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The aim of this study is to clarify the role of physical activity level and physical function on cognitive function of the elderly. A nested case–control investigation from a middle-aged and elderly cognitive health cohort was conducted. 103 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients were selected for the purpose of the study and matched 1:1 according to age and sex. Handgrip strength, gait speed and 5-time chair stand test were used to evaluate physical function. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE) was used to assess physical activity level. The Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was used to quickly screen the mild cognitive impairment of the subjects. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The total score of MoCA and the scores of different cognitive domains in two groups were different, handgrip strength was lower in the MCI group. Multivariate logistic regression model results showed that handgrip strength decreased could increase the risk of MCI(OR = 3.008, 95%CI: 1.421,6.369), higher PASE score was correlated with lower risk of MCI (OR = 0.402, 95%CI: 0.168,0.966). After combining body composition indices, handgrip strength and PASE score remained significantly associated with the occurrence of MCI, and there is an interaction. Logistic regression models were used for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, all models demonstrate a good level of predictive performance for MCI. Physical activity level and physical function are associated with mild cognitive impairment. Higher physical activity level, normal handgrip strength are correlated with lower risk of MCI.

Objective Despite the known benefits of physical activity, the effect of habitual physical activity (HPA) on depression and anxiety remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of HPA with the risk of depression and anxiety among Chinese adults, with the consideration of disease severity.Methods The participants in this multicentre cross-sectional study were from the nationwide survey of the psychology and behaviour of Chinese residents. Depression and anxiety were measured using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire and seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale. HPA was assessed by the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Crude and adjusted ORs with their 95% CIs were estimated by using ordinal logistic regression.Results Of the 19 798 participants, 3901 (19.7%) had anxiety and 8914 (45.02%) had depression. Compared with inactive participants, depression risk in individuals reporting low, median and high volume HPA was reduced by 23% (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.89), 21% (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.90) and 13% (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.98), respectively, after adjustment for confounder. No significant association of HPA with anxiety risk was observed.Conclusion Participation in HPA, whether low, median or high volume, was associated with a lower risk of depression compared with inactive participation, while no significant association was observed between HPA and anxiety.

OBJECTIVES The long-term trends of cognitive function and its associations with physical performance remain unclear, particularly in Asian populations. The study objectives were to determine cognitive trajectories in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals, as well as to examine differences in physical performance across cognitive trajectory groups. METHODS Data were extracted from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. A total of 5,701 participants (47.7% male) with a mean age of 57.8 (standard deviation, 8.4) years at enrollment were included. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify cognitive trajectory groups for each sex. Grip strength, repeated chair stand, and standing balance tests were used to evaluate physical performance. An ordered logistic regression model was employed to analyze differences in physical performance across cognitive trajectory groups. RESULTS Three cognitive trajectory groups were identified for each sex: low, middle, and high. For both sexes, higher cognitive trajectory groups exhibited smaller declines with age. In the fully adjusted model, relative to the low trajectory group, the odds ratios (ORs) of better physical performance in the middle cognitive group were 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.59; p

Background & aims: Previous evidence varied on the relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, sodium/potassium, and salt with cognitive function. This study aimed to explore the associations of sodium, potassium, sodium/potassium, and salt intakes with cognitive function among the elderly in China. Methods: Data were accessed from the database of the 1997–2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey, including 4213 participants aged at least 50 years at baseline. Dietary data at individual and household levels were collected using the method of 24-h dietary recall in three consecutive days. Cognitive function was measured through objective and subjective methods. Linear regression models and multinomial logistic regression models were established to elucidate the association of dietary sodium, potassium, sodium/potassium, and salt with cognitive function. Mediation effect analysis and substitution analysis were also conducted. Results: Higher potassium intakes in Q3 (Median: 1653.3 g/day, β = 1.366, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.845 to 1.887) and Q4 (Median: 2181.4 g/day, β = 1.454, 95% CI: 0.865 to 2.044) were significantly associated with higher cognitive test score compared with Q1 (Median: 1053.7 g/day). Sodium/potassium intake in Q3 (Median: 3.8, β = −0.791, 95% CI: -1.264 to −0.317) and Q4 (Median: 5.5, β = −0.909, 95% CI: -1.401 to −0.417) were inversely associated with the cognitive test score compared with Q1 (Median: 2.0). Higher dietary sodium and sodium/potassium intakes were associated with a higher risk of a self-reported poor and deteriorated memory during the past 12 months. Additionally, higher potassium intakes were significantly associated with a lower risk of deteriorated memory. The associations of dietary potassium and sodium/potassium were mediated by CCVD, and average cognitive test score increased by about 1 point after replacing 1000 mg/day of sodium with an equal intake of potassium. Conclusions: Restricting sodium and increasing potassium, and keeping the balance of dietary sodium and potassium are encouraged to prevent cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly.

