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Verbascoside treatment ameliorated cognitive and memory deficits in db/db mice by reshaping the gut microbiome composition, alleviating diabetic metabolic disturbances, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and protecting the synaptic ultrastructure.

Background To systematically analyze the knowledge mapping of global development trends and display the status quo, intellectual base and hotspots in ML. Methods We searched for scientific publications related to the application of machine learning (ML) in pharmacy from 1970 to 2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) on February 22, 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used for analyzing key features of the application of ML in pharmacy searches, including annual output, countries, organizations, journals, authors, references, research hotspots, and frontiers. Results A total of 13677 studies were extracted as published between 1970 and 2021. Our results suggested that increased numbers of researchers paid more attention to ML applications in pharmacy during this period. Research collaboration was close enough between research countries, organizations and authors. The United States was the country of highest production. California System ranked at the first. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling published the most studies. Schneider G participated in the highest number of studies. Publication “Breiman L, 2001, Mach Learn, V45, P5” was the one with the highest co-citation number. Research hotspots and frontiers included neural network (NN), artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning (DL). Conclusion The amount of researches related to ML applications in pharmacy increased from 1990. NN, ANN, and DL were the recent research focuses, therefore more attentions were needed in those research fields.

T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common mycotoxins in grains and related products. It is considered a risk factor for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), an endemic osteoarthritis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that T-2 toxin can cause extracellular matrix degradation; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Integrins have been found to regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the 'scissors' of matrix proteins. In this study, we investigated whether integrin αv played a role in T-2 toxin-induced matrix degradation. Results from our study showed that the expression of integrin αv in the cartilage of rats fed T-2 toxin was reduced compared to that in rats fed a normal diet. Integrin αv was downregulated in T-2 toxin-treated C28/I2 chondrocytes, and selenium was found to have a protective effect. The expression of MMP-1, -3, -10, and -13 increased whereas that of type II collagen (Col II) protein decreased in C28/I2 cells treated with an integrin αv inhibitor. In conclusion, T-2 toxin can downregulate integrin αv expression in chondrocytes. Reduced integrin αv signalling could induce the release of MMPs, leading to matrix degradation.

Neuroglia are important modulators of neuronal functionality, and thus play an integral role in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain (NP). According to traditional Chinese medicine, Frankincense-Myrrh is capable of "activating blood and dissipating blood stasis", and as such these two biological compounds are commonly used to treat NP, however, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of such treatment are unclear.This study aimed to further elucidate the protective effects associated with the Frankincense-Myrrh treatment of NP.A chronic sciatic nerve compression injury (CCI) model of NP was established, after which animals were gavaged with Frankincense, Myrrh, Frankincense-Myrrh, or the positive control drug pregabalin for 14 days. Network pharmacology approaches were used to identify putative pathways and targets associated with the Frankincense-Myrrh-mediated treatment of NP, after which these targets were subjected to in-depth analyses. The impact of TLR4 blockade on NP pathogenesis was assessed by intrathecally administering a TLR4 antagonist (LRU) or the MyD88 homodimerization inhibitory peptide (MIP).Significant alleviation of thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in response to Frankincense and Myrrh treatment was observed in NP model mice, while network pharmacology analyses suggested that the pathogenesis of NP may be related to TLR4/MyD88-mediated neuroinflammation. Consistently, Frankincense-Myrrh treatment was found to reduce TLR4, MyD88, and p-p65 expression in spinal dorsal horn neuroglia from treated animals, in addition to inhibiting neuronal TRPV1 and inflammatory factor expression. Intrathecal LRU and MIP delivery were sufficient to alleviate thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in these CCI model mice, with concomitant reductions in neuronal TRPV1 expression and neuroglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn.These data suggest that Frankincense-Myrrh treatment was sufficient to alleviate NP in part via inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 pathway and TRPV1 signaling activity. Blocking TLR4 and MyD88 activation may thus hold value as a means of treating NP.

Weighted least-squares (WLS) phase unwrapping is widely used in optical engineering. However, this technique still has issues in coping with discontinuity as well as noise. In this paper, a new WLS phase unwrapping algorithm based on the least-squares orientation estimator (LSOE) is proposed to improve phase unwrapping robustness. Specifically, the proposed LSOE employs a quadratic error norm to constrain the distance between gradients and orientation vectors. The estimated orientation is then used to indicate the wrapped phase quality, which is in terms of a weight mask. The weight mask is calculated by post-processing, including a bilateral filter, STDS, and numerical relabeling. Simulation results show that the proposed method can work in a scenario in which the noise variance is 1.5. Comparisons with the four WLS phase unwrapping methods indicate that the proposed method provides the best accuracy in terms of segmentation mean error under the noisy patterns.

