04 μm in these groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed in loss of meibomian glands or non-invasive average tear film break-up time between the experimental and control groups using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Conclusions The stability of the tear film and meibomian gland status were not significantly affected by wearing orthokeratology lenses overnight, indicating that continuous use of orthokeratology lenses for 12 months has a minimal effect on the ocular surface. This finding can help guide the clinical management of tear film quality with respect to the use of orthokeratology contact lenses.

PurposeTo investigate the impact of patient-reported visual disturbance on dynamic visual acuity in myopic patients after corneal refractive surgery.MethodsThis is a prospective nonrandomized study. Adult myopic patients receiving bilateral photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), or small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) with Plano target were included. Eight types of patient-reported visual disturbance were evaluated regarding frequency, severity and bothersome and dynamic visual acuity (DVA) of 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) was measured postoperatively at 3 months.ResultsThe study enrolled 95 patients with an average age of 27.6 ± 6.4 years. The most frequently reported visual disturbance was the fluctuation in vision (70.5%), followed by glare (66.3%) and halo (57.4%). Postoperative DVA at 80 dps was significantly associated with the total score of haloes (p = 0.038) and difficulty in judging distance (p = 0.046). Significant worse postoperative DVA at 40 dps was observed in patients with haloes than those without (p = 0.024). The DVA at 80 dps for patients without haloes or difficulty in judging distance was significantly better than that with the symptoms (haloes, p = 0.047; difficulty in judging distance, p = 0.029). Subgroup analysis by surgical procedures demonstrated that the significant difference in DVA between patients with and without visual disturbance was only observed in patients receiving FS-LASIK.ConclusionPostoperatively, myopic patients undergoing corneal refractive surgery with haloes or difficulty in judging distance have significantly worse low and high-speed DVA than those without the symptoms. The present study provided the basis for postoperative guidance in daily tasks involving dynamic vision when patients have visual disturbances.

Purpose: To evaluate the interocular consistency of biomechanical properties in normal, keratoconus (KC) and subclinical keratoconus (SKC) populations and explore the application of interocular asymmetry values in KC and SKC diagnoses.Methods: This was a retrospective chart-review study of 331 ametropic subjects (control group) and 207 KC patients (KC group, including 94 SKC patients). Interocular consistency was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Interocular asymmetry was compared between the control and KC groups and its correlation with disease severity was analyzed. Three logistic models were constructed using biomechanical monocular parameters and interocular asymmetry values. The diagnostic ability of interocular asymmetry values and the newly established models were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration curves. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were also estimated.Results: The interocular consistency significantly decreased and the interocular asymmetry values increased in KC patients compared with those in control individuals. In addition, the interocular asymmetry values increased with respect to the severity of KC. The binocular assisted biomechanical index (BaBI) had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.998 (97.8% sensitivity, 99.2% specificity; cutoff 0.401), which was statistically higher than that of the Corvis biomechanical index [CBI; AUC = 0.935, p < 0.001 (DeLong’s test), 85.6% sensitivity]. The optimized cutoff of 0.163 provided an AUC of 0.996 for SKC with 97.8% sensitivity, which was higher than that of CBI [AUC = 0.925, p < 0.001 (DeLong’s test), 82.8% sensitivity].Conclusion: Biomechanical interocular asymmetry values can reduce the false-negative rate and improve the performance in KC and SKC diagnoses.

Abstract Background To assess the visual and refractive outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) concurrent with accelerated cross-linking (LASIK Xtra) compared with conventional FS-LASIK (convLASIK) for high myopia in Chinese individuals. Methods In this prospective, randomized, fellow-eye comparison study, 25 patients with high myopia were treated randomly with LASIK Xtra in one eye and convLASIK in the other. A 24-month follow-up was conducted, and the main outcome measures included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) and corneal tomography. Results The UDVA was 0.09 ± 0.15 logMAR in the LASIK Xtra group, which was significantly worse than that in the convLASIK group 1 day postoperatively (P = .001), but the difference became nonsignificant from 1 week after surgery. The efficacy index was 0.88 ± 0.18 in the LASIK Xtra eyes and 0.99 ± 0.13 in the convLASIK eyes at 24 months (P = .028). Throughout the follow-up period, a slight myopic shift in the MRSE and keratometry values were observed in both groups without significant intergroup differences. The coefficient of determination was 0.9982 in the LASIK Xtra eyes and 0.9987 in the convLASIK eyes. The corneal density was significantly higher, and demarcation lines were visible in the first 6 months in LASIK Xtra eyes, but both signs of cross-linking gradually disappeared during follow-up. No severe complications were detected in either group. Conclusions LASIK Xtra showed comparable safety and predictability with convLASIK for high myopia in Chinese, but lower efficacy and no greater stability was observed up to 24-month follow-up.