Diabetes and dementia are becoming the major problems in elderly people. This study evaluated the relationships of dietary inflammatory index (DII), systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and system inflammation response index (SIRI) with diabetes as well as MCI, and explored the different synergistic effects of DII, SII and SIRI on blood glucose and cognition based on diabetes status. 1050 eligible participants from Beijing were included. Cognitive function was evaluated by neuropsychological tests. Food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy-adjusted DII scores. Blood samples were applied to obtain fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and calculate SII, SIRI. The dietary intake between different diabetes status had no differences, while the consumption of Mg, niacin and thiamin were significantly lower in diabetes patients with MCI than others. Lower levels of DII, SIRI and SII might increase the risk of diabetes, MCI and co-morbidity of diabetes with MCI. Higher FPG enhanced the synergistic effects of DII and SII on MCI, as well as DII and SIRI. The lower levels of DII, SIRI and SII were significantly correlated with higher MoCA scores and lower FPG in diabetes patients. The relationships between inflammatory and cognition or FPG were significantly diminished or even disappeared in non-diabetes population. In conclusion, lower levels of DII, SIRI and SII might play protective roles in reducing the risks of diabetes and/or MCI. The synergistic effects of low dietary and blood inflammation on cognitive protection and FPG control were more sensitive in elderly people with diabetes.

BackgroundDietary fatty acids have been shown to be associated with the development of cognition. However, research on the role of fatty acid intake in dietary patterns and fatty acid patterns (FAPs) in the development of cognitive function is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between dietary patterns and FAPs and to provide available evidence for preventing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through these patterns.Materials and methodsThe 973 participants aged between 65 and 85 were recruited from 2020 to 2021 for this multicenter research in Beijing. Neuropsychological tests were used for cognitive evaluation, and data of dietary intake in the past 12 months were collected with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was tested by chromatography and mass spectrometry lipid profiling. Factor analysis was used to derive the main dietary patterns and FAPs. Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s correlation was used to explore the association between dietary patterns and FAPs. Binary logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between patterns and cognitive function.ResultsSix dietary patterns and six FAPs were identified, explaining 53.4 and 80.9% of the total variance separately. After adjusting all potential confounders, T3 of the pattern 1 and FAP2 were the independent protect factors for MCI, respectively (OR 0.601, 95% CI [0.395, 0.914]; OR 0.108, 95% CI [0.019, 0.623]). Rich of SM (26:0), SM (24:1), and SM (26:1) is the characteristic of FAP2. A positive correlation was found between component scores of dietary pattern1 and FAP2 (r = 0.441, p = 0.001). People who adhered to a reasonable intake of animal flesh consumed more various long-chain fatty acids as well.ConclusionThe erythrocyte membrane metabolites, SM (26:0), SM (24:1), and SM (26:1), might function as early biomarkers for predicting or monitoring of cognitive aging in the elderly. The dietary pattern with recommended animal flesh consumption was significantly associated with FAP characterized by very long-chain SMs. This dietary pattern affected FAP, which might achieve the ultimate goal of neuroprotection through the very long-chain SMs. A rational intake of dietary fatty acids might be an effective way on preventing MCI in the elderly.