Phase Measurement Profilometry (PMP) plays an important role in reconstructing three-dimensional surface of objects. However, the reconstructed profile error is always resulted from gamma distortion. In this paper, a simple and efficient method is proposed to solve the gamma distortion. Firstly, the fringe mapping is analyzed via Gamma distortion model. Then, based on the phase-shifting keying (PSK), two sets of phase-shifting patterns of different phase are generated separately. It shows that the effect of the second harmonic can be eliminated by adding the corresponding captured fringe patterns. Finally, the accurate wrapped phase can be obtained. The proposed method does not require the phase error compensation and the pre-calibrated procedure. Experiments show that the proposed method has good performance in terms of accuracy and correction effect.

It is a challenge to accelerate the acquisition speed of the three-frequency heterodyne due to the property of multi- frame. In this paper, we propose a composite three-frequency heterodyne technique. Specifically, the frequency division multiplexing (FDM) technique is applied to combine three phase- shifting patterns of each frequency into a composite pattern by modulating each phase-shifting pattern onto the carrier pattern and summing them. This multiplexing technique reduces 9 projection images in the three-frequency heterodyne method to 3 images. Experimental results show that the average plane fitting error of the reconstructed white plate is approximately 0.58mm, which is comparable to other commonly used methods while accelerating the acquisition speed.

Recent evidence suggests a role of type II collagen in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) degeneration. We aimed to assess the abnormal expression of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) which is associated with a decrease in type II collagen and an increase in cartilage degradation in KBD. Hand phalange cartilages were collected from KBD and healthy children. Rats were administered with T-2 toxin under the selenium (Se)-deficient diet. ATDC5 cells were seeded on bone matrix gelatin to construct engineered cartilaginous tissue. C28/I2 and ATDC5 cells and engineered tissue were exposed to different concentrations of T-2 toxin with or without Se. Cartilage degeneration was determined through histological evaluation. The distribution and expression of type II collagen and HSP47 were investigated through immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time PCR. KBD cartilages showed increased chondronecrosis and extracellular matrix degradation in deep zone with decreased type II collagen and HSP47 expression. The low-Se + T-2 toxin animal group showed a significantly lower type II collagen expression along with decreased HSP47 expression. Decreased type II collagen and HSP47 in C28/I2 and ATDC5 cells induced by T-2 toxin showed a dose-dependent manner. Hyaline-like cartilage with zonal layers was developed in engineered cartilaginous tissues, with decreased type II collagen and HSP47 expression found in T-2 toxin-treated group. Se-supplementation partially antagonized the inhibitory effects of T-2 toxin in chondrocytes and cartilages. HSP47 plays a role in the degenerative changes of KBD and associated with T-2 toxin-induced decreased type II collagen expression, further promoting matrix degradation.

In this paper, the problem of caching at small base stations (SBSs) is investigated, where the SBSs are allowed to communicate with each other through a fixed communication topology. Assume that the central controller can only serve a subset of SBSs due to its limited capacity, when the cellular users request files. A problem rises in selecting which SBSs to cache the files requested in order to minimize the delay of file transmission from the SBS to the user. Moreover, the delay associated with all the user in the wireless network depends on the number of requirements. Motivated by this, the problem of selecting which SBSs to cache which file for minimizing the delay experienced by the cellular users is studied. We formulate the problem of minimizing the latency experienced by the cellular users as an integer programming problem and then propose a corresponding algorithm to obtain the optimal caching strategy. The numerical simulations show the validity of the proposed algorithm.es, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract.

Aiming at the measurement method of electrical capacitance tomography, a set of micro-capacitance acquisition system for planar array capacitance sensor is designed. Using the circuit principle design of high sensitivity and anti-interference, a dual-channel signal generator with adjustable amplitude and phase was designed to excite the capacitance sensor. The core capacitance voltage conversion circuit of the acquisition system adopts an AC excitation type conversion circuit with the ability to resist stray capacitance interference, and analyzes the error influencing factors in combination with the actual circuit components. The array control switch group is designed for multi-channel switching acquisition, and optimized in conjunction with the capacitor voltage conversion circuit. For the phase demodulation method, an orthogonal optimization method based on hardware multiplier is proposed. A micro-capacitor experiment is designed to calibrate the acquisition circuit. The experimental results show that the capacitance acquisition resolution of the micro-capacitor acquisition system within the acquisition range is 2.84fF, the linearity is 0.9998, and the acquisition error is less than 0.12fF.