PurposeTo investigate the influence of different corneal refractive surgeries on dynamic visual acuity (DVA), and explore its potential influence factors.MethodsThis was a prospective non-randomized study. Adult myopic patients undergoing bilateral laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), or small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) with Plano refraction target were enrolled. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA/CDVA), manifest refraction and binocular optotype-moving DVA of 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively up to 3 months.ResultsThe study included 264 eyes of 132 subjects, with an average age of 27.0 ± 6.7 years, and females accounted for 59% of the participants. Significant improvement was observed at the 3-month visit for 40 dps (SMILE, P = 0.001; LASEK, P = 0.006; FS-LASIK, P = 0.010) and 80 dps (SMILE, P = 0.011; LASEK, P = 0.025; FS-LASIK, P = 0.012) DVA. Adjusting for pre-operative DVA, there was no significant difference in DVA among groups at 3 months post-operatively (P > 0.05 for multiple comparisons). Overall, multiple linear models demonstrated that post-operative DVA at 3 months was correlated with pre-operative DVA (40 dps, β = 0.349, P = 0.001; 80 dps, β = 0.447, P < 0.001), pre-operative spherical equivalent (40 dps, β = 0.311, P = 0.003; 80 dps, β = 0.261, P = 0.009) and post-operative UDVA (40 dps, β = −0.224, P = 0.024; 80 dps, β = −0.188, P = 0.05).ConclusionDynamic visual acuity at 3 months post-operatively of the three corneal refractive surgeries was better than that before the surgery in adult myopic patients, and there was no significant difference among different surgical techniques. Post-operative DVA at 3 months was found correlated with pre-operative DVA, pre-operative SE, and post-operative UDVA. With further improvement, DVA could be a promising functional visual indicator for myopic patients undergoing refractive surgeries.

Abstract Background In vivo corneal biomechanics evaluation has been used to help screen early keratoconus in recent years. This study is to evaluate the value of a Scheimpflug-based biomechanical analyser combined with tomography in detecting subclinical keratoconus by distinguishing normal eyes from frank keratoconus (KC) and forme frusta keratoconus (FFKC) eyes in Chinese patients. Methods Study design: diagnostic test. This study included 31 bilateral frank keratoconus patients, 27 unilateral clinically manifesting keratoconus patients with very asymmetric eyes, and 79 control subjects with normal corneas. Corneal morphological and biomechanical parameters were measured using a Pentacam HR and a Corvis ST (OCULUS, Wetzlar, Germany). The diagnostic ability of computed parameters reflecting corneal biomechanical and morphological traits [including the Belin-Ambrósio deviation index (BAD_D), the Corvis biomechanical index (CBI) and the tomographic and biomechanical index (TBI)] was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and compared by the DeLong test. Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC), the best cut-off values, and the Youden index for each parameter were reported. A novel corneal stiffness parameter, the stress-strain index (SSI), was also compared between KC, FFKC and normal eyes. Results Every morphological and biomechanical index analysed in this study was significantly different among KC, FFKC and normal eyes (P = 0.000). The TBI was most valuable in detecting subclinical keratoconus (FFKC eyes), with an AUC of 0.928 (P = 0.000), and both forms of corneal ectasia (FFKC and frank KC eyes), with an AUC of 0.966 (P = 0.000). The sensitivity and specificity of the TBI was 97.5 and 77.8 % in detecting FFKC and 97.5 and 89.7 % in detecting any KC, respectively, with a cut-off value of 0.375. The morphological index BAD_D and the biomechanical index CBI were also very useful in distinguishing eyes with any KC from normal eyes, with AUCs of 0.965 and 0.934, respectively. The SSI was significantly different between KC, FFKC and normal eyes (P = 0.000), indicating an independent decrease in corneal stiffness in KC eyes. Conclusions The combination of a Scheimpflug-based biomechanical analyser and tomography could increase the accuracy in detecting subclinical keratoconus in Chinese patients. The TBI was the most valuable index for detecting subclinical keratoconus, with a high sensitivity and specificity. Evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties in refractive surgery candidates could be helpful for recognizing potential keratoconic eyes and increasing surgical safety.

Abstract Background to study the outcomes of topography-guided customized excimer laser subepithelial ablation combined with accelerated CXL for progressive keratoconus. Methods Thirty-one eyes of 30 patients with progressive keratoconus were included in this prospective study. Topography-guided excimer laser ablation without refractive correction was performed. Simultaneous accelerated collagen cross-linking with ultraviolet light of 30 mW/cm2 for 4 min was followed. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA), manifest refraction, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), tomograghy were examined at postoperative 1, 6, and 12 months. Results UDVA improved slightly after surgery (P > 0.05). BSCDVA improved significantly from 0.32 ± 0.20 logMAR to 0.15 ± 0.14 logMAR at postoperative 12 months (P