ObjectiveThis study systematized information about vitamin E concentration in healthy breast milk during different stages of lactation in order to support the strategies of protecting postpartum women and infants.MethodsStudies published before April 30th, 2021, which detected vitamin E concentration in breast milk of healthy women by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UHPLC), were evaluated. The databases of CNKI (Chinese), WanFang Data (Chinese), VIP (Chinese), PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched. The random effect models were used to conduct meta-analysis by the statistical software package Stata 14.0.ResultsIn all 4,791 searched publications, 53 with full text were selected, which included 46 descriptive studies, 1 case-control study, 1 non-randomized controlled trial, and 5 randomized controlled trials. The pooled mean of vitamin E concentration was 10.57 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 8.94–12.20) in colostrum, 4.03 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 3.29–4.77) in transitional milk and 3.29 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 2.95–3.64) in mature milk. Subgroup analysis showed that vitamin E concentration of colostrum in Asian countries was lower than that in Western countries in colostrum and transitional milk.ConclusionsVitamin E concentration in breast milk decreased during lactation until the mature milk was produced. The vitamin E concentration of colostrum in Asian countries was evidently lower than that in Western countries. The vitamin E concentration in mature milk is similar in different regions. The concentration of vitamin E in breast milk started to be stable from about 2 to 3 weeks postpartum until 4 or 6 months postpartum, but it needs additional evidence to support.

Diet is closely related to the risk of diabetes; yet the relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of diabetes is unclear with conflicting evidence from previous studies. This study used data from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey to investigate the association between dairy consumption and diabetes. A total of 15,512 adults were included; dairy consumption at each survey was assessed by the 3-day 24-h recall and weighed food record methods, and diabetes occurrence was derived from self-reported information. The association between dairy consumption and diabetes was explored using Cox regression and further stratified with BMI and energy intake. Results indicated that 12,368 (79.7%) participants had no dairy consumption, while 2,179 (14.0%) and 947 (6.1%) consumed dairy at 0.1–100 and >100 g/day, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, dairy consumption of 0.1–100 g/day was associated with lower risk of diabetes in all participants (HR 0.53, 95% CI:0.38 −0.74; P < 0.001) and males (HR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.80; P = 0.004). According to the restricted cubic splines (RCS), the protective effect on diabetes was significant in the total population with dairy consumption ranging from 25 to 65 g/day (HR

Background and ObjectivesZeaxanthin (ZEA) as one of the biologically active phytochemicals presents a neuroprotective effect. Since ZEA may play its anti-oxidative role in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we hypothesized cognitive defects could be prevented or deferred by ZEA pre-treatment.Methods and Study DesignAll the rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, Aβ1–42, ZEA, and ZEA + Aβ groups). Learning and memory ability of rats, cerebrovascular ultrastructure changes, the redox state, endothelin-1 (ET-1) level, and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) level in plasma and the Aβ transport receptors which are advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expressions in the cerebrovascular tissue were measured in the present study.ResultsThe escape latency and frequency of spanning the position of platform showed significant differences between the Aβ group and ZEA treatment groups. ZEA could prevent the ultrastructure changes of cerebrovascular tissue. In addition, ZEA also showed the protective effects on regulating redox state, restraining ET-1 levels, and maintaining Aβ homeostasis in plasma and cerebrovascular. Moreover, the disordered expressions of RAGE and LRP-1 and IL-1β induced by Aβ1–42 could be prevented by the pre-treatment of ZEA.ConclusionZEA pre-treatment could prevent learning and memory impairment of rats induced by Aβ1–42. This neuroprotective effect might be attributable to the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ZEA on maintaining the redox state and reducing the Aβ level through regulating the Aβ transport receptors and inflammatory cytokine of the cerebrovascular tissue.

ObjectiveHealth dietary pattern is related with reduced risk of chronic metabolic disease, but the benefits were not fully clear in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary patterns and multiple chronic metabolic diseases in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.MethodsA total of 718 Chinese adults aged ≥ 45 who lived in the Huairou regions of Beijing were included in the present cross-sectional analysis from 2019 to 2020. Dietary data were obtained by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). Logistic regression analysis and hierarchical analysis were used to examine the relationship among dietary patterns, health management, and chronic diseases.ResultsFive dietary patterns were discovered in the subjects. The pattern with the higher percentage of energy supply by lipid was a risk factor for hypertension [odds ratio (OR) = 2.067, p = 0.013]. Lower energy intake (OR = 0.512, p = 0.012) and a reasonable ratio of dietary energy supply (OR = 0.506, p = 0.011) were beneficial to diabetes. The substitution of potato for grain might be an effective way of reducing diabetes (OR = 0.372, p < 0.001). The higher intake of high-quality protein was the protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD; OR = 0.438, p = 0.008). Moderate intervention (OR = 0.185, p = 0.033) and appropriate health education (OR = 0.432, p = 0.016) could greatly subserve the prevention of chronic diseases, especially for hyperlipidemia. Men were more likely to be affected by health education, intervention, and follow-up than women. The prevalence of multimorbidity was higher in women (43.2%) than men (41.5%). The staple food intake and health management were also important factors to prevent multimorbidity.ConclusionDietary pattern with appropriate energy intake, a reasonable source of energy supply, high quality of macronutrients, and moderate management was associated with decreased risk of chronic metabolic diseases. Further studies are needed to clarify the cause–effect relationship between dietary patterns, health management, and chronic diseases and give suggestions to chronic metabolic disease prevention in middle-aged and elderly people in a rural area.

Background: With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China, the general public but also medical staff were confronted with psychological challenges, suffering from the highly infectious and unknown characteristics of COVID-19. In this study, we surveyed psychological symptoms including anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in medical staff.Method: A questionnaire star/WeChat link-based survey assessing the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression, the Insomnia Severity Index, Social Support scales in addition to lifestyle, and income level was conducted and included 8,288 medical staff from 24 provinces in China. Pearson Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to evaluate single risk factors and significant differences in psychological symptoms before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted for the risk factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorder symptoms.Results: Medical staff had a high incidence of psychological symptoms, which was more prominent during the COVID-19 epidemic. Comparatively, females, nurses, first-line department, never exercised, and low income were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Social support including objective support, subjective support, support utility, and regular sports over 3 times per week were protective and manageable elements that could protect from and manage the psychological symptoms of medical staff.Conclusion: The susceptibility of psychological symptoms among medical staff should be of concern to policymakers and the public in the long-term, and the aggravation of mental health problems of medical staff could be eased by providing adequate social support during and after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether people exposed to the Chinese Famine in fetal period or in multiple stages of childhood are associated with cognitive decline in adulthood. Furthermore, the nutritional environment of adulthood was explored as an important factor in this correlation.Methods: 1162 adults born between 1952 and 1964 were recruited. They were divided into five groups which were non-exposed group, fetal-exposed group, early childhood-exposed group, mid childhood-exposed group and late childhood-exposed group. Cognitive function was measured by using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery test, including Montreal cognitive assessment-Beijing version, mini-mental state examination, auditory verbal learning test, digit span forward, digit span backward, trail making test, and digit symbol test. Semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the dietary nutrition in their adulthood. The dietary nutrient consumption pattern was identified by Two-step and K-means cluster analysis.Results: The significant differences in cognitive function were manifested in different groups. Compared with non-exposed group, subjects in fetal-exposed group had a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (OR 1.51 95% CI 1.02–2.23, P = 0.039) and global cognitive decline (OR 1.68 59% CI 1.02–2.77, P = 0.044). The similar result was also observed in subjects of early childhood-exposed group. Otherwise, subjects who were classified in high nutrient consumption pattern had higher risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, the higher consumption of several nutrients such as fat, carbohydrate and manganese were associated with worse performance on digit span forward, digit span backward, trail making test A, trail making test B and digit symbol.Conclusion: Early stages of life exposed to the Chinese Famine were associated with higher risk of cognitive decline in adulthood. The stronger associations were manifested in the people with high nutrient consumption pattern. The consumption of fat, carbohydrate and manganese were associated with multiple domains cognitive decline.