PurposeTo compare visual outcomes and corneal optical quality after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), wavefront-optimized (WFO) FS-LASIK, and topography-guided customized ablation treatment (TCAT) FS-LASIK for myopia.MethodsThis prospective case-series study included 283 eyes of 283 myopic patients who underwent SMILE or FS-LASIK. There were 102, 100, and 81 eyes in the SMILE group, WFO group and TCAT group, respectively. The tomography system (Sirius) was used to measure corneal aberrations and optical quality.ResultsAt postoperative 1 and 6 months, there were no significant differences in uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity among the three groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative manifest refractive spherical equivalent was similar among the groups (P > 0.05). There was statistically significant difference in cylinder at 1 month among the three groups, with the highest mean value in TCAT group (P < 0.05). The corneal optical path difference, root mean square of corneal astigmatism and strehl ratio were the most superior in the TCAT group at postoperative 1 and 6 months (P < 0.05).ConclusionSMILE, WFO FS-LASIK, and TCAT FS-LASIK provided similar visual results. The corneal visual quality after TCAT FS-LASIK was the best.

PurposeTo analyze the level of sex hormone in relation to keratoconus (KC).MethodsSixty-two eyes of 62 patients (12 females, 50 males) classified as KC and 120 eyes of 120 patients (21 females, 99 males) with mild to moderate myopia and astigmatism were analyzed. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed using a chemiluminescence immunoassay to determine the concentrations of estriol (E3), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T). Corneal morphological parameters, such as the central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), and maximum simulated keratometry (Kmax), were measured using Pentacam and Sirius.ResultsThe mean age was 23.73 ± 5.16 years for patients with KC and 23.68 ± 6.10 years for patients treated with laser vision correction (LVC). Among the patients with KC, 12 were female (19.35%) and 50 were male (80.65%). The majority of patients with KC were between 20 and 30 years old. In female patients, the concentration of T in the KC group was significantly lower than that in the LVC group (0.86 ± 0.33 vs. 1.18 ± 0.58 nmol/L; P = 0.044). There were positive correlations between T, CCT (r = 0.395, P = 0.023) and TCT (r = 0.378, P = 0.030) in female patients. In male patients, E2 was higher in the KC group than the LVC group (143.75 ± 34.82 vs. 124.80 ± 43.56 pmol/L; P = 0.013), while T was significantly lower (11.59 ± 2.85 vs. 13.58 ± 4.77 nmol/L; P = 0.026). A positive correlation was found between E2 and Kmax (r = 0.222, P = 0.007) in male patients.ConclusionsConclusively, our results showed that T level was reduced in both female and male KC plasma, while E2 was increased in male KC plasma. Different levels of sex hormones are correlated with KC, which, may provide the basis of a new technique for screening and diagnosing KC with or without the assistance of current imaging techniques. Moreover, the correlations between sex hormone alterations and KC provide compelling insight into KC etiopathogenesis.

It is very difficult to evaluate the effects of government governance.Without a good evaluation method and evaluation system,the effects of government governance cannot be guaranteed.Understanding the intention of web users in the topic of government governance from the perspective of natural language question-and-answering was proposed.By constructing a knowledge graph of intentions,equivalent questions and intentions were associated.The definition,construction framework and usage examples in government governance were illustrated,showing that knowledge graph of intentions is an effective way to evaluate the effects of government governance.In the context of government governance,by using the knowledge graphs of intentions,the intention fields between different governance subjects under the same governance topic were analyzed and compared,the effects of specific governance subjects on specific governance topics were analyzed,and the issues remained in government governance were found.

Data is an important resource for governments,businesses and institutions.Data governance focuses on many aspects of effective use of data resources,such as data asset,data management,data sharing,and data privacy.A key techniquedata wrangling-in data governance from the perspective of data management was explored.The key technologies of data wrangling based on data owners and direct users-industry users were emphasized,including data structure processing,data quality assessment and data cleaning,data normalization,data fusion and extraction,data publishing and sharing,etc.Finally,some thoughts on strengthening the research on data organization were put forward.

OLAP (online analytical processing) is a key technology of business intelligence based on relational data. In big data era, people want to achieve high performance OLAP using a large cluster of ordinary nodes. However, the performance of such systems is a big challenge. Recently, many SQL on Hadoop systems have been proposed to address this challenge. We have seen a significant performance improvement of such systems. A survey of technology development of OLAP technologies was first provided. Then, a study of the performance of three representatives SQL on Hadoop systems was focused on. Based on the results, it is expected that such systems will play an very important role in the market of low cost OLAP analysis.

With the rapid development of data analytics,data preparation has become a major bottleneck.The two essential challenges for data preparation on cost and time were analyzed.To address the challenges,the research progress on human-in-theloop data preparation was reviewed.Firstly,interactive data preparation was reviewed,which aimed to reduce the time for data preparation by predictively interacting with the end users.Then,crowdsourced data preparation was introduced,which utilize human’s computational power from the crowd to support foundamental data preparation tasks,and developed algorithms for controlling result quality and reducing crowdsourcing cost.Finally,future research directions were summarized and discussed.