To address the challenges of fracture recognition in the CT scanning images of coal or rock, particularly the interference of gangue and the recognition of fractures at different scales, proposed and implemented a network model for coal-rock fracture extraction based on deep learning (MCSN). According to the U-Net architecture, the model utilized its encoder-decoder structure and skip connections to segment the fracture structure images from complex coal-rock body images. Firstly, the fracture structures in the CT scanning images were annotated manually using the internal scan images captured by a coal industrial CT scanning system. And the annotated original data was augmented to create a coal-rock CT fracture dataset. Subsequently, to make the extraction network of main features have a stronger extraction capability of fracture structure features, the weights of a pre-trained VGG16 model were transferred to the U-Net encoder through a transfer learning technique. Simultaneously, the decoder part of the U-Net model was improved using the deep separable dilated convolutional modules (DCAC) and residual modules to effectively boost the recognition capability of fracture structures in the CT images, demonstrating a superior segmentation accuracy and robustness. To validate the effectiveness of the coal-rock fracture extraction network model proposed, the results obtained by the MCSN were compared with those of classical convolutional neural networks and threshold segmentation methods. Experimental comparisons revealed a significant advantage of the model proposed in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The proposed model, employing a multi-scale fusion strategy, demonstrated the capability to effectively extract fractures in complex coal-rock images, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of fracture identification. The model was applied to the identification of fractures in roadway surrounding rock based on borehole imaging. Fracture extraction was performed through the analysis of borehole videos and planar unfolded images collected by a borehole imaging instrument. The results from both sources were cross-validated to obtain an accurate distribution of fractures in roadway surrounding rock. Furthermore, the model provides guidelines for the injection and sealing of boreholes, increasing volume fraction of coal seam gas extraction.

The most frequent malignant tumor of the head and neck is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which has a high frequency, a poor prognosis in the late stages, and subpar therapeutic results. As a result, early HNSCC diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed; however, there are no good diagnostic biomarkers or efficient therapeutic targets at this time. The long-stranded non-coding RNA HOTAIR may be important in the pathogenesis of cancer, according to recent research. By interactions with DNA, RNA, and proteins, it has been demonstrated that HOTAIR, a >200 nucleotide RNA transcript, plays a role in the biological processes of many types of tumor cells, including proliferation, metastasis, and prognosis of HNSCC. Hence, this review discusses HOTAIR’s function and molecular mechanisms in HNSCC.

Rockburst is one of the major problems in rock underground engineering and mechanics. To make a risk assessment of rockburst and improve the mine safety index, some evaluation systems for rockburst propensity have been proposed and applied, and progress has been made in the study of high-value mines and single evaluation systems, but these evaluation systems are still immature for deep low and medium grade phosphate mines with more complex influencing factors. Therefore, to solve this problem, this study takes the phosphate mining area of the Sujiapo phosphate mine as the main research object, and combines the characteristics of the deep rockburst of the phosphate mine and its physical and mechanical properties; the evaluation system combines fuzzy mathematical method and multiple evaluation methods to determine the propensity of rockburst of deep mining of Sujiapo phosphate mine. The JSM-500LV SEM and acoustic emission results are used to analyze the microscopic mechanism of rockburst from the morphology and composition of the rocks, and the rationality of the evaluation system is further demonstrated. The study shows that dolomite and phosphorite in the study area are moderate rockburst, and shale has a weak rockburst tendency; because the roof dolomite and phosphorite crystallization degree are higher, the elastic modulus is large. Under the action of external load, the roof dolomite stored more elastic strain energy. Deformation damage consumes less energy. The energy released to the outside world after the damage is large, more likely to occur brittle damage, and the rockburst tendency is high. Therefore, the evaluation system combining multiple evaluation methods can comprehensively determine rockburst in phosphate mines.

Silty clay is a kind of clay with more powder group than sand group, and its shear strength is mainly influenced by moisture content, dry density, and particle gradation. In this study, the deformation characteristics of silty clay under different normal pressure conditions were investigated from the perspective of control variables through indoor direct shear experiments. The results of the study show that with the same guaranteed moisture content, it can be seen from the fitted curves that with the increase of dry density, the arrangement of soil particles becomes more compact, the cementation between soil particles is strengthened, the shear strength increases, the occlusal friction increases due to the change of arrangement between soil particles, and the angle of internal friction and cohesion are relatively larger; in addition, when the dry density is the same, with the increase of moisture content, the soil becomes softer, and the form of water in the soil particles changes. In addition, when the dry density is the same, as the moisture content increases, the soil becomes softer, the presence of water between the soil particles changes, resulting in the weakening of the occlusion between the soil particles, the shear strength decreases, and the cohesion and the angle of internal friction relatively decrease.

Background and Objectives: To elucidate the role of dietary fats on the relationship between mild cognitive impairment and sarcopenia and help identifying and preventing the decline of cognitive and muscle function in elderly individuals. Methods and Study Design: The study conducted involving a group of 1812 individuals between the ages of 61 and 92. Body composition and BMR were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cognitive function and dietary nutrition were evaluated by neuropsychological assessments and questionnaire of food intake frequency. Lipidomics analysis was performed using UHPLC-Qtrap-MS/MS. Results: MCI and SA are mutual influencing factors, lower intake of MUFA, PUFA and higher intake of fat was associated with cognitive dysfunction and/or SA (p < 0.05). PUFA was important for MCI combined with SA (Compared with Q1, Q4 OR: 0.176, 95%CI: 0.058,0.533). Lipidomics analysis revealed that triacylglycerol (TAG) contain more carbon chains with saturated double bonds may be closely related to cognitive impairment and the progression of SA (p < 0.05). While, DAG with carbon chains of unsaturated double bonds is opposite. Conclusions: Insufficient intake of unsaturated fatty acids was associated with the development of cognitive decline and the progression of SA. MUFA affecting muscle health, fats and PUFA has a greater impact on MCI combined with SA. Less MUFA intake and increasing saturated double-bonded fatty acid intake might be the key factors on promoting cognitive impairment and SA in the elderly. They have the potential to serve as prospective biomarkers indicating a higher risk of cognitive decline and/or SA in the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: To investigate the relationship between sodium (Na) and potassium (K) nutritional condition and body compositions in youth aiming to give target population reasonable diet recommendations. Methods and Study Design: The cross-sectional study was conducted involving 512 healthy youth aged 18 to 31 years from universities in Beijing. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) were used to collect dietary intake information and body compositions. Results: There was an increasing tendency in fat-related indicators and muscle-related indicators of the dietary Na tertile group (p <0.05). Additionally, Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and muscle-related indicators increased with the dietary K tertile group (p <0.05). Across increasing tertiles of dietary Na intake, the odds ratio (OR) was increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fat-related indicators. On the contrary, with the increased dietary Na intake, the OR decreased (p < 0.05) in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) and body lean mass. As tertiles of dietary K intake increased, the OR in both skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) and lean mass index (LMI) decreased. Conclusions: High dietary Na is a risk factor for abnormal lipid distribution in college students. High dietary K can maintain skeletal muscle mass and reduce the risk of obesity. Na in the diet has a greater impact on the body composition of young people than K. Low dietary Na and high dietary K still need to be strengthened in science popularization and practice among more college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims It has been suggested that obesity triggered by consuming a high-fat diet (HF) can account for oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, we aim to explore the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction detected in the brain of diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Main methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed either a HF diet or a normal-fat (NF) diet for 10 weeks to obtain the control (CON), DIO and diet-resistant (DR) rats. d -Galactose was injected subcutaneously for 10 weeks to establish oxidative stress model (MOD) rats. Then, the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), both in plasma and brain tissue, and catalase (CAT) in plasma were measured using enzymic assay kits and the levels of ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and leptin in both plasma and brain tissue were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in brain tissues was detected with 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) dyeing. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured with tetrachloro-tetraethyl benzimidazol carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) by a flow cytometer. Key findings HF diet leads to an obese or DR state characterized by increased or decreased adiposity. The HF diet increased brain LPO, which was accompanied by lower ghrelin levels in DIO rats compared with DR rats. In addition, the increased mitochondrial ROS and lower MMP were detected in DIO rat comparing with DR rats. Significance The current results demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in the brains of DIO rats, induced by HF diets, might be measurable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]