To adapt to data science and big data talent cultivation requirements of the new era,School of Information,Renmin University of China has reformed its course system in recent years.Three course groups as problem solving,computer system,and data science has been designed.Firstly,the behind idea of the three course groups was presented,then the focus was shifted to the introduction of the first course among the data science course group,i.e.“introduction to data science”,including objective and positioning of the course,course contents,teaching program,access method,and project design.

Big data era has arrived.In order to extract the value from big data,the community needs a large number of qualified data scientists.The training of data scientists is a pressing problem.School of Information Renmin University of China (Computer Science Department) proposed the construction thinking of building a curriculum system of three course groups,among them“Introduction to Data Science” is an introductory course of the data science course group.Firstly,the key technologies were introduced by cases for students to easily grasp the basic idea were introduced.Besides that,in order to enhance students' ability to analyze real problems (complex engineering problems) and to solve them,a whole-process practice case for a mediumsized practical problem was provided.Data science is an interdisciplinary subject,the course should reflect the interdisciplinary characteristics.For example,for time series data,the methods from statistics perspective and data mining /machine learning perspective to model and analyze the data,some comparison of the methods was given.

The value of big data can be presented in different means，and therefore it has different ways to extract the value out of big data.Three approaches of value extraction on big data:data service，data analytics，and data exploration were summarized.The characteristics of these approaches were analyzed and compared.In summary，data service reflects the value of data from the micro-level by supporting high-performance and high-throughput read and write operations.Data analysis focuses on the usage of statistical models to generalize data distribution at macro-level，and it extracts values by generating insights from data.Data exploration focuses on interactive models in the constant interchange of micro-level and macrolevel to guide the users browse and discover values out of the data.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of accommodation function on the difference between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic subjective and automatic refraction in adult myopes. Methods: Myopic patients between 18 and 50 years old evaluated at Peking University Third Hospital who underwent cycloplegic and noncycloplegic automatic and subjective refraction were enrolled. Accommodation function, including negative and positive relative accommodation (PRA/NRA) and accommodation response (binocular cross cylinder, BCC) was examined. Results: Of the 3268 individuals enrolled, the mean age was 27.3 ± 6.9 years, and 34.8% of participants were male. The noncycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) was 0.23 ± 0.29 D and 0.64 ± 0.61 D more myopic than cycloplegic subjective and automatic refraction. Adjusting for associated factors, participants with at least 0.50 D of more myopia SE refraction by noncycloplegic subjective refraction were more likely to be older (odds ratio [OR], 1.029; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.013–1.045) and with insufficient (OR, 1.514; 95% CI, 1.093–2.096) and excessive (OR, 2.196; 95% CI, 1.538–3.137) NRA value. The automatic refraction SE difference of at least 1.00 D more myopia was more likely to be found in individuals with older age (OR, 1.036; 95% CI, 1.022–1.050) and accommodative lead (OR, 1.255; 95% CI, 1.004–1.568). Conclusion: A quarter of adult myopes had at least 0.50 and 1.00 D of subjective and automatic SE difference with cycloplegia. The accommodation function significantly affects the difference between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction. Investigating the differences in refraction measurement guarantees the proper use of cycloplegia in adults for myopia correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the impact of patient-reported visual disturbance on dynamic visual acuity in myopic patients after corneal refractive surgery. Methods: This is a prospective nonrandomized study. Adult myopic patients receiving bilateral photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), or small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) with Plano target were included. Eight types of patient-reported visual disturbance were evaluated regarding frequency, severity and bothersome and dynamic visual acuity (DVA) of 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) was measured postoperatively at 3 months. Results: The study enrolled 95 patients with an average age of 27.6 ± 6.4 years. The most frequently reported visual disturbance was the fluctuation in vision (70.5%), followed by glare (66.3%) and halo (57.4%). Postoperative DVA at 80 dps was significantly associated with the total score of haloes (p = 0.038) and difficulty in judging distance (p = 0.046). Significant worse postoperative DVA at 40 dps was observed in patients with haloes than those without (p = 0.024). The DVA at 80 dps for patients without haloes or difficulty in judging distance was significantly better than that with the symptoms (haloes, p = 0.047; difficulty in judging distance, p = 0.029). Subgroup analysis by surgical procedures demonstrated that the significant difference in DVA between patients with and without visual disturbance was only observed in patients receiving FS-LASIK. Conclusion: Postoperatively, myopic patients undergoing corneal refractive surgery with haloes or difficulty in judging distance have significantly worse low and high-speed DVA than those without the symptoms. The present study provided the basis for postoperative guidance in daily tasks involving dynamic vision when patients have visual disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]